kimkat2709e A Welsh to English Dictionary in scroll-down format. Geiriadur Cymraeg a Saesneg ar fformat sgrolio-i-lawr.

06-08-2021 12.00

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Gwefan Cymru-Catalonia
El Web de Gal
·les i Catalunya
The Wales-Catalonia Website

Y Gwe-eiriadur
An Internet dictionary of Welsh for speakers of English

AR

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http://pub5.bravenet.com/guestbook/391211408/


a-7000_kimkat1356k
Beth sy’n newydd?


 

A close up of text on a white background

Description automatically generated(delwedd 4666)

...

 

 

 A
 

 AR

 B

 BR

 C

 CE

 CI

 

 CR
 

 CY

 D

 DI

 E

 F

bbb7000_kimkat1021e_G G

 

 GW
 

 GWI

 H

 I, J, K

 L

 M

 MI

 

 N
 

 O

 P

 PL, Q

 R

 S

 T

 

 TR
 

 U, V

 W, X

 Y, Z   

 

 

 

 

 
 
 

 

..1 ar <AR> [ar] (preposition)

1
on

2
(emotion) bod hwyl ddrwg ar be in a nasty mood (“be a bad emotion on”)

3
(view) mynd i gael golwg ar y dre go and have a look round town

4
(ache, pain, illness) Mae annwyd arna i
<mai A-nuid ar-nai> [maɪ ˡanʊɪd ˡarnaɪ] I’ve got a cold

5
(South Wales) Mae pen da arno fe He’s clever (“there’s a head on him”)

6
(debts) In expressions meaning ‘to owe’

Does arnoch chi ddim i mi You don’t owe me anything, you don’t owe me a thing (“There is nothing on you to me”)

Mae arnaf fi lawer o arian iddo I owe him a lot of money

Mae arna i ichi am y bwyd I owe you for the food, I should pay you for the food

Does arna i’r un geiniog iddo I don’t owe him a penny

7
defect
(Ceredigion) celc ar = something wrong with (but not apparent)

Mae rhyw hen gelc arno He’s a bit odd, there’s something not quite right about him (“there is some old defect on him”)

Mae rhyw goll arno He’s a bit odd, He’s not all there, There’s something not quite right about him (“there is some sort of loss / defect on him”)

8 laziness

Mae tipyn o ddiogi arno pan fo ishe gweithio’n galed
He’s a bit lazy (“there’s a bit of laziness on him) when hard work is needed

9 (taste) Mae blas rhyfedd ar y te ’ma This tea tastes strange, This tea has a funny taste

10 (smell)
(South Wales) gwynt smell (= unpleasant smell)

gwynt drwg olor desagradable
Mae gwynt drwg ar ei anadl He’s got bad breath, his breath smells (“there’s a bad smell on his breath”)

gwynt cas nasty smell, bad smell
Mae gwynt cas ar ei anadl (“there’s a nasty smell on his breath”)

11
after verbs or verb phrases:

amneidio ar rywun i wneud rhywbeth signal to somebody (with a nod of the head) to do something (“to nod on somebody to do something”)

arbed ar save on = consume a smaller amount of
arbed ar fwyd save on food

arthio ar (rywun) bark at (someone); go on at (somebody) (see also below: verbs of warning, reprimanding, nagging)

bod gormod o floneg ar be too flabby (“be too-much of fat on”)

brygowthan ar (rywun)
go on at (somebody) (see also below: verbs of warning, reprimanding, nagging)

bwrw amheuaeth ar (rywbeth) cast doubts on something, throw something into doubt

cael hen ddigon ar have just about enough of
(“get more than enough on”) (
cael = get) + (hen = old; ‘more than’) + soft mutation + (digon = enough) + (ar = on)

cega ar (rywun) go on at (somebody) (see also below: verbs of warning, reprimanding, nagging)

codi ar (rywbeth) (auction) bid for something

codi ar (rywun) am (rywbeth) charge somebody for

codi arian ar to mortgage (something) (“raise money on”)

codi (rhywbeth) ar (rywun) charge somebody for something

colli golwg ar (rywbeth) lose sight of (something)

colli golwg ar (rywun) lose sight of (somebody); lose touch with somebody

dal eich golygon ar stare at (“hold your sights on”)
dwyn cyrch ar make a sortie against (“carry a raid on”)

dwyn dial (ar rywun) (am rywbeth)
take revenge (on somebody) (for something), revenge oneself (on somebody) (for something)

gwaeddu ar (rywun) shout at (somebody) (see also below: verbs of warning, reprimanding, nagging)

gwneud arwydd ar rywun i wneud rhywbeth signal to somebody (with a gesture of the hand) to do something (“make a sign on somebody to do something”)

gwneud rhuthrad ar storm (a building), take (a building) by a violent assault (“make an incursion on”)

hewian ar (rywun) go on at (somebody) (see also below: verbs of warning, reprimanding, nagging)

rhefru ar (rywun) go on at (somebody) (see also below: verbs of warning, reprimanding, nagging)

rhoi gormod o bwyslais ar (rywbeth) attach too much importance to (something)

rhoi prawf ar allu rhywun put somebody through his paces (“put a test on (the) ability (of) someone”)

taflu amheuon ar cast doubts on something, throw something into doubt

taro’ch troed ar (rywbeth) stumble over, trip over (something) (“hit your foot on”)

12 ar ryddhâd on leave (“on liberation”)

13
(need) Faint sydd ei angen arnoch? How much do you need? (“(it-is) how-much its necessity onyou”)

14
gyda golwg ar with reference to, as regards

15
(change)
Sdim newid arno He’s set in his ways (“there’s no changing on him”)

16
there isn’t..., it isn’t possible to...
Does dim plesio arno He just can’t be pleased, There’s no pleasing him (he’s dissatisfied whatever you do for him, he’ll complain mo matter what you fo for him) (“there’s no pleasing on him”)

17
gwir angen real necessity
Mae arnaf fi ei wir angen I really need it (“there-is on me its true need”)
Byddwn yn gwario arian ar bethau nad oedd eu gwir angen arnaf
I used to spend money on things I didn’t really need (“I spent money on things that-not there-was their true need on-me”)

18
Does yma fawr o lun arni We’re not making a very good job of it, We’ve not managed to make a very good job of it (“there-is-not here much of (a) picture on-her”)

19 Mae’n dda arno fe He’s doing well for himself (“it’s good on him”)

20 ar lawer cyfrif in many respects
ar sawl cyfrif in many respects

21
on the point of
Mae’r llygod yn gadael llong ar suddo Rats desert a sinking ship

22 ar dennyn on a leash

23
heb ddefnydd arno disused
lorri heb ddefnydd arni disused lorry

24
pall ar stopping + on
Does dim pall arno He never stops (“there’s no stopping on him”)

25
ar yr union eiliad at that precise moment, at that very moment

26
troi’ch trwyn ar turn up your nose at (“turn your nose on”)

27
AR, GOLWG
barnu (rhywun) ar ei olwg judge (somebody) by his appearance (“judge (somebody) on his appearance”)
barnu (rhywun) ar yr olwg allanol judge (somebody) by his appearance (“judge (somebody) on the external appearance”)

ar ei golwg hi gellwch weld
you can tell by the way she looks, from the look of her, from her look

28
does dim terfyn ar (rywbeth) (Something) knows no bounds, is limitless
does dim terfyn ar ei haelioni His generosity knows no bounds

29
ar gais at the request of
ar gais taer rhywun at the urgent request of

30 verbs of warning, reprimanding, nagging, crying to, shouting to

gwaeddu ar (rywun)
shout at (somebody)

galw ar (rywun) call to (somebody)
brygowthan ar (rywun) go on at (somebody)
hewian ar (rywun) go on at (somebody)
rhefru ar (rywun) go on at (somebody)
cega ar (rywun) go on at (somebody)
arthio ar (rywun) bark at (someone); go on at (somebody)

y bugail yn chwibanu ar ei gi the shepherd whistling to his dog

31 debt
Mae arno ddyledion i bawb He owes everybody money (“there is on him debts to everybody”)

32
siâp (= form, shape)
Pa fath o siâp sy arno? How is he, What shape is he in (“what kind of shape is on him”)

33
on a subject mynegi barn ar (rywbeth) voice an opinion about (something)
traethu barn ar (rywbeth) voice an opinion about (something)
datgan barn ar (rywbeth) voice an opinion about (something)

34 EXTENT
ni + fawr ar not much

Ni hoffais fawr ar y swydd honno I didn’t much like that job
Colloquially
NI + fawr ddim ar

Dw i’n deall fawr ddim ar y pwnc hwnnw I don’t understand that subject much

ni + dim ond ychydig ar only a little, just a little bit
Colloquially
NI + dim ond ychydig ar only a little, just a little bit
Dw’n deall dim ond ychydig ar y pwnc hwnnw I understand that subject just a bit

35 gwneud diwedd arnoch eich hun put an end to one's life, commit suicide kill oneself
“make (an) end on yourself”) (
gwneud = do, make) + (diwedd = end) + (arnoch = on you) + (eich hun of yourself)

36 bod arnoch gywilydd o be ashamed of / about, feel ashamed of / about
(less idiomatic)
bod gennych gywilydd o be ashamed of / about, feel ashamed of / about

37 codi cywilydd ar make (somebody) feel ashamed (“raise shame on”)

38 dwyn cywilydd ar make (somebody) feel ashamed (“bring shame on”)

39 gwneud cywilydd ar (rywun) CLASSICAL WELSH shame (someone)

40
gyrru cywilydd ar (rywun) shame (someone)

41 rhoi’r gyfraith ar (rywun) take (someone) to court, prosecute (someone)

43 on the occasion of
ar ei priodas on his marriage
Symudodd i Lan-non ar ei priodas he moved to Llan-non on his marriage

44 on the occasion of = when there is

..a/ ar daranau “on [the occaion of] claps of thunder”

 

fel gafr ar daranau (adverb) agitatedly
(“like (a) goat on thunderclaps” = like a goat when there’s thunder about)

(fel = like) + (gafr = goat) + (ar = on; on the occasion of) + soft mutation + (taranau = claps of thunder, < taran = clap of thunder, thunderclap)

..b/ ar dân “on [the occaion of] fire”


fel cath ar dân (adverb) like streaked lightning
(“like (a) cat on fire” = like a cat escaping from a fire)
(fel = like) + (cath = cat) + (ar = on; on the occasion of) + soft mutation + (tân = fire)

 

ar dywydd gwael in bad weather
ar dywydd drwg in bad weather
ar dywydd oer in cold weather
ar dywydd mawr in stormy weather

ar dywydd garw in stormy weather

ar dywydd drycinog in stormy weather
ar dywydd gwlyb in wet weather
ar dywydd braf in fine weather
ar dywydd teg in fine weather
ar dywydd sych in dry weather
ar dywydd heulog in sunny weather

ar dywydd poeth in hot weather
ar dywydd mwyn in mild weather
ar dywydd ffafriol in favourable weather
ar dywydd pur galed in very bad weather

ar dywydd glawog in rainy weather



45 ei fryd yn rhedeg ar be inclined towards
Ond ar y weinidogaeth y rhedodd ei fryd yn bennaf but he was mostly inclined towards the ministry, he had his heart set on being a minister of religion

46 marw yn gynnar ar ei fywyd die young, die early in life

47 indicating a point in time

ar brynháwn y trydydd dydd on the afternoon of the third day

ar fore y pedwerydd dydd on the morning of the fourth day

47 with the root form of certain verbs

..1/
ar agor open

(ar = on) + (agor- stem of verb agor = to open [something], to open [by itself])

..2/ ar dorr cut, having been cut into
(ar = on) + soft mutation + (tor- stem of verb torri = to cut, to break, to get broken)
cosyn ar dor a cheese which one has started to cut up

..3/
ar gau closed
Strictly speaking it would be spelt
ar gae (same pronunciation). Perhaps it is not used because it also suggests ‘on a field’, whereas the spelling cau is unambiguously ‘closing; closed’
(ar = on) + soft mutation + (cae- stem of verb cau = to close, to be closed)

NOTE:
cau cannot be the spelling of the root form, strictly speaking, because it is “cae-u”, where the –u represents the verbnoun ending. The root or stem of the verb is obtained by removing any verbnoun suffix.

..4/ ar glo locked
(ar = on) + soft mutation + (clo- = stem of verb cloi = to lock, to get locked)

..5/ ar goll lost
(ar = on) + soft mutation + (coll- = stem of verb colli = to lose, to get lost)

..6/ ar grwydr wandering
(ar = on) + soft mutation + (crwydr- = stem of verb crwydro = to wander)

..7/ ar wasgar dispersed, scattered
(ar = on) + soft mutation + (gwasgar- stem of verb gwasgaru = to scatter, disperse)

..8/
ar wrych 1 (person) in a bad mood 2 (hair) dishevelled

(ar = on) + soft mutation + (
gwrych stem of the verb gwrychu (= to bristle), used as a past particple)

48 (place names) in river-name tags, similar to English on, upon (Stratford on Avon, Stratford upon Avon; Newcastle on Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne)

..a/ ar Ogwr

Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr “(the) Pen-y-bont (which is) on (the river) Ogwr / Ogmore”
pen y bont = (place) at the bridge head, at the entrance to the bridge

..b/ ar Wy
Clas ar Wy “(the place called) Clas (which is) on (the river) Gwy / Wye”
clas is from Latin [monastica] classis” (= monastic community)

Y
Bontnewydd ar Wy “(the place called) Y Bontnewydd (which is) on (the river) Gwy / Wye”
y bontnewydd (= the new bridge)

..c/ ar Wysg
Casnewydd ar Wysg “(the) Casnewydd (which is) on (the river) Wysg / Usk”
cas newydd is from castell newydd (= new castle)

and various bridge names, where Pont has no preceding definite article, as if the qualifying phrase with ar is a proper name as in

Pontrobert (“Robert’s bridge”), Pontwilym (“Gwilym’s bridge”).

The short form of the name though is generally ‘Y Bont’ (“the bridge”)

Pontardawe (= pont ar Dawe) the bridge on the river Tawe

Pont ar Daf SN9819 name of a bridge now submerged under the waters of Llwyn-on
reservoir, above Cefn-coed y Cymer.

More examples at the entry pont

49 with an element meaning hill in house names

ALLT:

Arallt
<AAR-alht> ɑˑraɬt]
1
house name Y Sarn, Pwllheli (Gwynedd); south-east of Meyllteyrn (Gwynedd); Amlwch (Ynys Môn) “hillside”

(ar = on) + (allt = hill)

BRON:
Arfron
<AR-vrON> arvrɔn] “hillside”
(ar = on) + soft mutation + (bron = (round) hill, woman’s breast)

BRYN:
Arfryn
<AR-vrin arvrɪn] “hillside”
(ar = on) + soft mutation + (bryn = hill)

CRAIG:
Argraig
<AR-graig> argraɪg] house name; in Aber-soch (Gwynedd); house name in Pwllheli (Gwynedd); “on (the) crag / rocky ridge” (ar = on) + soft mutation + (craig = crag)

MOEL:
Arfoel
<AR-voil> arvɔɪl] “hillside” house name in Diserth / Dyserth (county of Dinbych / Denbigh) (ar = on) + soft mutation + (moel = (bare) hill)

TWYN:
Ardwyn <AR-duIN> ardʊɪn] “hillside” street name in Porthtywyn / Burry Port (county of Caerfyrddin / Carmarthen) (ar = on) + soft mutation + (twyn = mound, hill)

40 bod ar drugaredd rhywun be at somebody’s mercy

 

SEE:

 

ar agor (qv) open

ar agor (qv) open

ar air neu ar weithred (qv)in word or deed, by word or by deed

ar antur (qv) at random, randomly

ar amserau at times

ar ben (qv) on top of; over, finished, at an end

ar bwys (qv) near

ar dân (qv) 1 on fire 2 on the breakout of a fire, at the time of a fire (fel cath ar dân (“like (a) cat on [the occasion of] fire” = like a cat escaping from a fire, like streaked lightning)
(fel = like) + (cath = cat) + (ar = on; on the occasion of) + soft mutation + (tân = fire)
ar drugaredd (rhywun) (qv) at the mercy of. (someone)

ar ddelw (qv) in the image of

ar ddu a gwyn (qv) in black and white

ar ddwy (qv) (= ar ddwywaith) at the second attempt (“on two (times)”)

ar dennyn (qv) on a leash

ar dorr (qv) cut, having been cut into

ar draws (qv) across

ar ei ben (qv) directly; see ar eich pen

ar eich baw (qv) (“on your dirt / shit”) gadael (rhywun) ar ei faw to leave (somebody) in the lurch, leave somebody to sort out his own problems, leave somebody to get out of the predicament he has got himself into (“leave somebody on his shit”)

ar eich cythlwng (qv) hungry, starving

ar eich deudroed (qv) on foot

ar eich drwg (qv) up to no good

ar eich eistedd seated, sitting down

ar eich elw to one’s name, in one’s possession

ar eich ffordd (qv) on one’s way

ar eich golwg chi (qv) from the look of you, from your look

ar eich gorwedd lying down

ar eich gwaethaf (qv) in spite of yourself

ar eich hyd (qv) “on your length”, in every part of your body, from your head to your feet

ar eich llawn dwf (qv) fully grown (“on your full growth”)

ar eich pen (qv) ‹outright

ar eich pen eich hun (qv) on your own

ar eich tyfiant (qv) ‹growing

ar ffo (qv) fleeing

ar fin (qv) on the point of; on the edge of; (penis) erect

ar fin y bedd (qv) between life and death, on the point of death, with one foot in the grave, at death’s door

ar flaen (qv) at the head of, at the front of, leading

ar frys (qv) in a hurry

Ar fy llw! (qv) I swear (it’s true, etc) (“on my oath”)

Ar fy ngwir! (qv) I swear (it’s true, etc) (“on my truth”)

ar gais (qv) at the request of

ar gais (qv) at the request of

ar gam (qv) unjustly

ar gamamser (qv) ‹a at the wrong time; at an inopportune moment

ar gân (qv) in verse, as a poem; rough song, singing

ar gau (qv) closed

ar gennad (qv) (USA: on furlough) (Englandic: on leave)

ar glawr (qv) in existence, existing

ar glo (qv) locked

ar goll (qv) lost

ar goll (qv) lost

ar golled (qv) at a loss

ar gost (qv) at the expense of, at the cost of

ar groesffordd (qv) at a crossroads (= at a crucial point where a decision must be made)

ar grwydr (qv) wandering

ar gyrn a phibau (qv) (“on horns and pipes”)

ar gyfartaledd (qv) on average

ar gyfer (qv) for = in preparation for

ar gynydd (qv) on the increase = gaining size

ar hast wyllt (qv) in a mad hurry

ar her (qv) for a dare

ar herw (qv) outlawed, on the run

ar hyd (qv) ‹along

ar hyd ac ar draws (qv) in all directions, any old how, at random

ar hyd ac ar led (qv) all over, everywhere

ar hyd y flwyddyn (qv) during the year

ar hyn o bryd (qv) at the present time

ar lafar gwlad (qv) in spoken Welsh

ar lawer cyfrif (qv) in many respects

ar led (qv) extended

ar letraws (qv) diagonally

ar lun a delw (qv) in the image of (“in the shape and image of”)

ar lw (qv) oath, sworn

ar ddeudro (qv) the second time, with the second try (“on two turns”)

ar ddrwg (qv) up to no good

ar ddwywaith (qv) at the second attempt

ar ddydd Gwener (qv) on a Friday, on Fridays; = every Friday

ar derfyn dydd (qv) at close of day, at the end of the day

ar draul (qv) at the expense of, at the cost of

ar droed (qv) (rumour, piece of news) circulating, going round

ar fechnïaeth (qv) on bail

ar ôl (qv) after

ar oleddf (qv) slanting, sloping

ar raddfa fechan (qv) a small scale, in miniature

ar ran (qv) on behalf of

ar ryddhâd (qv) on leave (“on liberation”)

ar sail (qv) on the basis of

ar sawl cyfrif (qv) in many respects

ar un ochr i (qv) on one side of

ar un wedd (qv) in one way. in one sense, from one aspect

ar unwaith (qv) at once, instantly, immediately (American: also: in short order);

ar waelod (qv) at the bottom of; at the end of

ar wahân i (qv) ‹apart from

ar wasgar (qv) dispersed, scattered

ar werth (qv) on sale

ar wrych (qv) dishevelled; surly

ar y blaen (qv) ahead, at the front

ar y clwt (qv) destitute

ar y cyntaf (qv) at the beginning

ar y daith (qv) en route, in transit, on the journey

ar y diawl (qv) ‘very’ (literally: “on the devil”)

ar y dydd a’r dydd (qv) on such and such a day, on a certain day, some day in the week

ar y gweill (qv) being prepared, in preparation

ar y Sadwrn a’r Sul (qv) on Saturdays and Sundays

ar yr ochr faes i (qv) ‹on the outside of

ar yr union eiliad (qv) at that precise moment, at that very moment

 


:_______________________________.

..2 ar
<AR> [ɑr] preposition
1
(obsolete) in front of, facing, adjoining. Followed by soft mutation.

Occurs as a prefix in a number of words:

(1) araul (= sunny, pleasant); (ar) + (haul = sun)

(2) arddwrn (= wrist), (ar) + soft mutation + dwrn (= fist)
“(that which is) adjoining the hand / fist”

(3) Arfon (“(territory) facing (the island of) Môn”)

(4) arfor (= coast; adjective = coastal), (ar) + soft mutation + (môr = sea)
(In Brittany, the coast is known as Arvor)

(5) argoed (= wood; edge of a wood), (ar) + soft mutation + (coed = wood)
(In Brittany, the inland area as Argoad)

(6) Arllechwedd kantrev of the territory of Gwynedd Uwch Conwy
(ar) + soft mutation + (llechwedd = mountain slope) > *Arlechwedd > Arllechwedd

(7) *Arnemeton place facing the sacred grove > name of a goddess Arnemetia “of Arnemeton”, found in the name of the Roman settlement Aquae Arnemetiae (“waters (of) Arnemetia”), Buxton in Derbyshire, England.

(The place name in modern Welsh would be *Ernyfed, though there is no place with such a name in modern times)

ETYMOLOGY: British are-, as a prefix in many compounds

NOTE:
(1) The prepostion ar in modern Welsh comes from two distinct prepositions –
firstly, ar (= in front of)
and secondly, gwar (= on). This latter is related to English over, Latin super, Greek hiper.

(2) Most senses of modern Welsh ar derive from gwar (= on, over) rather than ar (= in front of)

(3) In Welsh, in common with other prepositions,
gwar became soft-mutated initially
gwar > ghwar

(4) Initial
gh in Welsh has disappeared in every case. Hence ghwar > war

(5) Later war (= on) became ar, through confusion with ar (= in front of).

The form
war (= on) is stll the regular form in Cornish and in Breton

:_______________________________.

âr
<AAR> [aːr] masculine noun
1
tilth, ploughed land
tir âr ploughland

2
cyfar joint ploughing, co-tillage
(cyf- prefix = co-, together) + (âr = tillage)
cyfardir (obsolete) joint ploughland

3
talar headland in a field, cross ridge at the end of a ploughed field; edge of a field where the plough turns, and which is ploughed in turn when the whole field has been ploughed (Scotland: headrig = headland in ploughed field)
(tâl = top, furthest part, highest part) + (âr = ploughed land)

In the other British languages: Cornish talar (= headland in a field), Breton talar (= headland in a field)

ETYMOLOGY: The element ar appears in the Welsh words aredig (= to plough), and aradr (= plough, < Celtic aratron)

Cf. Irish (literary word) ár (= ploughed land)
Cf. Latin arâtrum (= plough), arâre (= to plough)

 

A false etymology where this element is wrongly supposed is seen here:

Hanes Tredegar o Ddechreuad y Gwaith Haiarn hyd yr Amser Presennol. David Morris (Eiddil Gwent, B.B.D.) Tredegar. 1868. Tudalennau 10-11

 

Rhoddir llawer iawn o ystyrion i’r gair Tredegar. Y mysg eraill geilw rhai ef Tri-deg-erw, a mynant, er bodd ac anfodd, mai dyna yw’r iawn ystyr o'r enw. Ond pan ystyriom mai yr hên air Gymraeg am Ddaear neu Daear, yw Ar, ac os digymalwn y gair Tredegar — fel hyn, Tre Deg Ar, gwelwn yn amlwg mai iawn ystyr yr enw yw Tre-daear-deg. Mae llawer iawn o balasai yr hên foneddigion Cymreig, y'Nghymru, yn myned dan yr enw Tre — fel Trenewydd, palas yr anrhydeddus Arglwydd Dinevor - hefyd Tregoib, palas ardderchog Mr. Hughes, ger Llandeilo Fawr, - a llawer o balasau ereill yr hên foneddigion a allesid eu henwi.

 

A great amount of meanings are given to the word Tredegar. Among those some calls it ‘Tri-deg-erw’ (Note: three-fair-acres, though the soft mutation would be wrong; a spirant mutation is required: tri-theg-erw. If tre were maintained, the soft mutation is correct – tre-deg-erw, the ‘trêv / farm of the fair acre; though both forms would be unusual combinations for a place name ) the other fair-Tri-acre, and they please, for love and reluctantly, that is the very meaning of the name. But when we consider that Ar is the old Welsh word for Earth or Earth, and if we take apart the word Tredegar – like this – Tre Deg Ar (trêv + fair + ar) we see clearly that the proper meaning of the name is Tre-daear-deg (= trêv of the fair earth). A great many mansions of the old Welsh gentry in Wales have the name Tre – such as Trenewydd (new trêv). the mansion of the honourable Mr. Lord Dinevor (= Dinefwr), also Tregoib, the excellent mansion of Mr Hughes, near Llandeilo Fawr, - and many other mansions of the old gentry that could be mentioned (‘named’).

 

Note: Tredegar is in fact from Tredeger < Tredegyr, ‘the trêv of Tegyr’

:_______________________________.

a’r
ar
1
preposition + definite article
and the
y ci a’r gath the dog and the cat

2
used in phrases of specifying whilst being unable to state an exact time / name
y diwrnod a’r diwrnod such and such a day

3
gadael eich ôl ar (rywbeth) leave your mark on something

4
bod cryn le i wella ar (rywbeth) leave a lot to be desired (“to be a considerable place to improve on something”)

5
Ble roedden ni arni? (in resuming a discussion, conversation) Now where were we? (“where were we on it”)

:_______________________________.

â’r

1 with the

 

2 as the
bod mor fwynaidd â’r oen be as gentle as a lamb
bod mor sefydlog â’r graig be as steady as a rock


:_______________________________.

ARABIC
Arabic words in Welsh

aiatola
ayatollah = Shiite leader, member of the religious hierarchy who has an expert knowledge of Islamic law

ETYMOLOGY: Persian < Arabic (= sign of Allah / God) (âyat = sign) + (Allah = God)

saffari
1 safari = hunting expedition

ETYMOLOGY: < English safari < Swahili safari (= journey) < Arabic safariiya < safara (= to travel)

:_______________________________.

Arab.
1
abbreviation (in a dictionary entry) = Arabeg Arabic

:_______________________________.

Arabeg <a-RAA-beg> [aˡrɑˑbɛg] feminine noun
1
Arabic
Abbreviation: (in a dictionary entry) Arab.

:_______________________________.

aradr (arad’), PLURAL: erydr (eryd’)
<AA-radr, AA-rad; EE-ridr, EE-rid> ɑˑradr, ˡɑˑrad, ˡeˑrɪdr, ˡeˑrɪd] masculine noun
1
plough

:_______________________________.

aradr eira
<AA-radr / AA-rad EI-ra> ɑˑradr / ˡɑˑrad ˡəɪra] (masculine or feminine noun)
1
snowplough

:_______________________________.

aradwr
<a-RAA-dur> [aˡrɑˑdʊr] masculine noun
PLURAL aradwyr
<a-RAD-wir> [aˡradwɪr]
1
ploughman

ETYMOLOGY: (aradr = plough) + (-wr = agent suffix)

:_______________________________.

araf
<AA-rav, AA-ra> ɑˑrav, ˡɑˑra] adjective
1
slow = taking a long time to move, to go
streic araf go-slow (“slow strike”)

2
Ara’ deg piau hi Don’t get het up! Keep calm! (“very slow has it”)

:_______________________________.

Arafa Don
‹a-RAA-va DON [aˡrɑˑva ˡdɔn]
1
Name of a hymn composed by R. S. Hughes, who was the choirmaster of Bethesda Chapel (Congregationalists) in Bethesda (Gwynedd). He died at the early age of 38 in 1893.

2 Name of a building in Bethesda

The town of Bethesda, at a place known originally as Glanogwan, took its new name from a Congregational chapel in Y Stryd Fawr (High Street) built in 1823. It was replaced by a building with a somewhat over-ornate front in 1840. This chapel has now been converted into flats, and is now known as Arafa Don, from R. S. Hughes’ well-known hymn.

(Information from the caption to this photo by Eric Jones http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/432313 )

ETYMOLOGY: The title is generally translated into English as “abate ye waves” (with ye, the archaic plural form of you in English, which placed before a noun was used to express a plural imperative)

Literally the title is “abate!, sea!”

(arafa = abate! second person singular imperative of arafu = slow down; ease, ease off; abate) + (don = sea!, < ton = wave; sea)

arafa is (araf- stem of the verb arafu) + (-a second person singular imperative ending)

The vocative form of a noun is indicated if it begins with a soft-mutable consonant (c p t / g b d / m ll rh) by the soft mutation. Thus don, which is from ton (= wave; sea)

:_______________________________.

arafol
<ar-AA-vol> [arˡɑˑvɔl] adjective
1
dilatory, delaying, working slowly, deliberately being slow
tacteg arafol delaying tactic
Also: ystryw oedi

ETYMOLOGY: (araf = slow) + (-ol suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

arafu
<a-RAA-vi> [aˡrɑˑvɪ] verb

Clipped form: ’rafu

(transitive verb)
1 to slow (something) down = to make (something) go slower

(intransitive verb)
2 to slow down = go slower

Barnwyr 5:28 Mam Sisera a edrychodd trwy ffenestr, ac a waeddodd trwy'r dellt, Paham yr oeda ei gerbyd ddyfod? paham yr arafodd olwynion ei gerbydau?
Judges 5:28 The mother of Sisera looked out at a window, and cried through the lattice, Why is his chariot so long in coming? why tarry the wheels of his chariots?

3 to slow, to delay

tacteg arafu delaying tactic

4 (pain) ease off

Ydi’r boen yn arafu? Is the pain easing off?

5 (rain) ease off, slacken off

6 (heavy sea) abate
Arafa Don (qv) title of a hymn (free translation: “abate ye waves”) (qv)

7 (wind) abate, drop

arafodd y gwynt the wind dropped

:_______________________________.

ar agor
<ar AA-gor> [ar ˡɑˑgɔr] (adverb)
1
open

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = on) + (agor- stem of verb agor = to open [something], to open [by itself])

:_______________________________.

ar air neu ar weithred <ar AIR nei ar WEITH-red> [ar ˡaɪr nəɪ ar ˡwəɪθrɛd] adverb
1
in word or deed, by word or by deed

Colosiaid 3:17
A pha beth bynnag a wneloch, ar air neu ar weithred, gwnewch bob peth yn enw'r Arglwydd Iesu, gan ddiolch i Dduw a'r Tad trwyddo ef.
Colossians 3:17 And whatsoever ye do in word or deed, do all in the name of the Lord Jesus, giving thanks to God and the Father by him.

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = on) + soft mutation + (gair = word) + (neu = or) + (ar = on) + soft mutation + (gweithred = deed, action)

:_______________________________.

araith
<A-raith, -reth> araɪθ, -ɛθ] feminine noun
PLURAL areithiau
<a-REITH-yai, -ye> [aˡrəɪθjaɪ, -ɛ]
1 speech, (USA: also spiel)
araith denau poor speech, threadbare speech, insubstantial speech
araith gyntaf (parliament) maiden speech
areithio be giving a speech; make a speech, deliver a speech

2 language
araith ddrwg bad language

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Celtic *arekt-
Cornish areth, Breton (Gwened) areih (= dispute)

Irish aireacht (= assembly)

NOTE: written colloquial form: areth / arath

:_______________________________.

arall
<AA-ralh> ɑˑraɬ] adjective
1
other
The plural form is
eraill [EE-rilh]

2 y rhyw arall the opposite sex (“the other sex”)

3 y tu arall i on the other side of (“the other side to”)
y tu arall i'r afon on the other side of the river

4
bod mewn cae arall (“be in another field”) be missing the point, be parking up the wrong tree

:_______________________________.

Arallt
<AAR-alht> ɑˑraɬt]
1
house name

..a/ Y Sarn, Pwllheli (Gwynedd)

..b/ south-east of Meyllteyrn (Gwynedd)

..c/ Amlwch (Ynys Môn)

ETYMOLOGY: “hillside” (ar = on) + (allt = hill)

:_______________________________.

aran
<AA-ran> ɑˑran]
1
soft mutation of garan = crane (bird)
yr aran = the crane
pig yr aran crane’s bill (flower)

:_______________________________.

ar antur
<ar AN-tir> [ar ˡantɪr] adverb
1
at random, randomly

2
cynnig ar antur shot in the dark, wild guess (“attempt at random”)
dyfaliad ar antur shot in the dark, wild guess (“guess at random”)

3 rhoi’ch bywyd ar antur put your life at risk

:_______________________________.

araul
<AA-rail> ɑˑraɪl] adjective
1
sunny

Dewch brydyddion... I ganu clod i Glyn [sic] Sirhowy, Man tawel — arail yw;

(Can o Glod i Glyn [sic] Sirhowy). Hanes Tredegar, David Morris, (Eiddil Gwent), 1868

Come poets... to sing the praise of the Syrhywi Valley, it is a quiet place, sunny.. (arail = poor spelling for araul, formerly in use)

(Song of praise Syrhywi Valley). From Hanes Tredegar (the history of Tredegar), by David Morris, (Eiddil Gwent), 1868


2
especially in place names in south-east Wales
Maesaraul (qv) sunny field
Gelliaraul (y gelli araul = the sunny wood) farm in Llan-gan (county of Bro Morgannwg)
 
3
Y Cyfnod Araul the Golden Age

ETYMOLOGY: araul < ár-haul (ar = before, in front of) + (haul = sun)
NOTE: in the south-east the colloquial form is aril
<AA-ril> ɑˑrɪl]

In place names. often incorrectly spelt as ‘arael’.

Also, the south-eastern spoken form ‘aral’ (< arel < arael) is to be found.

 

Pendeulwyn (Pendoylan) Parish Baptisms mention the birth of Henry Basset (26 Oct 1849) at Maesarael, Pendoylan to father Robert Basset (farmer) and mother Ann

 

Merthyr Times, and Dowlais Times, and Aberdare Echo 25 Apr 1895

ABERDARE TRADESMEN'S BALL: Mr. A. A. Davies, Lloyds Bank; Miss May Davies, Maesaral(,) Cross Inn; Mr. W. S. Davies, 27, Canon-street...

 

There is a house named Brynaraul in Mydroilyn, Sir Gaerfyrddin, and also in Bryncoedifor, Rhydymain, Dolgellau (= Brynaraul, ‘sunny hill’)

 

Sometimes spelt as ‘arel’, a more westerly spoken form in Morgannwg / Glamorgan

 

1841 Census, Tai-bach
(surname, name, address, age, occupation)

JENKINS DAVID MAESAREL 15 COAL MINER
JENKINS ELIZABETH MAESAREL 50 -
JENKINS GWENLLIAN MAESAREL 17 -
JENKINS JOHN MAESAREL 14 COAL MINER
JENKINS RICHARD MAESAREL 22 ASSISTANT AGENT
JENKINS RICHARD MAESAREL 46 MINE & COAL AGENT
JENKINS WILLIAM MAESAREL 22 STOCKTAKER

 

However, it is found in the street name Heol Gelliarel / Gelliarel Road in Y Gilfach-goch.

ften
:_______________________________.

arbed
<AR-bed> [ˡarbɛd] verb
1 save = bring away from danger or death
arbed rhàg angau save from death

2 arbed ar save on = consume a smaller amount of
arbed ar fwyd save on food

3
heb arbed unrhyw gost with no expense spared

4 arbed i rywun wneud rhywbeth save somebody the trouble of doing something (“save to somebody doing something”)
arbed i rywun y drafferth o wneud rhywbeth save somebody the trouble of doing something (“save to somebody the trouble of doing something”)

5
deddf arbed trafferth the law of least effort (“(the) law (of) saving trouble”)

6 ni + arbed dim (ar wrthwynebydd) not pull your punches (with an opponent)
(“not + save anything on an opponent”)

7
diarbed ceaseless, relentless, unrelenting
llafurio yn ddiarbed dros (rywbeth) work / toil relentlessly for (something)
rhyfel diarbed total war, all-out war

(di-, negative prefix) + (arbed = to save)

:_______________________________.

ar ben
<ar BEN> [ar ˡbɛn] preposition
1
on top of
Carreg ar ben carreg stone upon stone

2
eistedd ar ben llidiart sit on the fence, not commit oneself to one side or another in a dispute (“sit on top of a gate”)

rhegi’r maer ar ben Alltwalis criticise from a safe distance (“swear at the mayor on top of (the hill called) Alltwalis”)
Alltwalis SN 4431 is a hamlet 12km north of the town of Caerfyrddin (county of Caerfyrddin)

3
(with time)
Mae hi ar ben tri o’r gloch It’s just turned three
(“it is on top of three o’ clock”)

4
at the end of
bod ar ben eich tennyn be at the end of your tether
:_____________________________.

ar ben
<ar BEN> [ar ˡbɛn] adv
1 over, finished, at an end
Mae ’ngwaith i ar ben My work is finished

2
hi + bod ar ben ar (rywun)
have had one's chips, be finished, be all over (for somebody)

Mae hi ar ben arno fe, His number is up, He's doomed, He’s done for; His days are numbered,
He's not got long to live

Mae hi ar ben arno i The game’s up for me

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = on) + soft mutation + (pen = head)

:_______________________________.

arbennig
<ar-BE-nig> [arˡbɛnɪg] adjective
1
special

:_______________________________.

arbrawf, PLURAL: arbrofion
<AR-brauv, ar-BROV-yon> [ˡarbraʊv, arˡbrɔvjɔn] feminine noun
1
test

:_______________________________.

ar bwys
<ar BUIS> [ar ˡbʊɪs] (preposition)
1
near

:_______________________________.

arch, PLURAL: eirch
<ARKH, EIRKH> [ˡarx, ˡəɪrx] feminine noun
1
casket (Englandic: coffin)

arch brĕn a wooden coffin
arch fambŵ a bamboo coffin

arch bwmpiadwy inflatable arch

Welsh < British < Latin arca (= chest, coffer)
:_______________________________.

arch
<ARKH> [arx] verb
1
order...!; second person singular imperative form of erchi = to command, order

Sant Mathew 4: 3 Os mab Duw wyt, arch i’r cerrig hyn fod yn fara
Saint Matthew 3: 4 If thou be the Son of God, command that these stones be bread

:_______________________________.

arch- (prefix)

1 arch-, main, principal
archdderwydd archdruid, principal druid
archfarchnad supermarket

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh arch < British *ark- < Latin *arc < arch < Greek arkhi < arkhein (= to rule)

:_______________________________.

Arch.
1
abbreviation Archaeoleg A
rchaeology (as a field label in a dictionary)

:_______________________________.

archadeiladydd
<arkh-a-dei-LAA-didh> [arxadəɪˡlɑˑdɪð] masculine noun
PLURAL archadeiladwyr
<arkh-a-dei-LAD-wir> [arxadəɪˡladwɪr]
1
master builder = self-employed builder who employs assistants
(In the list of subscribers to a memorial volume with the poetry of the Rhymni poet Twynog (published in 1912), one of the subscribers in Pontlotyn is Mr. William Davies, Archadeiladydd.)

ETYMOLOGY: (arch-, prefix = arch-, principal) + (adeiladydd = builder)

NOTE: (The Welsh Dictionary of Yr Acádemi Gymreig uses prifadeiladydd, with the prefix prif (= main, principal) instead of arch)

:_______________________________.

archaeoleg
<ar-khei-OO-leg> [arxəɪˡoˑlɛg] feminine noun
1
archaeology

Abbreviation: (as a field label in a dictionary) Arch.

Adran Archaẹoleg Amguĕddfa Gĕnĕdlaẹthŏl Cymru el Archaeology Department of the national Museum of Wales

● ARCHAEO- < English
ARCHAEOLOGY, + Welsh suffix -EG (forms names of sciences, disciplines, languages); Late Late Latin ARCHAEOLOGIA, < Late Greek ARKHAIOLOGIA (= study of ancient objects)

ARKHAIO- < ARKHAIOS old < ARKHÊ beginning; Latin -LOGIA < Greek -LOGIA < LOGOS word < LEGEIN to speak


:_______________________________.

archangel, PLURAL: archangylion <ar-KH-angel, arkh-ang-ƏL-yon> [arˡxaŋɛl, arxaŋˡəljɔn] masculine noun
1
archangel

yr Archangel Gabriel the archangel Gabriel
● Late Latin
ARCHANGELUS, < Late Greek tARKHANGELOS:

Greek
(ARKH- = arch-, principal) + (ANGELOS = angel)

:_______________________________.

archdderwydd, PLURAL: archdderwyddon
‹arkh DHE ruidh, arkh dhe RUI dhon› masculine noun
1
archdruid

Greek
(ARKH- = arch-, principal) + soft mutation + (DERWYDD = druïd)

:_______________________________.

archeb, PLURAL: archebion
‹AR kheb, ar KHEB yon› feminine noun
1
order

:_______________________________.

archebu
‹ar-khee-bi› verb
1
order = instruct (somebody) to supply (something)

Rhaid ei archebu wythnos ymlaen llaw
It has to be ordered a week beforehand

ffurflen archebu order form

2
order = ask to bring food

ROOT:
archeb- (1)

THIRD PERSON SINGULAR PRESENT-FUTURE
CLASSICAL WELSH
archeba “orders / will order”
COLLOQUIAL WELSH archebĭff “will order”

IMPERATIVE - SINGULAR
archeba “order!”

IMPERATIVE - PLURAL
CLASSICAL WELSH
archebwch “order!”
COLLOQUIAL WELSH
archebwch “order!”

ETYMOLOGY: 1885 (archeb = order) + (-u, suffix to form verbs)

:_______________________________.

archesgob, PLURAL: archesgobion
‹ar KHE skob, ar khe SKOB yon› masculine noun
1
archbishop

:_______________________________.

archfarchnad, PLURAL: archfarchnadoedd
‹arkh VARKH nad, arkh varkh NA dodh› feminine noun
1
hypermarket

ETYMOLOGY: (arch- prefix = chief, main, principal) + soft mutation + (marchnad = market)

:_______________________________.

archwaeth
‹AR khweth› masculine noun
1
appetite

2
difetha’ch archwaeth spoil your appetite
ailfagu archwaeth regain one’s appetite

3 codi archwaeth ar rywun to whet somebody’s appetite

:_______________________________.

archwiliad, PLURAL: archwiliadau ‹ar KHWIL yad, ar khwil YA de› masculine noun
1
investigation

:_______________________________.

arctig ark -tig› adjective
1
arctic = of the North Pole

2
yr Arctig, the Arctic = the region north of the Arctic Circle
Cefnfor yr Arctig the Arctic Ocean
helygen yr Arctig (Salix polaris)

3
arctic = coming from the North Pole or arctic region
(Meteorology) awyr arctig arctic air

4
arctic = characteristic of the weather of the North Pole, very cold

ETYMOLOGY: English Arctic (= meaning originally “situated under the constellation of the Great Bear) < Latin arcticus < Greek artikos (= of a bear, of bears)
Cf the Welsh word of Celtic origin arth (= bear)

:_______________________________.

ardal
ar-dal› feminine noun
PLURAL ardaloedd
‹ar- da -lodh›

1
district, locality, zone
Mae ambell ddisgynnydd i Almaenwr o adeg y rhyfel yn byw yn yr ardal hon
There are a few descendants of Germans from the war living in this area

2
district, locality, area where a certain language is spoken by a majority
Rhaid gweithredu ar unwaith am fod yr ardaloedd Cymraeg eu hiaith mewn perygl
We have to act at once because the Welsh-speaking areas are in danger

3
district = an area of land with set boundaries for the purposes of administration
ardal warchod conservation area, area in which certain building regulations are in force to preserve the its character

4
district distinguished by a distinctive geographical feature
Ardal y Llynnoedd translation of the English name ‘The Lake District’, a name from the 1880s for an area of north-west England with many lakes; historically part of the Welsh territory of Cumbria (until the year 1000 approximately)

5
district = sub-division of a town or city with or without recognised boundaries
yr ardal Iddewig
the Jewish quarter
yr Ardal Ladinaidd
the Latin Quarter, southern side of the river Seine in Paris where traditionally artists and students live

6
district = sub-division of a county with or without recognised boundaries
yn ardal Tregaron
in the Tregaron area (of the county of Ceredigion)

7
mewn llawer ardal in many districts, in many areas, in many places
Mewn llawer ardal yn awr y mae Cymraeg yn iaith y rhieni, a Saesneg yn iaith y plant.
In many places now Welsh is the language of the parents and English the language of the children

8
area, district = the people who live in an area or district
yr holl ardal the whole area, all the area = everybody in the area

Yn y pentre preswyliai gwr o’r enw Harri Harri - Harri Ddwywaith y gelwid ef gan yr holl ardal
In the village there lived a man called Harri Harri - he was called Harri Ddwywaith (= twice over) by everybody in the area

9
ardal gweithiau alcam stannery (“district (of) tinworks”)

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = on, in front of, facing) + soft mutation + (tâl = forehead, place at the end)

:_______________________________.

Ardal y Coed
ar-dal ə koid feminine noun
1
place in Iowa County, Wisconsin (place name now lost?) (Number 8 on the map below, in the south-easter corner of the state)

Merch hoff Mr Richard a Mrs Jane Morgan, Garrison Grove, diweddar o Ardal-y-Coed, ger Dodgeville, Wis. gynt o Rhywlas
(= Rhiw-las), plwyf Cilcenin (= Cilcennin), Swydd Aberteifi. (page 234 Cyfaill o’r Hen Wlad, 1873)
(she was) the dear daughter of Mr Richard and Mrs Jane Morgan, Garrison Grove, late of Ardal-y-Coed, near Dodgeville, Wis(consin), formerly of Rhiw-las, parish of Cilcennin, county of Aberteifi (= Cardiganshire)

7876_14-07-2011_wisconsin-trefi-00-lliw-y-cwbl24

(delwedd 7876)

 

ETYMOLOGY: “area (of) the woods” (ardal = area) + (y = the) + (coed = wood, woods)

:_______________________________.

+ardd Soft-mutated form - the radical form has initial g-.
See gardd =

:_______________________________.


ardd.

1
Abbreviation (in a dictionary entry): = arddodiad, -iaid

:_______________________________.

ar ddangos <ar-DHANG-gos> [arˡðaŋgɔs] adverb
1
on show, on display = placed (goods for sale, works of art etc) in a place to show them to the public
gya

ETYMOLOGY: (ar preposition = on) + soft mutation + (dangos, root of the verb dangos = to show)

:_______________________________.

arddangos
<ar-DHANG-gos> [arˡðaŋgɔs] (v)
1
show, display

ETYMOLOGY: (
ar intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (dangos = to show)
:_______________________________.

arddangosfa, PLURAL: arddangosféydd
<ar-dhang-GOS-va,-ar-dhang-gos-VEIDH> [arðaŋˡgɔsva, arðaŋgɔsˡvəɪð] feminine noun
1
exhibition

:_______________________________.

arddegol
<ar-DHEE-gol> [arˡðeˑgɔl] adjective
1
teenage

ETYMOLOGY: semi-calque on English ‘teenage’, from ar ddeg which appears in the age numbers 13 (tair ar ddeg oed ‘three on ten (of) age’ ) and 14 (pedair ar ddeg oed ‘four on ten (of) age’ ), but refers, as in English ‘teen’, to ages between 13-19; + (-ol suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

arddel
<AR-dhel> [ˡarðɛl] verb
1
claim as one’s own

2 diarddel (rhywun / rhywbeth) disown, repudiate (somebody, something)
gwrthod arddel (rhywun / rhywbeth) disown, repudiate (somebody, something)

:_______________________________.

ar ddelw <ar DHEE-lu> [ar ˡðeˑlʊ] preposition
1
in the image of

Genesis 9:6
A dywallto waed dyn, trwy ddyn y tywelltir ei waed yntau, oherwydd ar ddelw DUW y gwnaeth efe ddyn.
Genesis 9:6 Whoso sheddeth man’s blood, by man shall his blood be shed: for in the image of God made he man.

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = on) + soft mutation + (delwedd = image)

:_______________________________.

ardderchog ‹ar-DHER-khog› [arˡðɛrxɔg] adjective
1
excellent, splendid, tiptop
cael hwyl ardderchog have a fantastic time, have a really good time, have a great time

2
(exclamation) ardderchog! great! fantastic! champion! excellent!

3
ardderchog o (+ adjective) really
Mae'n bryd ardderchog o flasus, It’s a really tasty meal

4
(adverb) yn ardderchog excellently
Gei di weld y gweithith y plan yn ardderchog You’ll see that the paln will work excellently

ETYMOLOGY: (ar- intensifying suffix) + soft mutation + (derch) + (-og suffix for forming adjectives).
The element
derch (from Celtic < Indoeuropean *derk) (= to see) is the same as “drych” in drych (= mirror), edrych (= to look).

Irish has
dearc (= look)

:_______________________________.

ar ddeudro
<ar DHEI-dro> [ar ˡðəɪdrɔ] adverb
1
the second time, with the second try (“on two turns”)
Fe wnaeth e hi ar ddeudro Hi managed it the second time

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = two ) + soft mutation + (deudro = twice).

:_______________________________.

+arddio Soft-mutated form - the radical form has initial g-.
See garddio =

:_______________________________.

+arddlunio Soft-mutated form - the radical form has initial g-.
See garddlunio =

:_______________________________.

+arddluniwr Soft-mutated form - the radical form has initial g-.
See garddluniwr =

:_______________________________.

ar ddrwg
<ar DHRUUG> [ar ˡðruːg]
1
up to no good
bod ar ddrwg be up to no good, be bent on mischief
mynd ar ddrwg set about doing mischief

Exodus 32:22
A dywedodd Aaron, Nac enynned digofaint fy arglwydd: ti a adwaenost y bobl, mai ar ddrwg y maent.
Exodus 32:22 And Aaron said, Let not the anger of my lord wax hot: thou knowest the people, that they are set on mischief.

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = on) + soft mutation + (drwg = evil)
NOTE: also: ar eich drwg

:_______________________________.

ar ddu a gwyn
<ar DHII a GWIN> [ar ˡðiː a ˡgwɪn] prepositional phrase
1
in black and white

:_______________________________.

arddun
<AR-dhin> arðɪn] adjective
1
(obsolete) fair, beautiful; magnificent, grand

ETYMOLOGY: According to Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru / University of Wales Dictionary, it is from British *ar-iûn-

(1) -iûn- is related to the obsolete verb uno (= to wish, to desire), originally
iuno.

This loss of the initial
i before u is to be seen in another obsolete word udd (= lord), originally iudd, which is to be seen in names from the early period such as udd as a final syllable Gruffudd, Maredudd; and id- as an initial syllable Idwal, Idnerth, etc

(2) A related word with the element iûn- is
eidduno (= to wish, desire).

Also Eiddun (a woman’s name), from British *ad-iûn-, or with the elements as they would appear in Welsh (
add- + iun-), maybe with the sense ‘desirable, desired, wished-for’.

There is a written instance of the British name – it is found in an inscription as Adiune on a stone built into the modern parish church at Ystradgynlais. Presumably it represents the form
“Adiunae” = (“(the stone) of Adiuna”). It is said to date from the 400s or early 500s

(3) The meaning of arddun seems to have been influenced by other words similar in form or sound suggesting ‘beauty’ or ‘grandeur’, such as ardd (= high), hardd (= beautiful), addurn (= adornment).

:_______________________________.

arddunedd
‹ar-dhii-nedh› masculine noun
1
grandeur, magnificence, splendour

Tynnwyd llygaid Tomos a Gwen drachefn at arddunedd y mynyddoed mawr,
lle teyrnasai’r Wyddfa
Tomos and Gwen’s eyes were drawn again to the magnificence of the great mountains, where Yr Wyddfa (Mount Snowdon) reigned. (Melin-y-ddôl / William a Myfanwy Eames / 1948 / tudalen 241)

Fry esgyn i’w aur-orsedd
Wna’r haul trwy borth arddunedd -
Teyrnasa mewn rhwysgfawredd
Ar forau Haf
(Mynydau Hamddenol: Ail Lyfr Nathan Wyn. 1905. Tudalen 70)
Up yonder the sun rises to its throne of gold through the gate of splendour. It reigns in ostentation on summer mornings

ETYMOLOGY: (arddun = beautiful; magnificent) + (-edd suffix for forming abstract nouns). First example according to Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru / University of Wales Dictionary in 1850

:_______________________________.

arddwrn
‹AR dhurn› masculine noun
1
wrist
band arddwrn pl. bandiau arddyrnau wristband (eg for identifying hospital patients)

2
nes penelin nag arddwrn
‹nes pe NE lin nag AR dhurn› blood is thicker than water (“the elbow is nearer (to the heart) than the wrist”)

In some districts arddwrn has been mistaken for a soft-mutated form, and a radical form garddwrn is used

:_______________________________.

ar ddwy
‹ar dhui adverb
1
(= ar ddwywaith) at the second attempt (“on two (times)”)

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = two ) + soft mutation + (dwy = two (times)).

:_______________________________.

+arddwr Soft-mutated form - the radical form has initial g-.
See garddwr =

:_______________________________.

+arddwriaeth Soft-mutated form - the radical form has initial g-.
See garddwriaeth =

:_______________________________.

+arddwriaethol Soft-mutated form - the radical form has initial g-.
See garddwriaethol =

:_______________________________.

ar ddwywaith
‹ar dhui -weth› adverb
1
at the second attempt
Fe gododd y sach ar ddwywaith He lifted the sack the second time he tried

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = two ) + soft mutation + (dwywaith = twice).

:_______________________________.

ar ddydd Gwener
‹ar dhiidh GWEE ner›
1
on a Friday, on Fridays; = every Friday

 

:_______________________________.

ar dennyn ‹ar de-nin ›

1 on a leash

:_______________________________.

ar derfyn dydd
‹ar der-vin diidh adverb
1
at close of day, at the end of the day

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = on) + soft mutation + (terfyn = end) + (dydd = day)

:_______________________________.

ar dorr
‹ar DOR adverb

1 cut, having been cut into

cosyn ar dor a cheese which one has been cut into

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = on) + (torr- stem of verb torri = to cut, to break, to get broken)


:_______________________________.

ar draul
‹ar DRAIL› preposition
1
at the expense of, at the cost of

2 ar draul ei einioes at the cost of his life
ar draul ei fywyd at the cost of his life

:_______________________________.

ar draws
‹ar DRAUS› (preposition)
1
across
2 siarad ar draws pen a chlustiau talk the hind legs off a donkey (“talk across head and ears”)

:_______________________________.

ardreth
ar-dreth› feminine noun
PLURAL ardrethi
‹ar-dree-thi›
1
(obsolete) rent

2
(obsolete) income, revenue

ETYMOLOGY: (ar- = intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (treth = tax)

:_______________________________.

ar droed
‹ar droid adverbi
1 (rumour, piece of news) circulating, going round
mae
rhyw si ar droed bod... there’s a rumour going round that..., it’s rumoured that...
ma' rhyw newydd ar droed bod... there’s news going round that...

:_______________________________.

Ardudwy
‹ar DII dui› feminine noun
1
region in the north-west – a kántrev divided into two kúmmuds - Uwch Arto ‘district above the river Artro’, and Is Artro ‘district below the river Artro’

7337_map_cymydau_060508_ardudwy..
(delwedd 7377)

:_______________________________.

Ardwyn AR-duin
1
street name in Porthtywyn / Burry Port (county of Caerfyrddin / Carmarthen)

ETYMOLOGY: “hillside”

(ar = on) + soft mutation + (twyn = mound, hill)

:_______________________________.

ardyfiant
‹ ar- dəv -yant› m
PLURAL ardyfiannau
‹ ar-dəv- ya -ne›
1 excrescence = protruberance; outgrowth on a part of the body or an organ of the body

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = on) + soft mutation + (tyfiant = growth)

:_______________________________.

ardystio
‹ar-dəsr-yo› verb
1
certify
2
take the pledge = promise to abstain from alcohol
ardystio i fod yn llwyr-ymatalwr take the pledge to be a teetotaller

Af adref gyda’m priod, ardystiaf nos yfory, a chadwaf ef hyd fy medd
(Gwenith Gwyn / ap Tobit / 1913 tudalen 117)
I’ll go home with my wife, I’ll take the pledge tomorrow night, and I’ll keep it until my grave

Dychwelasom yn ol i Granville, lle nodedig am gyfleusterau crefyddol. Tranoeth, am 2, mewn Ysgoldŷ Cerrig ar Fryniau y Cymry, cynhaliwyd cyfarfod Dirwestol. Cawd yno gyfarfod hynod o hwylus. Yr oedd y rhan fwyaf o’r gynulleidfa wedi ardystio cyn hyny. Ardystiodd amrai y pryd hwnw hefyd. Mewn Cyfarfod yn Granville, ychydig ddiwrnodiau cyn hyny, ardystiodd 194 i fod yn Llwyr-ymattalwyr, a 23 yn Gymedrolwyr. (Y Cyfaill o’r Hen Wlad yn America, Cyfrol 3, 1840, tudalen 140)
We returned to Granville, a notable place for religious facilities. The following day, a temperance meeting was held at two in a stome schoolhouse on the Welsh Hills. It was a remarkably lively meeting. The majority of the audience had taken the pledge beforehand. Some also took the pledge then too. In a meeting in Granville, some days before that, 194 took the pledge to be teetotal, and 23 to be moderate drinkers.

ETYMOLOGY: (ar- = intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (tystio = to witness)

:_______________________________.

aredig
‹a REE dig› verb
1
to plough

:_______________________________.

ar ei ben
‹ar ii ben adverb
1
directly; see ar eich pen

:_______________________________.

ar eich baw
‹ar əkh bau
1
(“on your dirt / shit”)
gadael (rhywun) ar ei faw to leave (somebody) in the lurch, leave somebody to sort out his own problems, leave somebody to get out of the predicament he has got himself into (“leave somebody on his shit”)

:_______________________________.

ar eich cythlwng
‹ar əkh kəth -lung ›
1
hungry, starving
yr wyf (i) ar fy nghythlwng I’m hungry
yr wyt (ti) ar dy gythlwng you’re hungry
y mae (ef) ar ei gythlwng he’s hungry
y mae (hi) ar ei chythlwng she’s hungry
yr ydym (ni) ar ein cythlwng we’re hungry
yr ydych (chi) ar eich cythlwng you’re hungry
y maent (hwy) ar eu cythlwng they’re hungry

Ni byddai un ohonynt yn cael mynd ymáith ar ei gythlwng
Not one of them would be allowed to leave without having a bite to eat

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = on) + (eich = your) + (cythlwng = hunger)

:_______________________________.

ar eich deudroed
‹ar əkh dei-droid› adverb
1
mynd ar eich deudroed walk it, go by Shanks’s pony, walk because there is no other way of going – no bike, car, horse, etc

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = your) + (deudroed = two feet).

:_______________________________.

ar eich drwg
‹ar əkh druug
1
up to no good
Mae’r brain ar ’u drwg heddiw eto The crows are up to no good again today

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = your) + (eich = your) + (drwg = badness).

:_______________________________.

ar eich eistedd
‹ar əkh ei -stedh› adv
1
seated, sitting down
aros ar eich eistedd remain seated

2
said of something considered easy to do
gallu gwneud rhywbeth ar eich eistedd do something with your hands tied behind your back, do it blindfold (“be able to do something sitting down”)

”Gallaf wneud hyn ar f’eistedd," meddai gan wenu
“I can do this as easy as anything,” he said with a smile

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = on) + (eich = your) + (eistedd = sit, sitting)

:_______________________________.

ar eich elw
1
bod gennych (rywbeth) ar eich elw be to one’s name, have in one’s possession
ni + bod gennych ond (rywbeth) ar eich elw have only (something) to one’s name

Nid oedd ganddo ond pumpunt ar ei elw
He had no more than five pounds to his name

2 bod ar eich elw be better off

Wedyn clywasom farn werthwr tai a thir am y Mewnlifiad i’r Broydd Cymraeg. Mynnodd hwnnw ein bod ni’r Cymry ar ein helw yn sylweddol o’i herwydd
After we heard the viewpoint of an estate agent to the Influx (of rich English settlers) to the Welsh areas. He maintained that we the Welsh were far better off because of it

3
bod ar eich elw o be better off to the tune of, richer by (a specified amount)
Roeddwn i ar ’yn elw o fil o bunnau I was one thousand pounds better off

ETYMOLOGY: ‘on your gain’ (ar = on) + (eich = your) + (elw = profit, gain)

 

 

ar eich golwg chi ‹ar əkh GOO-lug khi
1
from the look of you, from your look
 

:_______________________________.

ar eich gorwedd
‹ar əkh GOR-wedh
1
lying

2
(gravestone) lying flat, not standing
Yno bu maen ar ei orwedd ryw ddeng llath o ddrws yr eglwys
There was a flat gravestone there about ten yards from the church door

3
syrthio ar eich gorwedd fall flat on your back

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = on) + (eich = your) + (gorwedd = lie, lying)

:_______________________________.

ar eich gwaethaf
‹ar əkh gwei -tha›
1
in spite of yourself
bod wedi eich denu at rywbeth ar eich gwaethaf be irresistibly attracted to something (“be after your attracting towards something on your worst”)

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = on) + (eich = your) + (gwaethaf = the worst)

:_______________________________.

ar eich hyd
‹ar əkh hiid
1
“on your length”
bod ofn arnoch ar eich hyd be very afraid (“be fear on you on your length” - from top to bottom, all your length)

:_______________________________.

ar eich pen
‹ar əkh pen adverb
1
heb ddweud rhywbeth ar ei ben in not so many words, without saying it outright, without spelling it out “without saying something directly / on its head”

2
gwrthodiad ar ei ben flat refusal

3
gwadu rhywbeth ar ei ben completely deny something

:_______________________________.

ar eich pen eich hun
‹ar əkh PEN əkh HIIN› adverb
1
on your own
2 by yourself, all by yourself
Mae’n diffodd ar ei ben ei hun (piece of electrical equipment) It switches itself off, It goes off by itself

:_______________________________.

ar eich ffordd
‹ar əkh fordh adverb
1
on one’s way

Lawer bore roeddwn ar fy ffordd am wyth o’r gloch
Many mornings I was on my way at eight o’ clock
:_______________________________.

ar eich llawn dwf
‹ar əkh lhaun duuv
1
fully grown (“on your full growth”)

:_______________________________.

ar eich tyfiant
‹ar i DƏV yant› prepositional phrase
1
growing

 

:_______________________________.

areithfa
‹ a- REITH -va› (nf) areithfaoedd, areithféydd ‹ a- reith -VAA-oidh, a- reith -VEIDH›
1 pulpit, rosteum

2 chapel

ETYMOLOGY: (areith- stem of araith = speech) (-fa noun-forming suffix, indicating a place)

:_______________________________.

areithio
‹ a- reith -yo› v
1 speak = make a speech, make speeches; speechify

ETYMOLOGY: (areith- stem of araith = speech) (-fa noun-forming suffix, indicating a place)

:_______________________________.

areithiau
‹ a- reith -ye› plural, feminine noun
1 speeches; plural form of araith

ETYMOLOGY: (areith- stem of araith = speech) + (-i-au plural suffix)

:_______________________________.

areithiwr
‹ a- reith -yur› nm
PLURAL areithwyr
‹ a- reith -wir›
1 orator )

ETYMOLOGY: (areith- stem of araith = speech) + (-i-wr suffix = man)

:_______________________________.

areithydd
‹ a- rei -thidh› nm
PLURAL areithyddion
‹ a-rei- thədh -yon›
1 (= areithiwr) orator

ETYMOLOGY: (areith- stem of araith = speech) + (-ydd noun suffix for indicating a device or an agent)

:_______________________________.

areithyddiaeth
‹ a-rei- thədh -yeth› nf
1 oratory

ETYMOLOGY: (areith- stem of araith = speech) + (-i-aeth suffix for forming nouns)
:_______________________________.

aren, PLURAL: arennau
‹A ren, a RE ne› feminine noun
1
kidney

:_______________________________.

arestio
‹a REST yo› verb
1
to arrest

:_______________________________.

arf, PLURAL: arfau
‹ARV, AR ve› feminine noun
1
weapon

2
gorau arf gwirionedd honesty is the best policy (“best weapon truth”)

3
trwy rym arfau by force of arms, using weapons

:_______________________________.

arfaeth
ar-veth› feminine noun
PLURAL arfaethau
‹ar-vei-the›
1
purpose, plan, intention

2
yr Arfaeth God’s plan, God’s will

Rhufeiniaid 8:28 Ac ni a wyddom fod pob peth yn cydweithio er daioni i’r rhai sydd yn caru Duw; sef i’r rhai sydd wedi eu galw yn ôl ei arfaeth ef;
Romans 8:28 And we know that all things work together for good to them that love God, to them who are the called according to the purpose

Effesiaid 3:11 Yn ôl yr arfaeth dragwyddol yr hon a wnaeth efe yng Nghrist Iesu ein Harglwydd ni
Ephesians 3:11 According to the eternal purpose which he purposed in Christ Jesus our Lord

ETYMOLOGY (arf) + (-aeth, suffix for forming abstract nouns) . The element arf- is possibly the stem of the verb arfu (= to arm)
From the same British root: Cornish arveth (= salary)

:_______________________________.

arfaethedig
‹ar-vei-the-dig› adjective
1
proposed
Cyfarfu yr is-bwyllgor i lunio darpar gyfansoddiad ar gyfer y Gymdeithas Hanes Sirol arfaethedig
A subcommitee met to draw up a draft constitution for the proposed County History Society

2
(theology) predestined

ETYMOLOGY: (arfaeth = plan, intention) + (-edig)

:_______________________________.

arfaethu
‹ar-vei-thi› verb
1
intend

2
propose = put forward as a plan

Anelwig iawn yw eu diffiniad o’r math o hunanlywodraeth a arfaethir
Their definition of the type of selfgovernment which is proposed is very vague

ETYMOLOGY: (arfaeth = proposal) + (-u = verb al suffix)

:_______________________________.

arfarniad
<ar-VARN-yad> [arˡvarnjad] masculine noun
PLURAL arfarniadau
<ar-varn-YAA-dai, -de> [arvarnˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1
evaluation, appraisal

ETYMOLOGY: (arfarn-, stem of arfarnu = evaluate) + (-iad suffix)

:_______________________________.

arfbais
<ARV-bais> arvbaɪs] feminine noun
PLURAL arfbeisiau
<arv-BEIS-yai, -ye> [arvˡbəɪsjaɪ, -ɛ]
1 coat of arms = a heraldic device representing a family,
 corporation or state

2 llyfr arbeisiau armorial = book of heraldry

3 coat of arms = surcoat with armorial bearings to identify the wearer; a garment of silk or linen placed over a suit of armour to keep it clean, or prevent it getting hot in the sun
surcoat (originally of silk or linen to cover a suit of armour to protect it from dirt,
or prevent it from heating in the sun) embroidered
with a heraldic device to identify the wearer

ETYMOLOGY: (arf = arm ) + soft mutation + (pais = overgarment)
:_______________________________.

arfbeislyfr
<arv-beis-LII-vir> [arvbəɪsˡliˑvɪr] masculine noun
PLURAL arfbeislyfrau
<arv-beis-LI-vrai, -vre> [arvbəɪsˡvraɪ, -ɛ]
1 armorial = book of heraldry

ETYMOLOGY: (arfbeis- < arfbais = coat of arms ) + (llyfr = book)
:_______________________________.

arfbeisol
<arv-BEIS-yol> [arvˡbəɪsjɔl] adj
1 armorial, relating to coats of arms / to heraldry

ETYMOLOGY: (arfbeis- < arfbais = coat of arms ) + (-i-ol suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.

arfdy
<ARV-di> arvdɪ] masculine noun
PLURAL arfdai
<ARV-dai> arvdaɪ]
1 armoury, arsenal; the place where armour or arms are kept

ETYMOLOGY: (arf = arm ) + soft mutation + ( = house)

:_______________________________.

ar fechnïaeth
<ar vekh-NII-aith, -eth> [ar vɛxˡniˑaɪθ, -ɛθ] prepositional phrase
1
on bail

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = on) + soft mutation + (mechnïaeth = bail)

:_______________________________.

arfer
<AR-ver> arvɛr] verb
1
use

2
get used to

3
be in the habit of

4
oedd yn arfer, byddai yn arfer, arferai (she, he, it) used to; (in forming a habitual past tense)

Pan oedden ni yn blant mi fyddem yn arfer mynd i hel llus ar lethrau’r mynydd
When we were children we used to go and gather bilberries on the slopes of the mountain

Arferai fod yn ddefod bwysig yr adeg hon o’r flwyddyn i godi’r tatw cyn i’r rhew ddod a’u difetha
It used to be an important practice at this time of the year to pick the potatoes before the frost came and ruined them

5
arferid it used to be the practice to
Arferid ceisio trin teiffoid trwy gael cleifion i yfed eu dŵr eu hunain
it used to be the practice to try to treat typhoid by getting patients to drink their own urine

6
do, practise
er arfer pob gofal
in spite of taking every precaution

7
ymarfer (qv) = to practise

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (*ber = to carry).
In fact the word was formed before the Welsh period, in British: (*are-ber-) < Celtic < Indo-European *bher (= to carry)

This Indo-European root is found in various words in Welsh and other languages
(1) Welsh
..1/ aber = confluence, estuary
..2/ adfer = restore
..3/ arfer = practise
..4/ cymer = confluence
..5/ diabred = withheld, held back, refused
..6/ diferu = to drip
..7/ gofer = ditch, stream
..8/ llifeiriant = a flow

(2) Irish
beir = bring, win

(3) English
bear (= to carry, < Germanic) cf German gebären (= give birth to a child);

(4) in words in English from Latin fero (= I carry)
..1/ circumference
..2/ confer
..3/ defer
..4/ differ
..5/ fertile
..6/ fortune
..7/ infer
..8/ offer
..9/ prefer
..10/ refer
..11/ suffer
..12/ transfer

(5) in words in English from Greek pherein (= to carry)
..1/ euphoria
..2/ metaphor
..3/ paraphernalia
..4/ periphery
..5/ phosphorus
..6/ semaphore

:_______________________________.

arfer
<AR-ver> arvɛr] feminine noun
PLURAL arferion
<ar-VER-yon> [arˡvɛrjɔn]
1
habit, custom, practice, usual behaviour

arferion bwyta gwael bad eating habits

yn ôl arfer y cyfnod as was the practice in those days, in those times

Rhoes anerchiad barddonol yn Eisteddfod Biwmaris, a hynny yn Saesneg,
yn ôl arfer y cyfnod

He gave a speech about poetry in the Eisteddfod of Biwmaris; this he did in English, as was the practice in those days.

Dyna’r arfer That’s the usual practice, That’s the way it’s usually done

Gwell nag athro yw arfer Practice makes perfect
(“(it-is) better than a-teacher that-is practice”)
(gwell = better) + (nag = than) + (athro = teacher) + (yw = that-is) + (arfer = practice)

2
habit = something which has been done so many times by somebody that it has become a characteristic action of that person

mynd i’r arfer o wneud rhywbeth get into the habit (of doing something)

magu’r arfer o wneud rhywbeth get into the habit (of doing something)

colli’r arfer o wneud rhywbeth get out of the habit (of doing something)

o ran arfer from force of habit, out of habit, out of sheer habit

yn ôl ei arfer as is his wont, as he usually does

yn unol â’i arfer as is his wont, as he usually does

3
arferion habits = settled practices, behaviour

Rhaid cyfadde fod rhai o’i harferion yn wirioneddol òd
You have to admit that some of her habits are really odd

arferion anonest dishonest practices

4
hen arfer old-established practice = usual procedure, a usual course of action

Mae yn hen arfer gosod tanciaid o bysgod mewn ystafell aros deintyddion i dawelu’r sawl sy’n disgwyl am driniaeth
It’s a old practice to put a tank of fish in dentists’ waiting rooms to soothe people waiting for treatment

5
drwgarfer or drwgarferiad bad habit

6
arfer gan (be) a habit of, (be) a practice of

Mae’n arfer gennyf... I make it a rule to (do something)

Nid yw hi’n arfer gennym ddefnyddio’r gair yn y modd yma yn Gymráeg
We don’t usually use the word in this way in Welsh

7
na’r arfer than usual
mewn gwesty fymryn bach yn grandiach na’r arfer
In a hotel somewhat more grand than usual

8
ag arfer as usual
ar yr un awr ag arfer at the same time as usual

9
nag arfer than usual
mwy nag arfer more than usual

10
yn ôl fy arfer as is my wont, as is my custom, as I am wont to do

11
habit = addiction, behaviour habit resulting from addiction to a substance
Y mae tuedd i smygwyr ac yfwyr fod â mwy o gariadon na’r rhai sy’n ymwrthod â’r arferion
Smokers and drinkers tend to have more girlfriends or boyfriends than those who do not indulge in these habits

12
o ran arfer out of sheer habit (o ran = from + part) + (arfer= habit)

ETYMOLOGY: see the preceding entry

:_______________________________.

arferol
<ar-VEE-rol> [arˡveˑrɔl] adjective
1
normal, usual

:_______________________________.

ar ffo
<ar FOO> [ar ˡfoː] adverb
1
fleeing
carcharor ar ffo an escaped prisoner
hogyn ar ffo o’r fyddin a lad who has deserted from the army
diflannu fel cath ar ffo scarper (“disappear like a fleeing cat”)

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = on) + (ffo = fleeing, flight)

:_______________________________.

..1 ar fin
<ar VIIN> [ar ˡviːn] (preposition)
1
on the point of; on the edge of

2 bod ar fin mynd yn rhyfel be close to war
Yr oedd ar fin mynd yn rhyfel War was close to breaking out

3 bod ar fin trengi have on foot in the grave (“be on the point of dying”)

:_______________________________.

..2
ar fin <ar VIIN> [ar ˡviːn] adverb
1
(penis) erect
bod ar fin = (penis) be erect

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = sobre) + soft mutation + (min = sharpness / erection)

:_______________________________.

ar fin y bedd
<ar viin ə BEEDH> [ar viːn ə ˡbeːð] prepositional phrase
1
between life and death, on the point of death, with one foot in the grave, at death’s door

ETYMOLOGY: (ar fin = on the edge of) + (y bedd = the tomb)

:_______________________________.

ar flaen
<ar VLAIN> [ar ˡvlaɪn] preposition
1
at the head of, at the front of, leading
ar flaen yr orymdaith at the head of the procession
ar flaen y golofn leading the column

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = sobre) + soft mutation + (blaen = front part)

:_______________________________.

Arfoel AR-voil›
1
house name in Ochr-y-foel, Diserth / Dyserth (county of Dinbych / Denbigh)

ETYMOLOGY: “hillside” (ar = on) + soft mutation + (moel = (bare) hill)


:_______________________________.

arfog
‹AR vog› adjective
1
armed

dynion arfog armed men

gwy^r arfog armed men
lladron arfog armed thieves

lluoedd arfog armed forces
carfannau arfog asgell dde right-wing armed groups

 

2 plural adjective as a noun

arfogion armed people, armed men


:_______________________________.

Arfon
ar -von› feminine noun
1
(History) division (cantref, “kantrev”) of Gwynedd Uwch Conwy
Caernarfon town name, from “Caer yn Arfon” = ‘the place called Caer in the kantrev of Arfon’. Caer is ‘Roman camp, Roman fort’, which in this case was Segontium. Caer is also the usual name in Welsh for Chester, just over the Welsh border in England

Bangor Fawr yn Arfon the original name of the monastery established here in the 500s and destroyed in 1071 by the Norman occupiers

2 Until 1996, an administrative unit (‘district’) in Gwynedd.

Administrative centre: Bangor.
Proportion of Welsh-speakers: 77% (1981).

3
colloquial name for Sir Gaernarfon “Caernarfonshire / Carnarvonshire” (county until 1974)

Ganwyd ef yn Arfon
He was born in the county of Caernarfon

4
(masculine noun) man’s name

 

5 Arvonia Latinised form of Arfon. Name of two villages in the USA founded by immigrants from Sir Gaernarfon

ETYMOLOGY: ‘(the district) facing (the island of) Môn’ Welsh (ar = opposite) + soft mutation + (Môn = island name)

:_______________________________.

Arfoneg
‹ar- vo -neg› feminine noun
1
the Welsh of Arfon, the type of Welsh spoken by the inhabitants of the district of Arfon

ETYMOLOGY: (Arfon = district name) + (-eg = suffix to indicate a language or dialect)

:_______________________________.

arfor
ar -vor› masculine noun
1
(obsolete) coast

2
Arfor house name = coast, seaside

3
(adjective) (obsolete) coastal
Found in certain plant names

Taglys Arfor Calystegia soldanella = sea bindweed
Pinwydden Arfor Pinus pinaster = maritime pine

ETYMOLOGY: ‘(the land) facing (the) sea’

Welsh (ar = opposite) + soft mutation + (môr = sea)
From the same British root: Breton Arvor (= coastal Brittany; the interior is Argoad = forest)

:_______________________________.

arfordir
ar-VOR-dir [arˡvɔrdir] masculine noun

PLURAL arfordiroedd <ar-VER-yon> [arˡvɔrdiˑrɔɪð, -ɔð]
1
coast

ETYMOLOGY: ‘coast land’ (arfor = coast) + soft mutation + (tir = land)

 :_______________________________.

arfordirol
ar-vor-DII-rol [arvɔrˡdiˑrɔl] (adj)
1
coastal

Llwybr Arfordirol Ynys Môn SH6718 Anglesey Coastal Path

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/416914 map

ETYMOLOGY: (arfordir = coast) + (-ol adjectival suffix)

:_______________________________.

Arfron
AR-vron›
1
house name

..a/ Llanymddyfri / Llandovery

..b/ Llanybydder (Ceredigion)

..c/ Rhosaman, Rhydaman (Caerfyrddin)

..d/ Y Dre-fach, Llanelli (Caerfyrddin)

..e/ Nefyn (Gwynedd)

..f/ Llan-rwst

..g/ Y Dinas (Penfro / Pembroke)

..h/ cottages by Capelgarmon

..i/ house north-east of Trefilan (Ceredigion) SN5558

http://www.geograph.org.uk/search.php?i=4178897

ETYMOLOGY: “hillside” (ar = on) + soft mutation + (bron = (round) hill; woman’s breast)

:_______________________________.

arfryn
ar -vrin› masculine noun
1
house name (“on (the) hill”) or (“facing (the) hill”)

2
“Bod Arfryn” (“(the) house on (the) hill”)
house name in Tywyn (county of Gwynedd)
(as “Bod Arfryn” in the list of members in “The Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion” 1961 / Part 1)

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = on, that is, the old preposition
war < gwar) + soft mutation + (bryn = hill);
or else (ar = opposite, facing) + soft mutation + ( bryn = hill). The preposition
ar subsumed war at an early date.

:_______________________________.

ar frys
‹ar VRIIS› prepositional phrase
1
in a hurry

:_______________________________.

ar fy llw!
‹ar ən LHUU› prepositional phrase
1
I swear (it’s true, etc) (“on my oath”)

NOTE: Also ar yn llw! (yn < fyn; variant form of fy)

:_______________________________.

ar fy ngwir!
‹ar ə NGWIIR› prepositional phrase
1
I swear (it’s true, etc) (“on my truth”)
NOTE: Also ar yn ngwir! (yn < fyn; variant form of fy)


:_______________________________.

Arfynydd ‹ar--nidh ›
1
area in Welsh Strathclyde (Ystrad Clud) mentioned by the poet Taliesin in Argoed Llwyfain

Dygrysowys Fflamddwyn yn bedwarllu
Goddeu a Reged i ymddullu
Dyfwy o Argoed hyd Arfynydd


Flamddwyn hastened quickly with four bodies
To encompass Goddeu and Reged :
He spread from Argoed to Arfynydd.

The History of the Anglo-Saxons, Comprising the History of England from the Earliest Period to the Norman Conquest. In Three Volumes. Volume III. Fourth edition. 1823. By Sharon Turner (1768-1847),

ETYMOLOGY: “facing the upland” (ar = facing) + soft mutation + (mynydd = upland, mountain)

Cf the name Arllechwedd below

:_______________________________.

arg.
1
abbreviation (in a dictionary entry) = argraffiad edition


:_______________________________.

Arg.
1
abbreviation (as a field label in a dictionary) = Argraffyddiaeth Typography

:_______________________________.

argae
ar -gai› masculine noun
PLURAL argaeau
‹ar- gei -e›
1
dam

Diarhebion 17:14 Pen y gynnen sydd megis ped agorid argae: am hynny gad ymaith ymryson cyn ymyrryd arni.
Proverbs 17:14 The beginning of strife is as when one letteth out water: therefore leave off contention, before it be meddled with.

2
mill dam = dam built across a stream to raise the water level in order to turn a mill wheel

 

NOTE: In the English dialect of Llanidloes:
ARGA, a term applied to the artificial wooden dams erected to pound up water for the use of the various mills and factories. The word is Welsh, and is thus explained in the latest edition of Dr. Owen Pughe’s Dictionary. “ARGAE, au s.f. (AR-CAE), an enclosure; a fence, a dam; a lock in a river, a restriction. In some parts of teh country the term is applied to an embankment of earth. (Parochial Account of Llanidloes / Edward Hamer / Chapter X / Folk-lore. Page 278 Collections Historical and Archeological Relating to Montgomeryshire and its Borders / 1877).

 

Also Page 310: WARE, more properly WEIR, a wooden embankment across a stream. The weir at the town mill is generally known as the Arga, while the one known as the Ware is that upon the Clywedog, opposite the Dyfnant. The fact of the former retaining its Welsh name is perhaps a proof of its existence previous to the importation of the English term.


3 riverside embankment, earthwork to raise the height of a riverbank to prevent flooding

Yr Argae “This little river-side township (Rhydesgyn) forms a fork of land between the Severn and its tributary, the Belé, and is almost surrounded by the Argae, or embankment, which protects its inhabitants from the constant menace of the flood-waters.” A History of the Parish of Guilsfield (Cegidfa), T. Simpson Jones and Robert Owen, ?1900.

4
argae môr breakwater (usually morglawdd)

5
In the district of Glanafon / Riverside in Caer-dydd there is a street called “Taff Embankment”. The Welsh translation would be Argae-taf

6
codi argae ar draws cwm to dam a valley
codi argae ar draws dyffryn to dam a valley

ETYMOLOGY: (ar- intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (cae = enclosure)

:_______________________________.

ar gais
‹ar gais adverb
1
at the request of
Dechreuodd Thomas bregethu ar gais eglwys Siloa, y Maerdy
Thomas began preaching at the request of Siloa chapel, in Maerdy

2
by request, on request
arhosfan ar gais
request stop

3
ar gais taer rhywun at the urgent request of

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = on) + soft mutation + (cais = request)
 
 
:_______________________________.

ar gam
‹ar gam adverb
1
unjustly
beio ar gam falsely blame
bod yn y carchar ar gam be wrongly imprisoned
cael bai ar gam be falsely accused
cyhuddo ar gam wrongly accuse, falsely accuse

2
incorrectly, by mistake

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = on) + soft mutation + (cam = injustice, wrong)

:_______________________________.

ar gamamser
‹ar gam-am-ser› adverb
1
at the wrong time; at an inopportune moment

ETYMOLOGY: “on a wrong time” (ar = on) + soft mutation + (camamser = wrong time)

:_______________________________.

ar gân
‹ar gaan adverb
1
in verse, by means of poetry


Yr oedd yn caru gwragedd dynion eraill - ond ar gân
He showed his love for the wives of other men - but through his poems

2
through song, singing
gosod penillion ar gân set verses to music

ETYMOLOGY: “on song” (ar = on) + soft mutation + (cân = song)

:_______________________________.

ar gau
‹ar GAI› prepositional phrase
1
closed

2 (sign) desg ar gau position closed (“desk closed”)
 (sign) ffordd ar gau road closed

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = on) + soft mutation + (cae- stem of verb cau = to close, to be closed)

NOTE: Strictly speaking it would be spelt
ar gae (same pronunciation). Perhaps it is not used because it also suggests ‘on a field’, whereas the spelling cau is unambiguously ‘closing; closed’

Cau cannot be the spelling of the root form, strictly speaking, because it is “cae-u”, where the –u represents the verbnoun ending. The root or stem of the verb is obtained by removing any verbnoun suffix.

:_______________________________.

argáu
‹ar gai verb
1
to dam
argáu dyffryn to dam a valley
argáu cwm to dam a valley

ETYMOLOGY: (argae = dam) + (-u suffix for forming verbs) > *argáe-u > argáu

:_______________________________.

argel AR-gel › adjective
1
hidden
gwely argel

2
secluded
gwely argel (“secluded bed / resting-place”) grave

Gofidus gennyf feddwl ei fod wedi ei symud o’i gadair fawr yn y Gilfach Glyd i’w wely argel ym mynydd-dir Gwynno
Llanwynno (1888) Glanffrwd (William Thomas 1843-1890)
It is painful for me to think he has moved from his armchair in (the farmhouse of) Gilfach-glyd to his grave on the upland of Gwynno (i.e. Llanwynno)

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (cêl = hidden).
Cornish argel = retreat, secluded place; Argel place name


:_______________________________.

ar gennad ‹ar GE -nad› adverb
1
(USA: on furlough) (Englandic: on leave)
mynd ar gennad go on leave
bod ar gennad be on leave

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = on) + soft mutation + (cennad = permission)

:_______________________________.

arglawdd
ar -glaudh› masculine noun
PLURAL argloddiau
‹ar- glodh -ye›

1
arglawdd railway embankment or canal embankment
arglawdd y rheilffordd the railway embankment
arglawdd y gamlas the canal embankment

ETYMOLOGY: (ar- intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (clawdd = bank)

:_______________________________.

ar glawr ‹ar GLAuR
1
in existence, existing

dod ar glawr be revealed, become public knowledge

Daeth y cyfrinach ar glawr The secret slipped out, the secret was revealed

Daw’r gwir ar glawr The truth will reveal itself (sooner or later the truth about some mystery will be known)

bod ar glawr be in existence, still survive

cadw ar glawr preserve

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = on) + soft mutation + (clawr = surface)

:_______________________________.

ar glo
‹ar GLOO› prepositional phrase
1
locked

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = on) + soft mutation + (clo- = stem of verb cloi = to lock, to get locked)

:_______________________________.

arglwydd
‹AR gluidh› masculine noun
1
lord

2
(in addressing a lord)
f’Arglwydd My Lord, Your Lordship

3
fy arglwydd frenin my lord the king

Daniel 4:24 Dyma y dehongliad, O frenin, a dyma ordinhad y Goruchaf, yr hwn sydd yn dyfod ar fy arglwydd frenin.
Daniel 4:24 This is the interpretation, O king, and this is the decree of the most High, which is come upon my lord the king:

4
dydd yr Arglwydd the Sabbath, the Lord’s Day,
cadw dydd yr Arglwydd keep the Lord’s Day, keep the Sabbath, observe the Lord’s Day

:_______________________________.

arglwyddes
‹ar- glui -dhes› feminine noun
PLURAL arglwyddesau
‹ar-glui- dhe -se›
1
lady = woman who is a member of the peerage, whether with a title in her own right, or as the wife of a lord

2
(in translations of English titles)

(a) Arglwyddes + place name - less formal title in place of ardalyddes (marchioness), iarlles (countess), isiarlles (viscountess), barwnes (baroness)
Arglwyddes Llanofer Lady Llanofer (Augusta Waddington Hall, 1802-96, who lived in Llys Llanofer, county of Mynwy; collector of Welsh manuscripts)

(b) yr Arglwyddes + Christian name + family name - formula used for daughter of a man with the title of dug (duke), ardalydd (marquis), iarll (earl)

(c) yr Arglwyddes + husband’s Christian name (lady = wife of a lord)

(d) yr Arglwyddes + husband’s surname - wife of a barwnig (baronet) or marchog (knight)

3
Ein Harglwyddes Our Lady, a title of the Virgin Mary

Ysgol Ein Harglwyddes “(the) school (of) our lady name of a school in Bangor
harglwyddes = form of arglwyddes with the prefix h. This prefix is found after
(1) ei = (her);
(2) ein (= our), (‘n - a’n = an our, etc)
(3) eu (= their), (‘u - a’u = and their, etc)
(4) (‘m (= my) (a’m = and my, etc)

ETYMOLOGY: (arglwydd = lord) + (-es suffix, female person)

:_______________________________.

argoed, PLURAL: argoedydd
‹AR goid, ar GOID idh › masculine noun (properly a collective noun) (obsolete, but familiar from place names)

1
wood, woodland, forest

2
edge of a wood

ETYMOLOGY: “woodland” (
ar = in front of) + soft mutation + (coed = wood; trees)

Cf
arfor (obsolete) = ([place] in front of the sea, edge of the sea, coast, coastland)

Two corresponding words are used in Breton:
Arvor is the coast of Brittany, and the interior of the peninsula is Argoad

:_______________________________.

Argoed
‹AR goid›
1 place name = woodland

BRO MORGANNWG:
1 place south-west of Llanharri (Bro Morgannwg)

CAERFFILI:
2 SO1700 locality east of Aberbargod, Caerffili

http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SO1700

CAERFYRDDIN
3 Cilgant Argoed (“Argoed Crescent”), Trimsaran (Caerfyrddin)

CEREDIGION:
4 farm east of Llangwyryfon (Ceredigion)

5 Farm south of Tregaron, Ceredigion

6 farm south of Cenarth (Caerfyrddin)

CONWY
7 street name in Baecinmael (Conwy)

DINBYCH
8 farm south of Pontcysylltau (Dinbych)

LLOEGR:
9 Locality between Trefesgob / Bishop’s Castle and Colunwy / Clun, Shropshire (England)

10 SJ3220 Locality south-west of Kinnerley, Shropshire (England)

http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SJ3220 map

MYNWY
11 locality south of Pen-twyn (Mynwy) (“The Argoed”)

12 farm north-west of Bryn-gwyn, Mynwy

13 ST4694 Drenewydd Gelli-farch / Shirenewton

Argoed Uchaf (“Upper Argoed”)
Argoed Isaf (“Lower Argoed”)

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/412014

PENFRO:
14 farm south-west of Felindre Farchog (Sir Benfro)

POWYS

Argoed was apparently a district in the kingdom of Powys, and probably wooded terrain including Clun Forest in modern Shropshire extending westwards into the modern county of Powys (the district of the old cwmwd of Ceri). Around the Clun Forest and in this area of Powys there are many places called Argoed. In one of the poems of Cynddelw Brydydd Mawr (fl. ca. 1155-1200) Argoedwys (“men of Argoed”) is used as as a synonym of “men of Powys”

15 Farm south-east of Bacheldre, Powys

16 farm east of Llanwrthwl (Powys)

17 farm east of Trefeglwys (Powys)

18 farm south-east of Adfa (Powys)

19 farm SO0945 north-west of Llandeilo Graban SO0944

(1814) William Williams of Argoed, p. Llandilo Graban (= parish of Llandeilo Graban), gent. (= gentleman)...

tmt (= tenament) and lands called Tuy Mawr (= Tŷ-mawr) in place called Yr Argoed, p. Llandilo Graban (= parish of Llandeilo Graban)

http://www.powys.gov.uk/uploads/media/R_D_JGW_bi.pdf

http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SO0944 map

20 farm north of Beulah, Powys

WRECSAM:
21 street name in Brymbo (Wrecsam)

22 farm north of Owrtyn (Wrecsam)

Y FFLINT
23 SJ2565 Place name in Bryn-y-bâl, Sir y Fflint. Argoed was the name of a medieval township in this area. The name is extant in the name of a local farm SJ2564, a mansion Plas Argoed (“Argoed Hall”) SJ2564, in the name of the secondary school SJ2564 in Bryn-y-bâl, and in the name of a community council here.

Argoed is the Welsh name of New Brighton SJ2564, according to Geiriadur yr Acádemi Gymreig

http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SJ2565 map

 

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/2431553 path to Argoed Farm

http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SJ2564 map

ETYMOLOGY: (see previous entry)
:_______________________________.

argoel, PLURAL: argoelion
‹AR goil, ar GOIL yon› feminine noun
1
sign, indication
2
Mae pob argoel y daw There’s every indication that he’ll come

:_______________________________.

argoeli
‹ar GOI li› verb
1
argoeli’n dda (prospects) look good

Dyw pethau ddim yn argoeli’n dda Things don’t look too good, The prospects don’t seem very bright, The prospects don’t seem very favorable

argoeli’n ddrwg (prospects) look bad

Mae pethe’n argoeli’n ddigon drwg, mae arna’i ofn Thinks are looking pretty bad, I’m afraid; It looks as though things will get pretty rough, I’m afraid

:_______________________________.

ar goll
‹ar golh prepositional phrase
1
lost
ar goll yn lân completely lost
Mae golwg ar goll arni she looks lost (“there’s (a) look (of being) lost on–her”)

2 lost = unable to understand
Er gwaethaf ei esboniad hirfaith yr oeddwn i’n hollol ar goll
In spite of his long explanation I was completely lost

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = on) + soft mutation + (coll, stem of colli = lose, get lost)

:_______________________________.

ar golled ‹ar GO-lhed› adverb
1
at a loss
gwerthu rhywbeth ar golled sell something at a loss

:_______________________________.

ar gost
‹ar GOST› preposition
North Wales: ar gôst
(with a long ‘o’)
1
at the expense of, at the cost of

2
ar gost ei einioes at the cost of his life
ar gost ei fywyd at the cost of his life

:_______________________________.

argraffiaeth
‹ar- graf -yeth› feminine noun
1 typography, printing
Abbreviation: (as a field label in a dictionary) Arg.


ETYMOLOGY: (argraff- stem of argraffu = to print) + (-i-aeth suffix for forming nouns)

:_______________________________.

argraffnod
‹ar- graf -nod› masculine noun
PLURAL argraffnodau
‹ar-graf-noo -de›
1
imprint = name of a publisher with date and place of publication, usually on the title-page

ETYMOLOGY: (argraff stem of argraffu = to print) + (nod = mark)

:_______________________________.

Argraig AR-graig›
1
house name in Aber-soch (Gwynedd)

2 house name in Pwllheli (Gwynedd)

ETYMOLOGY: “on (the) crag / rocky ridge” (ar = on) + soft mutation + (craig = crag)





:_______________________________.

argroen
ar -groin› adj
1 epicarp

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = on) + soft mutation + (croen = skin)

:_______________________________.

ar groesffordd (bod ar groesffordd)
‹ar GROIS fordh› prepositional phrase
1
at a crossroads (= at a crucial point where a decision must be made)


:_______________________________.

ar grwydr
‹ar GRUI dir› adv
1 wandering

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = on) + soft mutation + (crwydr- = stem of verb crwydro = to wander)


:_______________________________.

ar gyfartaledd
‹ar gə var TA ledh› prepositional phrase
1
on average

:_______________________________.

ar gyfer
‹ar GƏ ver› (preposition)
1
for = in preparation for
gosod ychydig o’r neilltu ar gyfer tymor glawog
save a little for a rainy day (“put a bit aside for a rainy season”)

Bydd y cranc yn llenwi ei hun efo bwyd ar gyfer yr amser y bydd o’n diosg ei gragen, a byw ar ei floneg am bythefnos
The crab fills itself up with food for the time when it sheds its shell, and lives on its fat for a fortnight

cynilo ar gyfer eich henaint save for your old age
stwffio’ch pen ar gyfer arholiad cram (“cram your head”) for an examination

2
in front of , opposite
Symudasant i'r Diosg, tyddyn bychan y tu arall i'r afon ar gyfer yr Hen Gapel
They moved to the Diosg, a small cottage over the river opposite the Old Chapel


:_______________________________.

argyfwng
‹ar GƏ vung› masculine noun
1
emergency, crisis


2
bod ar gyfyng gyngor ‹ar GƏ ving GƏ ngor› prepositional phrase be in a tight spot

3 radio argyfwng emergency radio

larwm argyfwng emergency alarm


:_______________________________.

argyhoeddi
‹ar gə HOI dhi› verb
1
to convince

:_______________________________.

argyhoeddiad, PLURAL: argyhoeddiadau
‹ar gə HOIDH yad, ar gə hoidh YAA de› masculine noun
1
conviction

:_______________________________.

argyhoeddiadol
‹ar gə hoidh YAA dol› adjective
1
convincing

:_______________________________.

argyhoeddiedig
‹ar gə hoidh YEE dig› adjective
1
convinced

:_______________________________.

argymell
‹ar GƏ melh› verb
1
to recommend

:_______________________________.

argymhelliad, PLURAL: argymelliadau
‹ar gə MHELH yad, ar gə melh YA de› masculine noun
1
recommendation

:_______________________________.

ar gynydd
‹ar gəə-nidh› adv
1 on the increase = gaining size

2 on the increase = gaining in popularity

3 ar gynydd
‹which is› growing

tref ar gynydd yw Abergele Abergele is an expanding town

bod ar gynnydd be on the increase

mae ymosodiadau ar bobl oedrannus ar gynnydd yn y cefn gwlad attacks on elderly people in the countryside are on the increase

dal ar gynnydd to be still on the increase

ar gynydd mawr growing fast, rapidly expanding

Y mae Newark yn dref ar gynydd mawr, ar lan y gamlas sy 'n arwain o Lyn Erie i Afon Ohio.
Newark is a town which is growing fast, on the side of the canal from Lake Erie to the river Ohio.


Quote from:
Chidlaw, Benjamin Williams, 1811-1892. Yr American: yr hwn sydd yn cynnwys nodau ar daith o Ddyffryn Ohio i Gymru, golwg ar dalaeth Ohio, hanes sefydliadau Cymreig yn America, cyfarwyddiadau i ymofynwyr cyn y daith, ar y daith, ac yn y wlad. (Llanrwst: Argraffwyd gan John Jones, 1840)
:_______________________________.

ar gyrn a phibau
‹ar girn a fii-be›
1
(“on horns and pipes”)
datgan newyddion da ar gyrn a phibau to trumpet forth good news
(“declare good news on horns and pipes”)

:_______________________________.

ar hast wyllt
‹ar hast WILHT› (adverb)
1
in a mad hurry

:_______________________________.

ar her
‹ar her adverb
1
gwneud rhywbeth ar her do something for a dare

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = on) + (her = challenge)

:_______________________________.

ar herw
‹ar he-ru› adverb
1
outlawed, on the run

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = on) + (herw = state of being an outlaw, outlawry)

:_______________________________.

arholi
‹ar- hoo -li› verb
1
examine

ETYMOLOGY: (ar- = intensifying prefix) + (holi = to ask)

:_______________________________.

arholiad
‹ar- hol -yad› masculine noun
PLURAL arholiadau
‹ar-hol-yaa-de›
1
examination

2
arholiad pen tymor end-of-term examination

3
arholiad pen blwyddyn final examination, year-end examination

4
sefyll arholiad sit / do / take an exam (“stand an exam”)

5
llwyddo mewn arholiad pass an examination, be successful in an examination

y rhai a lwyddodd yn yr arholiadau those who passed the exams

6
stwffio’ch pen ar gyfer arholiad cram (“cram your head”) for an examination

ETYMOLOGY: (arhol-i-, stem of the verb arholi = to examine) + (suffix -i-ad)

:_______________________________.

arholwr
‹ar- ho -lur› masculine noun
PLURAL arholwyr
‹ar- hol -wir›
1
examiner

ETYMOLOGY: (arhol-, stem of the verb arholi = to examine) + (-wr)

:_______________________________.

arhosed
‹ar- ho -sed› verb
1
may he wait;
Arhosed e’ imi gael fy nwylo arno fe...
Just wait until I get my hands on him...! (i.e. to punish him)

ETYMOLOGY: (arhos-, stem of aros = to wait) + (-ed)

:_______________________________.

arhosfa
‹a-hros-va› feminine noun
PLURAL arosféydd
‹a-hros- veidh
1
stopping place

2
stay

3
pause

4
South Wales sheepwalk = a tract of grazing land for sheep; the colloquial form is rosfa; and also rhosfa, rhysfa, hysfa, ysfa. In the town of Maes-teg (county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr, South-east Wales) there is a street called Yr Ysfa (= the sheepwalk)

5
very common house name; usually seen without an ‘h’; Arhosfa, Arosfa; the extended meaning is ‘home’, since the sheep know instinctively the boundaries of their pasture ground, and when they go up to the mountain for grazing in summer they always return to the same spot

ETYMOLOGY: (arhos-, stem of aros = to stay) + (-fa, suffix = place)

NOTE: arosfa is a common erroneous ‘standard’ form in the South, where ‘h’ at colloquial level (especially in the south-east) isn’t pronounced, and so this was assumed to be the literary form, people perhaps being unfamiliar with the literary form with ‘h’

:_______________________________.

ar hyd
‹ar HIID› (preposition)
1
along

:_______________________________.

ar hyd ac ar draws ‹ar HIID aag ar DRAuS adverb
1
in all directions, any old how, at random
siarad ar hyd ac ar draws talk in a muddled fashion, in a confused way, incoherently

ETYMOLOGY: (ar hyd = along) + (ac = and) + (ar draws = across)

:_______________________________.

ar hyd ac ar led
‹ar hiid ag ar leed adverb
1
all over, everywhere

Chwiliais ar hyd ac ar led ond welais i ddim byd
I looked all over but I saw nothing

2
siarad ar hyd ac ar led
indulge in small talk

ETYMOLOGY: (ar hyd = along the length, ‘on length’) + (ac = and, form of a = and, before a vowel) + (ar led = along the width, ‘on width’)

:_______________________________.

ar hyd y flwyddyn
‹ar HIID ə VLUI dhin›
1
during the year

:_______________________________.

ar hyn o bryd
‹ar HIN o BRIID› (adverb)
1
at the present time

:_______________________________.

arial
ar -yal› masculine noun
1
passion, vigour, spirit
2
courage, mettle

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = in front of) + soft mutation + (gâl = strength)
The corresponding word in Irish (by now only a literary word) is iorghal (= fighting, battle line)

:_______________________________.

arian
‹AR yan› masculine noun
1
money; silver
arian ffug forged money
pasio arian ffug pass forged money

2
arian papur (American: folding money) (Englandic: paper money) (“money (of) paper”)

3
taflu arian da i ganlyn arian drwg throw good money after bad (“throw good money to follow bad money”)

4
arian taw hush money, a bribe to buy somebody’s silence (“money (of) silence”)

5 gwneud arian mawr make a fortune (“make big money”)

6
gwneud pentwr o arian (o...) make a fortune (out of...) (“make a pile of money”)

7
codi arian ar to mortgage (something) (“raise money on”)

8
arian hawdd easy money, money for old rope, money for jam

9
arian tramor foreign currency

10
gwerth arian o a fortune (in...)

prynu gwerth arian o bethach spend a fortune on things (“buy a fortune of things”)
(gwerth = value) + (arian = money)

11
arian parod (“ready money”)
talu ag arian parod pay cash

12
arian lladrad stolen money

13
gwneud arian sydyn get rich quick

:_______________________________.

arianblatiog
<ar-yan-BLAT-yog> [arjanˡblatjɔg] adjective
1
silver-plated

ETYMOLOGY: (arian = silver ) + soft mutation + ( platiog = plated)

:_______________________________.

arianfryn
<ar-YAN-vrin> [arˡjanvrɪn] masculine noun
1 silver hill, silvery hill
Arianfryn House name, Y Bermo (county of Gwynedd)

ETYMOLOGY: (arian = silver ) + soft mutation + ( bryn = hill)

:_______________________________.

ariannach
<ar-YA-nakh> [arˡjanax] plural
1
(USA: float) (Englandic: petty cash) small fund set aside for buying minor items which need not be itemised individually in an account - for example, office supplies, newspapers, etc

ETYMOLOGY: (ariann- < arian = money) + (-ach plural diminutive suffix)

:_______________________________.

ariannaidd
<ar-YA-naidh, -nedh> [arˡjanaɪð, -ɛð] adjective
1
silvered, silvery, silver in colour
helygen ariannaidd (Salix argentea)
silky sand willow

ETYM
OLOGY: (arian = silver) + (-aidd suffix for forming nouns indicating the content or capacity of a container )

:_______________________________.

Ariannell
<ar-YA-nelh> [arˡjanɛɬ]
1
stream name

2
(SN6537) Afon Annell / / Afon Ariannell = river in the county of Caerfyrddin, at Caeo

3
Trerannell Locality in Pen-y-bont at Ogwr by the river Llynfi between Pen-y-fai and Pen-y-cae.
English name: Angelton

Trerannell < Trerannell < Trearannell < Treariannell “(the) trêv (by the) Ariannell (stream)” (tre + Ariannell).

ETYMOLOGY: (ariann- < arian = silver) + (-ell suffix found in certain stream or river names)

:_______________________________.

ariannin <ar-YA-nin> [arˡjanɪn] adj

1 made of silver; silvery

2 The Welsh name for Argentina is this same word –
Yr Ariannin – a nineteenth-century coining

ETYMOLOGY: (ariann- a penultimate-syllable form of arian = silver) + (-
in)

:_______________________________.

ariannog
<ar-YA-nog> [arˡjanɔg] adjective
1
well-off

:_______________________________.

ariannol
<ar-YA-nol> [arˡjanɔl] adjective
1
financial

:_______________________________.

arianwaith
<ar-YAN-waith> [arˡjanwaɪθ] masculine noun
PLURAL arianweithiau
<ar-yan-WEITH-yai, -ye> [arjanˡwəɪθjaɪ, -ɛ]
1
silverwork = jewellery, etc made from silver

ETYMOLOGY: (arian = silver ) + soft mutation + ( gwaith = work )

:_______________________________.

Arianwen
<ar-YAN-wen> [arˡjanwɛn] feminine noun
1
woman’s name; (arian = silver) + (suffix –wen = beautiful)

:_______________________________.

ar lafar gwlad
<ar laa-var GWLAAD> [ar lɑˑvar ˡgWlɑd] adv
1
in spoken Welsh

…y ffurf a glywais i ar lafar gwlad yn nwyrain Morgannwg oedd iownda
(Y Treigladau a’u Cystrawen, T. J. Morgan, 1952, t. 27)
…the form I heard in spoken Welsh in esat Glamorgan was iownda

ar lafar gwlad y De

in the spoken Welsh of the South, in southern spoken Welsh

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = on) + soft mutation + (llafar gwlad = colloquial speech)

llafar gwlad “(the) speech (of) (the) people” (llafar = speech, speaking) + (gwlad = country, land; the people of a country)

:_______________________________.

arlais
ñ <AR-lais> arlaɪs]

feminine noun
PLURAL arleisiau
<ar-LEIS-yai, -ye> [arˡləɪsjaɪ, -ɛ]
1
temple = the flat area on either side of the forehead

ETYMOLOGY:
..1/ possibly (ar = on) + soft mutation + (glais = stream),

..2/ if not (*ar = temple) (which would be the equivalent of Irish ara
= temple) + soft mutation + (glais = stream)

:_______________________________.

ar lawer cyfrif
<ar LAU-er KƏ-vriv, KƏ-vri> [ar ˡlaʊwɛr ˡkəvrɪv, ˡkəvrɪ] adverb

1 in many respects

 


:_______________________________.

ar led
<ar LEED> [ar ˡleːd] adverb
1
extended

2
hwylio ar led sail to foreign parts, sail abroad

3 (rumour, gossip, impression) abroad, going the rounds
mae’r si ar led bod... there’s a rumour going round that..., it’s rumoured that...
rhoi si ar led bod... spread a rumor that

:_______________________________.

ar letraws
<ar LE-traus> [ar ˡtraʊs] adverb
1
diagonally
torri brethyn ar letraws cut cloth on the cross

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = on) + soft mutation + (lletraws = diagonal)

:_______________________________.

Arllechwedd
<ar-LHEKH-wedh> [arˡɬɛxwɛð] feminine noun
1
Kántrev in the north-west. It formed part of the kingdom of Gwynedd. Under the terms of the Statue of Rhuddlan in 1284, when the English defeated the Welsh and began the occupation of the territory of this kingdom, English-type counties were intoduced in the occupied zone, and the county of Caernarfon was created by joining together the kántrevs of Llŷn, Arfon and Arllechwedd.

2 a present-day ecclesiastical unit of the Church in Wales

ETYMOLOGY: “facing the mountainside” (ar = facing) + soft mutation + (llechwedd = hillside, mountainside, slope)

Cf the name Arfynydd above

:_______________________________.

+arlleg Soft-mutated form - the radical form has initial g-.
See garlleg =

:_______________________________.

arlliw
<AR-lhiu> [ˡarɬɪʊ] masculine noun
1
tint, shade

2
In North Wales affliw (= the least bit) is possibly an alteration of arlliw, maybe due to the influence of the word affaith (= effect). The ‘r’ then has taken the place of ‘ff’

affliw o ddim nothing at all

:_______________________________.

arllwys
<AR-lhuis> [ˡarɬʊɪs] verb
1
to pour

2
ymarllwys pour out (eg people leaving a crowded room)
ymarllwys yn y môr (river) flow into the sea

3 (South) arllwys eich cwd o flaen unbosom / unburden yourself to (“pour out your bag in front of...”)

:_______________________________.

arloesi
<ar-LOI-si> [arˡlɔɪsɪ] verb
1
to pioneer

2 innovation

y Gweinidog dros Fenter, Arloesi a Rhwydweithiau the Minister for Enterprise, Innovation and Networks

:_______________________________.

arloesol
<ar-LOI-sol> [arˡlɔɪsɔl] adjective
1
pioneering

2 innovative

:_______________________________.

arloeswr, PLURAL: arloeswyr
<ar-LOI-sur, ar-LOIS-wir> [arˡlɔɪsʊr,arˡlɔɪswɪr] masculine noun
1
pioneer

2 innovator

:_______________________________.

ar lun a delw <ar LIIN a DHE-lu> [ar ˡliːn ɑ ˡðɛlʊ] prepositional phrase
1
in the image of (“in the shape and image of”)

Genesis 5:3
Ac Adda a fu fyw ddeng mlynedd ar hugain a chant, ac a genhedlodd fab ar ei lun a’i ddelw ei hun, ac a alwodd ei enw ef Seth.
Genesis 5:3 And Adam lived an hundred and thirty years, and begat a son in his own likeness, after his image; and called his name Seth:

2
(be) the spitting image of
Bachgen tawel, cadarn o gorff, ydoedd ef, ar lun a delw ei dad (Y Pentre Gwyn, gan Anthropos (Robert David Rowland 1853?-1944), Tyn-y-cefn, Corwen; 1923)
He was a quiet boy, strong in body, the very image of his father

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = on) + soft mutation + (llun) + soft mutation + (delwedd = image)

:_______________________________.

arlunio
<ar-LIN-yo> [arˡlɪnjɔ] verb
1
to paint

:_______________________________.

arlunydd, PLURAL: arlunwyr
<ar-LII-nidh, ar-LIN-wir> [arˡliˑnɪð, arˡlɪnwɪr] masculine noun
1
artist, painter

:_______________________________.

ar lw
<ar LUU> [ar ˡluː]
1
on oath, sworn
datganiad ar lw sworn statement

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = on) + soft mutation + (llw = oath)

:_______________________________.

Armeneg
‹ar ME neg› feminine noun
1
Armenian (language)

:_______________________________.

armerth 1
ar -merth› masculine noun
1
obsolete preparation

2
South-east Wales bord armerth = table on which dough is kneaded

3
South-east Wales crochan armerth = a pot for preparing porridge (“uwd”)

ETYMOLOGY: British < Celtic ari-ambi-ber-t;
this would be equivalent to modern standard Welsh aramferth (though this word does not occur in the modern language)

(ar = on) + (am = around) + soft mutation + (*berth = to prepare, to organize)
Presumably *aramférth > *ar’mférth > ar’mérth (loss of the
‹v›) > ármerth (change of accent to the penult in Old Welsh)
From the same British root: Breton armerzh (= saving);
From the same Hibernian root: Irish beart (= action)

:_______________________________.

armerth 2
ar -merth› verb
South-east Wales
1
knead

ETYMOLOGY: from the noun armerth
NOTE: also: armerthu

:_______________________________.

armerthu
‹ar-mer-thi› verb
South-east Wales
1
knead: see armerth 2

:_______________________________.

armes
ar -mes› feminine noun
1
obsolete prophecy

ETYMOLOGY: ?

:_______________________________.

Armes Prydain
‹ar-mes prə -den› feminine noun
1
the Prophecy of Britain

A poem from around the year 930 and included in the book of Taliesin (Llyfr Taliesin). The poem prophesies that the British people will regain control of the island of Britain south of the Highlands from the Germanic invaders (who had taken and settled British lands some five hundred years previously), through the concerted action of the British peoples of what is now Wales, Cornwall, Brittany, and the south of Scotland, with the aid of the Scandinavians of Dublin

ETYMOLOGY: (armes = prophecy) + (Prydain = island of Great Britain)

:_______________________________.

armi
ar-mi› feminine noun
PLURAL: armis
ar-mis›
1
Englishism army (the standard word is byddin)
yn yr armi in the army (colloquially often as yn y rarmi)

ETYMOLOGY: English army < French armée, feminine form of armé (= armed), past participle of armer (= to arm) < Latin armâre, armât(um) (= to arm)

:_______________________________.

arnat
ar -nat›
1 on you
arnat ti on you

2 bsantísho = pa beth sydd arnat ti ei eisiau what do you need / require / want?
“Let them see how in their COLLOQUIAL WELSH the accent turns a sentence of many words into a single word of one or two syllables... e.g. pa beth sydd arnat ti ei eisieu? has become bsantísho”
T Hudson Williams (1873-1961), University College, Bangor / Vox Populi - A Plea for the Vulgar Tongue

:_______________________________.

arni
ar-ni› preposition
1
on her, on it
2
(weather) Mae golwg glaw arni It looks like rain (“there is appearance (of) rain on it”)

:_______________________________.

arnodd
ar -nodh› masculine or feminine noun
1
(plough) beam

ETYMOLOGY: ??
NOTE: in the counties of Ceredigion and Penfro arnod, harnod, arnol

:_______________________________.

arobryn
‹a- ro -brin› masculine noun
1
prize, premium

2
adjective (of a creative work, usually literary or musical) prizewinning, worthy of a prize;

awdl arobryn prize-winning poem, winning poem (alliterative, in different metres)

cân arobryn prize-winning song, winning song

cerdd arobryn prize-winning poem, winning poem,

englyn arobryn
eng-lin› prize-winning verse, winning verse (four-lined alliterative verse)

model arobryn prize-winning model, winning model (= for example, an architectural project)

traethawd arobryn prize-winning essay, winning essay

ETYMOLOGY: A word invented by William Owen-Pughe (It is found in his 1793 dictionary). The word occurs as a verb in Llyfr Taliesin (The Book of Taliesin) written in the first half of the 1300s - “Gwyn y vyt yr eneit ae harobryn” (Gwyn ei fyd yr enaid a’i harobryn = blessed is the soul who wins it). William Owen-Pughe took this verb and give it an additional use as a noun meaning ‘prize’, and later it came to be used as an adjective meaning ‘worthy of a prize’, ‘prizewinning’).

The origin of the verb arobryn or arobrynu is (ar- intensifying prefix) + (gobryn, gobrynu = to deserve, to merit, to be worthy);

in turn gobryn / gobrynu < (gwo- = sub, under) + soft mutation + (prynu = to buy).
The original form of gobryn / gobrynu was in fact gobrid, and the form with n- came from the inflected forms such as gobrynaf (= I deserve, I gain);

the modern verb erlyn (= to prosecute in a court of law) is also restyled on the inflected forms - the original verb noun was erlid, which survives in its original sense of ‘to pursue’.

:_______________________________.

arnoch
ar -nokh›
1 on you (= ar + chi)

2 (North) Besnachi isho? = pa beth sydd arnoch chi ei eisiau?
This becomes Bedachi isho?
pa beth sydd arnoch chi ei eisiau? (“(it-is) what thing which-is on you its need?”)
Analogy in syntax. bedachi isho for besnachi isho (what do you want?)
T Hudson Williams (1873-1961), University College, Bangor / Vox Populi - A Plea for the Vulgar Tongue


:_______________________________.

arogl
‹A-rogəl› masculine noun
1
smell; see aroglau

:_______________________________.

aroglau, PLURAL: arogleuon
‹a RO gle, a ro GLEI on› masculine noun
1
smell

:_______________________________.

arogldarth
‹ a- rogl -darth› nm
PLURAL :arogldarthau
‹ a-rogəl-dar-thi›
1 incense

Croniclau-2 30:14 A hwy a gyfodasant, ac a fwriasant ymaith yr allorau oedd yn Jerwsalem; bwriasant ymaith allorau yr arogl-darth, a thaflasant hwynt i afon Cidron
Chronicles-2 30:14...
And they arose and took away the altars that were in Jerusalem, and all the altar for incense took they away, and cast them into the brook Kidron

ETYMOLOGY: (arogl- stem of aroglu = to give off a smell or scent) + soft mutation + (tarth = mist, vapour)

:_______________________________.

ar ôl
‹a ROOL› (preposition)
1
after
codi pais ar ôl piso ("lift a skirt after pissing") do something too late; try to undo what has been done

2
in the absence of, after the loss of, after the death of, out of longing for, because of the absence of
bod tristwch ar ôl be sadness after the departure of

Symudodd o Langurig i Gilfynydd i fyw, a bu tristwch ar ei ôl yn ei hen ardal
He moved from Llangurig to Cilfynydd to live, and there was sadness in his home district after he left

:_______________________________.

ar oleddf
‹ar O ledhv› (adverb)
1
slanting, sloping

2
cornel ar oleddf banked corner

:_______________________________.

aroleuo
‹ar-o- lei -o› adjective
1 highlight = make part of the hair lighter than the rest
2
highlight = make part of a text more visible than the rest by marking it with a coloured pen or by underlining it

ETYMOLOGY: (ar- intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (goleuo = illuminate)

:_______________________________.

aros
‹A ros› verb
without an object:

1
to wait, to stay
aros ar eich eistedd
remain seated

with an object:
2 await, wait for
Mae e’n ei haros hi! He’s in for it now! (“he’s awaiting it”)

3
bear, stand, tolerate, endure
Fedra i mo’i aros o (North) I can’t stand him

:_______________________________.

ar raddfa fechan
‹ar radh-va vee-khan› adv
1
on a small scale, in miniature

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = sobre) + soft mutation + (graddfa = escala) + soft mutation + (bechan, forma femenina de bychan = petit)

:_______________________________.

ar ran
‹ar RAN› (preposition)
1
on behalf of

:_______________________________.

ar ryddhâd
‹ar rədh HAAD› (prep phrase)
 on leave (“on liberation”)

:_______________________________.

ar sail
‹ar SAIL› (preposition)
1
on the basis of

gwahaniaethu ar sail rhyw sexual discrimination

:_______________________________.
ar sawl cyfrif
‹ar SAUL KO vri›

1 in many respects
 
 


:_______________________________.

arsefydlu
‹ ar-se- vəd -li› verb
1 install = put a computer program onto a computer

ETYMOLOGY: (ar- intensifying prefix ) + (sefydlu = establish)

:_______________________________.

arswyd
‹AR suid› masculine noun
1
terror

:_______________________________.

arswyd y byd
‹AR suid ə BIID› phrase
1
Good God! (“the horror of the world”)

:_______________________________.

artaith PLURAL: arteithiau
‹AR taith, -teth, ar TEITH yai, -ye› feminine noun; but less generally also masculine
1
torture = act of inflicting severe pain
mewn artaith in torment

dan yr artaith under the torture, suffering torture

Bu’n hollol dawel dan yr artaith He was completely silent under the torture
artaeth feddyliol mental torture

rhyddid rhag artaith freedom from torture

siambr artaith torture chamber

dioddef artaith suffer torture

Dywedir i’r artaith hwn gael ei gyflawni yn aml ar ferthyron (Y Gwyliedydd 1826)

It is said that this torture was perpetrated often on martyrs

2 torture = torment, anguish

Bu ei phrofiad hithau yn debyg i alar ac artaith pob mam arall yn yr un sefyllfa

Her experience was the same as the pain and anguish of every mother in such circumstances

Artaith araf fu gweld perfformiad yr hen ddigrifiwr It was slow torture to see the perfoemance of the old comedian

 

:_______________________________.

arth, PLURAL: eirth
‹ARTH, EIRTH› feminine noun
1
bear

arth sbectolog spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus)
arth fraith grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis)

arth frown brown bear (Ursus arctos)

arth ddu black bear (Ursus americanus)

arth ddu Asia Asian black bear (Ursus thibetanus)

arth wen polar bear (Ursus maritimus)

arth Kodiak Kodiak bear (Ursus arctos middendorffi)

arth yr haul sun bear (Helarctos malayanus)

arth weflog sloth bear (Melursus ursinus)


2
Elen Benfelen a'r Tair Arth Goldilocks and the Three Bears

3
arth fach, PLURAL: eirth bach
‹arth VAAKH, eirth BAAKH› feminine noun bear cub

4
Arth Fawr
‹arth VAUR› feminine noun Great Bear

Arth Fechan
‹arth VE khan› feminine noun Little Bear

5
arth tedi
‹arth TE di› feminine noun teddy bear

6
arth wryw, PLURAL: eirth gwryw
‹arth U riu, eirth GU riu› feminine noun male bear

:_______________________________.

Arth
‹ARTH› feminine noun
1
river in South-west Wales

Aber-arth ‘estuary of the Arth river’

:_______________________________.

arthaidd
‹AR thedh› adjective
1
ursine, bear-like

:_______________________________.

arthes, PLURAL: arthesau
‹AR thes, ar THE sau› feminine noun
1
she-bear

:_______________________________.

arthio
‹ARTH yo› verb
1
arthio ar (rywun) bark at (someone); go on at (somebody)

:_______________________________.


arthrosis
‹ arth- ro -sis› m
1 arthrosis = degenerative disease of a joint.
arthrosis y glun hip arthrosis

ETYMOLOGY: Greek
arthrôsis (= joining together) < arthron (= joint)

:_______________________________.

Arthur
‹AR thir› masculine noun
1
Arthur; leader of British resistance to Germanic conquerors, sixth century

2
Telyn Arthur (“(the) harp (of) Arthur”, Arthur’s harp) Lyra = small constellation in the northern hemisphere with the star Vega; near Cygnus (Yr Alarch) and Draco (Y Ddraig)

3 Cist Arthur Ysgyrryd Fawr, Llandeilo Bertholau (SO 3218)(county of Mynwy)
“(the) coffer (of) Arthur, Arthur's Coffer”” (cist = coffer) + (Arthur = Arthur)
Edward Lhuyd (1670-1709) noted 'There is upon Skerid Vawr a great stone shaped like a house called Cist Arthur'

:_______________________________.

artist, PLURAL: artistiaid
‹AR tist, ar TIST yed› masculine noun
1
artist

:_______________________________.

arucheledd
‹ar-i- khee -ledh› masculine noun
1
excellence

2
(title) excellence
Eich Arucheledd Your Excellence, Your Excellences
Ei Harucheledd Her Excellence
Ei Arucheledd His Excellence

ETYMOLOGY: (aruchel = elevated, high, sublime) + (-edd suffix for forming abstract nouns)

:_______________________________.

Arum maculatum

pidyn y gog lords and ladies, cuckoo pint (“(the) penis (of) the cuckoo”)
coc y neidr (South Wales) lords and ladies, cuckoo pint. Literally “snake’s penis”, “(the) penis (of) the snake”)

:_______________________________.

arunig
‹ ar- ii -nig› adjective
1
isolated

ETYMOLOGY: (ar- intensifying prefix) + (unig = alone)

:_______________________________.

arunigedd
‹ ar-i- nii -gedh› masculine noun
1
isolation = feeling of being alone
2
isolationism

ETYMOLOGY: (arunig = isolated) + (-edd suffix for forming abstract nouns)

:_______________________________.

arunigwr
‹ ar-i- nii -gur› masculine noun
PLURAL :arunigwyr
‹ar-i- ni -gwir›
1
isolationist

ETYMOLOGY: (arunig = isolated) + (-wr suffix = man)

:_______________________________.

ar un ochr i
‹ ar iin oo-khor ii › preposition
1
on one side of

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = on) + (un = one) + (ochr = side) + (i = to)

:_______________________________.

ar unwaith
‹ar in weth› adverb
1
at once, instantly, immediately (American: also: in short order);
Cafodd wasanaeth ar unwaith He was served at once

2
all of a sudden, suddenly, quickly;
Mae’r gweinidog wedi mynd yn hen ar unwaith The minister has aged suddenly

3
at the same time;
Yr oedd ef yn bwyta ac yn darllen ar unwaith He was eating and reading at the same time

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = on) + (unwaith = one time, once)

:_______________________________.

ar un wedd
‹ ar iin weedh › adverb
1 ..a/ in one way. in one sense, from one aspect
..b/ (South) on any account, on no account, whatever may happen, under no circumstances, under any circumstances
Na i mo ’ny ar un wedd (nid wnaf fi hynny ar un wedd) I won’t do that under any circumstances

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = on) + (un = any) + soft mutation + (gwedd = aspect)

:_______________________________.

aruthrol
‹a-rith-rol› adjective
1
huge, great, tremendous
derbyn cam aruthrol (gan...) be terribly wronged (by...)

Mae parch aruthrol iddo He enjoys enormous respect

Rw i’n gweld newidiadau aruthrol yn y dre ar ôl ugain mlynedd yn América
I see tremendous changes in the town after twenty years in America

2
yn aruthrol tremendously, greatly

Mae’r iaith Gymraeg wedi cryfháu yn aruthrol dros y 30 mlynedd diwethaf o ran ei statws
The Welsh language has become a lot stronger (“strengthened enormously”) over the last 30 years as regards its status

3
(intensifier) aruthrol o = hugely, extremely, tremendously

Mae’n broblem aruthrol o gymhleth
It’s an extremely complicated problem

ETYMOLOGY: (aruthr = terror; terrible) + (-ol = suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

+arw
a-ru› adjective
1
Soft mutated form (g > ZERO) of garw (= rough)

Glanfa Arw nom de carrer, Tal-y-cafn, Baecolwyn (county of Conwy)
(“rough landing place”)

Graig Arw, (the) rough crag;

porfa arw rough grazing, pasture in wild land
(in these names there is soft mutation of the first consonant of an adjective which follows a feminine noun)

:_______________________________.

ar waelod
‹ar wei -lod› preposition
1
at the bottom of; at the end of
ar waelod y rhestr at the bottom of the list
ar waelod yr ardd at the bottom of the garden

:_______________________________.

ar wahân i
‹ar wa HAAN› (preposition)
1
apart from

:_______________________________.

arwahaniad
‹ar-wa-han-yad › masculine noun
1
isolation (of an infectious patient)

ETYMOLOGY: (arwahan- stem of arwahanu = to separate) + (-iad suffix for forming nouns)

:_______________________________.

arwain
‹AR wen› verb
1
lead

2
third person singular present tense form in literary Welsh

(The equivalent form in colloquial Welsh arweiniff, arweinith is used as a future tense)

I Rufain yr arwain pob ffordd All roads lead to Rome (“(it-is) to Rome that leads every road”)


:_______________________________.

Yr Arwallt
‹ər AR-walht› [ ər ˡarwaɬt] f

1 SO3318, south of Llanfihangel Crucornau (Mynwy)

(on the Ordnance Survey map as “The Arwallt”)

http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=196561

ETYMOLOGY: (yr = definite article) + soft mutation + (garwallt = rough hill)

Thre is soft mutation of the initial consonant of a feminine noun

garwallt (garw = rough) + (allt = hill)

:_______________________________.

ar wasgar
‹ar WA-skar› adv
1
dispersed, scattered
 

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = on) + soft mutation + (gwasgar- stem of verb gwasgaru = to scatter, disperse)

:_______________________________.

arweinydd, PLURAL: arweinwyr
‹ar WEI nidh, ar WEIN wir› masculine noun
1
leader


:_______________________________.

arweddiad
‹ ar- wedh -yad› m
1 (obsolete) bearing, behaviour, attitude
2 CLASSICAL WELSH ymarweddiad bearing, behaviour, attitude, inclination, disposition

ETYMOLOGY: (arwedd- stem of arweddu = bear, carry, convey) + (-i-ad abstract noun-forming suffix)
 :

:_______________________________.

arweddu
‹ ar- wee -dhi› verb
1 (obsolete) bear. carry

ETYMOLOGY: British are-wed- < wedh- carry, accompany

NOTE: Another form of the verbnoun was arwain. This has retained the sense of “to guide, to lead”, but a new conjugation based on the arwain form of verbnoun is used in modern Welsh - arweiniaf, etc, instead of arweddaf.

:_______________________________.

ar werth
‹ar WERTH› prepositional phrase
1
on sale, for sale, to be sold

ETYMOLOGY: Although it seems to be an adverb with the same pattern as ar gau, ar agor, ar glo, etc, referring to a past action, this is not “sold” (ar = on) + soft mutation + (gwerth- stem of verb gwerthu = to sell), which is expressed as “wedi ei werthu, wedi ei gwerthu, etc; a werthwyd”.

It is (ar = on) + soft mutation + (gwerth = payment, a fee, a price) “(available) (for (a) fee)” (first example of its use is from the 1200s), and is equivalent to the phrase “er gwerth” (= for a price) (also first noted in the 1200s).

But its modern meaning may be the result of the influence of the English phrase “on sale”.

cynnig ar werth (= offer up for sale) occurs in the Welsh Bible (Apocrypha) (1620)

Apocrypha / Maccabeaid-2 8:11
Am hynny efe a anfonodd yn y man i'r dinasoedd ar lan y mor, gan gynnig ar werth yr Iddewon a ddelid yn garcharorion, i fod yn weision iddynt, gan addo y gwerthai iddynt ddeg a phedwar ugain er un dalent: ond nid ydoedd efe yn ystyrio dial Duw, yr hwn a ddisgynnai arno ef.

A
pocrypha Maccabees-2 8:11 Wherefore immediately he sent to the cities upon the sea coast, proclaiming a sale of the captive Jews, and promising that they should have fourscore and ten bodies for one talent, not expecting the vengeance that was to follow upon him from the Almighty God.

:_______________________________.

arwerthiant
‹ar- werth -yant› masculine noun
PLURAL: arwerthiannau
‹ar-werth- ya -ne›
1
auction, sale by auction (colloquially ocsiwn)

2
sale = offering goods at reduced prices
arwerthiant cau closing-down sale
arwerthiant clirio clearance sale
arwerthiant wedi tân fire sale, sale of goods salvaged after a fire (“sale after (a) fire”)
pris arwerthiant sale price

ETYMOLOGY: (arwerth- stem of arwerthu = sell by auction, sell) + (i-ant suffix for forming nouns)

:_______________________________.

arwerthu
‹ar WER thi› v
1
to auction

ETYMOLOGY: (ar- intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (gwerthu = to sell)

:_______________________________.

arwerthwr, PLURAL: arwerthwyr
‹ar WER thur, ar WERTH wir› masculine noun
1
auctioneer

ETYMOLOGY: (arwerth- stem of arwerthu = sell by auction, sell) + (-wr agent suffix, < gŵr = man)

:_______________________________.

arwr
aa -rur› masculine noun
PLURAL arwyr
ar -wir›
1 hero = person of courage

2 hero = person admired and idealised for courage, brave deeds, or noble character, and considered worthy of imitation

Mae o'n dipyn o arwr i mi He's something of a hero to me

3 hero = person who has committed a brave act

4 hero, someone who is admired, person who has been skilful in some activity

5 hero = main character in a story, drama, film

6 gwrtharwr anti-hero
(gwrth- prefix = contra, anti) + (arwr = hero)

ETYMOLOGY: (ar- intensive suffix) + soft mutation + (gŵr = man)

:_______________________________.

arwraidd
‹a- ru -redh› adjective
1 heroic

ETYMOLOGY: (arwr = hero) + (-aidd suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.

arwrol
‹a -ruu -rol› adjective
1 heroic
safiad arwrol a heroic stand, heroic resistance

2 anarwrol
unheroic
(an- = negative prefix) + (arwrol = heroic)

3 gwrtharwrol
antiheroic
(gwrth- prefix = contra, anti) + (arwrol = heroic)

ETYMOLOGY: (arwr = hero) + (-ol suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

ar wrych
‹ar WRIIKH adv
1 (person) in a bad mood

 

2 (hair) dishevelled

 

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = on) + soft mutation + (gwrych stem of the verb gwrychu (= to bristle), used as a past particple)

 


:_______________________________.

Arwy
a -rui› feminine noun
1
(SO2350) Afon Arwy = river in the district of Maesyfed (county of Powys)
English name: “Arrow”

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/378722 Afon Arwy SO2551

(“The Geograph British Isles project aims to collect geographically representative photographs and information for every square kilometre of Great Britain and Ireland…”)

2
Llanfihangel Dyffryn Arwy (SO2450) locality in the district of Maesyfed (county of Powys) “the ‘Llanfihangel’ in the valley of the river Arwy”

(Llanfihangel = church of Michael) + (dyffryn = valley) + (Arwy = river name)
English name: Michaelchurch on Arrow

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/910538 yr eglwys / the church

(“The Geograph British Isles project aims to collect geographically representative photographs and information for every square kilometre of Great Britain and Ireland…”)

ETYMOLOGY: ??

NOTE: The colloquial form would be Arw
a-ru› (in colloquial Welsh the final diphthong wy > w) which explains the English form “Arrow”.
Compare the south-eastern river names
..1/ Mynwy > Mynw > English “Monnow”, and
..2/ Ebwy > Ebw

:_______________________________.

arwydd, PLURAL: arwyddion
‹A ruidh, a RUIDH yon› feminine noun
1
sign, signal

arwydd cychwyn starting signal
rhoi’r arwydd cychwyn to give the starting signal

2 arwydd cyfeirio direction sign

3 gwneud arwydd ar rywun i wneud rhywbeth signal to somebody to do something (“make a sign on somebody to do something”)

gwneud arwydd stopio ar (rywun)
signal to someone to stop (“make (a) sign (of) stopping on (somebody)”

gwneud arwydd i rywun stopio signal somebody to stop (“make (a) sign for somebody (to) stopping”)

:_______________________________.

arwyddair, PLURAL: arwyddeiriau
‹a RUI dhair, a rui DHEIR ye› masculine noun
1
motto

ETYMOLOGY: (arwydd = sign) + soft mutation + (gair = word)
:_______________________________.

arwyddbost
‹ar-uidh-bost› masculine noun
PLURAL: arwyddbyst
‹ar-uidh-bist›
1
signpost, direction sign, direction indicator

ETYMOLOGY: (arwydd = sign) + soft mutation + (post = post)

:_______________________________.

arwyddnod, PLURAL: arwyddnodau
‹a RUIDH nod, a ruidh NO de› masculine noun
1
time signal (on the radio, marking the hour)

ETYMOLOGY: “indicating mark” (arwydd-, stem of the verb arwyddo = indicate ) + soft mutation + (nod = mark)

:_______________________________.

arwyl
ar -uil› feminine noun
PLURAL: arwylion
‹ar-uil-yon›
1
funeral
Yr wythnos diwethaf, yn Abergele, bu arwyl un o feibion disgleiriaf ei genhedlaeth
Last week in Abergele the funeral was held of one of the most prominent individuals of his generation

2 mourning

Genesis 50: 4 Pan aeth dyddiau ei arwyl heibio, yna y llefarodd Joseff wrth deulu Pharo, gan ddywedyd, Os cefais yr awr hon ffafr yn eich golwg, lleferwch wrth Pharo, atolwg...
Genesis 50: 4 And when the days of his mourning were past, Joseph spake unto the house of Pharaoh, saying, If now I have found grace in your eyes, speak, I pray you, in the ears of Pharaoh...

ETYMOLOGY: (ar- intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (gwyl = feastday)

:_______________________________.

arwylo
‹ar-ui-lo› verb
1
obsolete hold a funeral
2
obsolete mourn

Genesis 50: 3 Pan gyflawnwyd iddo ddeugain niwrnod (canys felly y cyflawnir dyddiau y rhai a beraroglir) yna yr Eifftiaid a’i harwylasant ef ddeng niwrnod a thrigain
Genesis 50: 3 And forty days were fulfilled for him; for so are fulfilled the days of those which are embalmed: and the Egyptians mourned for him threescore and ten days.

ETYMOLOGY: (arwyl = funeral) + (-o suffix for forming verbs)

:_______________________________.

arwyn
ar -win› adjective
1
obsolete fine, fair, splendid

ETYMOLOGY: “splendid”, literally “very white” (ar- intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (gwyn = white, fine, splendid)

:_______________________________.

Arwyn
ar -win› masculine noun
1
man’s name, twentieth century

ETYMOLOGY: “fair, good-looking” (see arwyn adjective)

NOTE: The name Erwyn is the same, though with vowel affection

(ar intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (gwyn = white, holy, fine, fair, splendid)

There is vowel affection, with a > e caused by the y in the final syllable

:_______________________________.

Arwystl
‹A ruis təl› masculine noun
1
man’s name (obsolete) = pledge

:_______________________________.

Arwystli
‹a RUIST li› feminine noun
1
medieval territory in north-west Wales (territory of Arwystl)

:_______________________________.

ar y blaen
‹ar ə BLAIN› (adverb)
1
ahead, at the front

2
bod yn bell ar y blaen i be way ahead of
Mae’r Gwyddelod yn bell ar y blaen i ni yn hyn o beth The Irish are way ahead of us in this respect, The Irish have a head start on us in this matter

:_______________________________.

Ar-y-bryn ‹ar-ə- brin
1
street name in Porthtywyn / Burry Port (county of Caerfyrddin / Carmarthen)

 (spelt as “Ar y Bryn”).

ETYMOLOGY: ar y bryn “(the place) on the hill”

(ar = on) + (y definite article) + (bryn = hill)

:_______________________________.

ar y clwt
‹ar ə klut adverb
1
destitute
gadael (rhywun) ar y clwt to leave (somebody) in the lurch

2
jobless, out of work
rhoi (rhywun) ar y clwt to give someone the sack
bod ar y clwt to be out of work

ETYMOLOGY: “on the patch” (ar = on) + (y = the) + (clwt = patch)

:_______________________________.

ar y cyntaf
‹ar ə KƏN ta› (adverb)
1
at the beginning

2 Afrwydd pob gorchwyl ar y cyntaf every task is difficult at the outset (“difficult every task on the first”)

:_______________________________.

ar y daith
‹ar ə daith adverb
1
en route, in transit, on the journey

2
difrod ar y daith damage in transit

ETYMOLOGY: (ar = on) + soft mutation + (taith = journey, trip)

:_______________________________.

ar y diawl
‹ar ə dyaul adverbial phrase
1
‘very’ (literally: “on the devil”)
bod yn falch ar y diawl be as pleased as punch, be as glad as hell

:_______________________________.

ar y dydd a’r dydd
‹ar ə diidh aar diidh adv
1
on such and such a day, on a certain day, some day in the week

Fe âi e i’r dre ar y dydd a’r dydd i godi ei bensiwn
He used to go into town some day in the week to collect his pension

ETYMOLOGY: “on the day and day” (ar = on) + (y dydd = the day) + (a’r = and the) + (dydd = day)

:_______________________________.

ar y gweill
‹ar ə GWEILH› prepositional phrase
1
being prepared, in preparation

:_______________________________.

ar yr ochr faes i
‹ar ər OO khor VAIS i› (preposition)
1
(South Wales) on the outside of

(generally as “ar yr ochor fa’s i”)
‹ar ər OO khor VAAS i›

 

:_______________________________.

ar yr union eiliad
‹ar ər IN-yon EIL-yad › (prepositional phrase)
1
at that precise moment, at that very moment

:_______________________________.



ar y Sadwrn a’r Sul
‹ar ə SA durn ar SIIL› (adverb)
1
on Saturdays and Sundays

:_______________________________.

*as
as
1 (obsolete) rib
This is the root of the words
..1/ asen = rib,
..2/ aseth = pole, rod,
..3/ asgwrn = bone

:_______________________________.

AS
‹aa- es abbreviation
PLURAL ASau
1
abbreviation of aelod seneddol = MP, Member of Parliament

:_______________________________.

As
‹aa- es
1
ársenig = arsenic (33):

:_______________________________.

as
aas feminine noun
1
ace
2
the least amount, smallest particle;
South-east Wales Welas-i as ohono-fa I haven’t seen him at all (“I haven’t seen an ace of him”)

ETYMOLOGY: English ace (= as) < French as (= as) < Latin as (= unitat) < Greek as variant of heis (= un)

:_______________________________.

-as
as
1 in older Welsh, verb-ending (third-person simple past) equivalent to modern -odd (northern and standard) or -ws (southern); survives in southern Welsh cas (< cafas) = cafodd he/she got

:_______________________________.

-as
as
1 noun-forming suffix; no longer productive; examples are:
..1/ bardd = poet
barddas
= art of poetry
‹BARDH, BAR-dhas›

..2/ cymydaith (obsolete) = companion
(cymydeithas >) cymdeithas = association, society;
‹kə-MƏ-deth, kəm-DEI-thas›

..3/ cymwyn (obsolete) = gentle, amiable
cymwynas = favor / favour;
‹KƏ-muin, kə-MUI-nas›

..4/ perthyn = to be related
perthynas
= relationship,
‹PER-thin, per-THƏ-nas›

..5/ teyrn = king
teyrnas = kingdom
‹TEIRN, TEIR-nas›

..6/ urdd = order
urddas
= dignity
‹IRDH, IR-dhas›

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh -as < British *assâ; cf Irish -as

:_______________________________.

-as
as
1 verb -forming suffix
e.g. lluddias (= prevent), from (lludd = obstacle) + (-i-as)

:_______________________________.

asado
‹a-sa-do› masculine noun
PLURAL asados
‹a-sa-dos›
1
(Patagonia) asado = meal in which beef is roasted over a fire

ETYMOLOGY: Argentinian Castilian asado (= barbecue; steak), past participle of asar (= to roast)

:_______________________________.

asb
asp feminine noun
PLURAL asbiaid
asp-yed›
1
asp, a poisonous snake that was the symbol of the power of Egyptian pharoahs, probably the horned viper Cerastes cornutus

2
Biblical asp, a poisonous serpent, probably Naja haje

Eseia 11: 7 Y fuwch hefyd a’r arth a borant ynghyd; eu llydnod a gydorweddant; y llew, fel yr ych, a bawr wellt (11:8) A’r plentyn sugno a chwery wrth dwll yr asb; ac ar ffau y wiber yr estyn yr hwn a ddiddyfnwyd ei law
Isaiah 11: 7 And the cow and the bear shall feed; their young ones shall lie down together: and the lion shall eat straw like the ox. (11:8) And the sucking child shall play on the hole of the asp, and the weaned child shall put his hand on the cockatrice’ den.

ETYMOLOGY: English asp < Latin < Greek aspis

:_______________________________.

asbestos
‹a- sbe-stos› masculine noun
1
asbestos

ETYMOLOGY: English asbestos < Latin asbestos < Greek asbestos ‘that cannot be extinguished’ (referring to a supposed stone that gave off constant heat)
(a- negative suffix) + (sbestos = extinguished) < (sbennunai = extinguish)

:_______________________________.

asbestosis
‹a-spe-sto-sis› masculine noun
1
asbestosis, lung disease caused by the inhalation of asbestos dust

ETYMOLOGY: English asbestosis < Greek (asbest(os)) + (-osis suffix indicating a disease)

:_______________________________.

asbri
a -spri› masculine noun
1
animation, vivacity, energy, verve, joie de vivre
Erbyn hyn nid oedd yr un asbri yn y canu
By now the singing was not as animated (“there was not the same animation in the singing”)

2
spirit
Daeth y 60au ag asbri gwrthryfel i blith ieuenctid Cymru
The 60s brought the spirit of revolt to the youth of Wales

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh asbri < (possibly) French esprit {esprí} (= spirit) < esperit < Latin spîritus (= breath), as in spîrâre (= to breathe)

:_______________________________.

asbrin
a -sprin› masculine noun
PLURAL asbrins
a -sprins›
1
aspirin = acetyl-salicylic acid
2
an aspirin tablet

ETYMOLOGY: English aspirin < German a + spir + in
(a = first letter of acetyl) + (spir from Spirsäure = spiraeic acid, nowadays known as salicylic acid) + (-in suffix to indicate a pharmaceutical substance)

:_______________________________.

ASE
‹aa-es-ee
1
Aelod Seneddol Ewropeaidd MPE = European Member of Parliament

:_______________________________.

ased
a -sed› masculine noun
PLURAL asedau
‹a- se -de›
1
asset = capital of a company

2
asset = useful quality, quality which can be developed or made profitable
Mae’r agwedd gymunedol yn ein pentrefi yn ased y dylid ei ddatblygu
The community-minded ethos in our villages is an asset which should be developed

ETYMOLOGY: English asset, singular form from supposing that assets was a plural noun, though in fact it was from Old French asez (modern French assez) (= enough).
Assets was ‘enough (money to be able to pay one’s debts)’, ultimately from Latin ad (= to, up to) + (satis = sufficient)

:_______________________________.

asen, PLURAL: asennau
‹A sen, a SE ne› feminine noun
1
rib

:_______________________________.

asen
a -sen› feminine noun
PLURAL asennod ‹a- se -nod›
1
she-ass

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh asen < British < Latin asina
from the same British root: Cornish asen (= ass), Breton asen (= ass)

:_______________________________.

asffaltio
‹ as-falt-yo› verb
1
to asphalt

ETYMOLOGY: (asffalt = asphalt) + (-io suffix for forming verbs)

:_______________________________.

asgell, PLURAL: esgyll
‹A skelh, E skilh› feminine noun
1
wing

:_______________________________.

asgell-gomander
‹ a- skell -go-man-der› (m)
PLURAL asgell-gomanderiaid
‹a- skelh go-man-der-yed›
1 asgell-gomander wing commander

ETYMOLOGY: (asgell = wing) + soft mutation + (comander = commander)

:_______________________________.

asgellaid
‹as- ge -lhed› feminine noun
PLURAL asgelleidiau
‹as-ge-lheid-ye›
1
(obsolete) (Welsh Laws) swarm of bees on the wing

ETYMOLOGY: asgellaid < asgéll-haid (asgell = wing) + (haid = swarm)
NOTE: for examples of h lost in compounds, see h

:_______________________________.

asgellog
‹a- ske –lhog › adjective
1
winged

y côr asgellog the woodland choir, choir of birds (“the winged choir”)

y teulu asgellog “the winged family”, the feathered creatures, the birds
Mae yr eryr, brenin y teulu asgellog, yno yn dra lluosog
The eagle, king of the feathered creatures, is there in great abundance
Hanes Mordaith o Amgylch Y Ddaear, 1852

creaduriaid asgellog “winged creatures”, feathered creatures, birds

2 cadair asgellog wing chair

3 nyten asgellog wingnut

ETYMOLOGY: (asgell = wing) + (-og suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

asgwrn, PLURAL: esgyrn
‹A skurn, E skirn› masculine noun

1
bone
Glynodd
asgwrn yn ei wddf A bone lodged in his throat

2 gweithio’ch bysedd at yr asgwrn work your fingers to the bone

3 sych fel asgwrn dry as a bone

4
Ni thorrir asgwrn gan air caled harsh (“hard”) words break no bones (“a bone is not broken by a hard word”)

5
ysgyrnu
(dog) snarl; bare its teeth in anger
< esgyrnu < (esgyrn = bones, plural of asgwrn = bone) + (-u suffix for forming verbs)

6 asgwrn clun, plural esgyrn cluniau hipbone

7 fel ci wrth yr asgwrn
‹vel kii urth ər a-skurn› (“like a dog attached to the bone”) not giving something up easily, not allowing something to be taken away; hanging onto something for dear life

:_______________________________.

asgwrn boch, PLURAL: esgyrn bochau
‹a skurn BOOKH, e skirn BO khe› masculine noun
1
jaw bone

:_______________________________.

asgwrn cefn
‹A skurn KE ven› masculine noun
1
backbone, spine

:_______________________________.

asgwrn clun, PLURAL: esgyrn cluniau
‹a skurn KLIIN, e skirn KLIN ye› masculine noun
1
hip bone

:_______________________________.

asgwrn morddwyd, PLURAL: esgyrn morddwydydd
‹a skurn MOR dhuid, e skirn mor DHUI didh› masculine noun
1
thigh bone

:_______________________________.

asgwrn y gynnen
a-kurn ə -nen› masculine noun
1
bone of contention, root of a problem, cause of a problem; matter in dispute (the image is from two dogs fighting over a bone)

Mae’r cymdogion yn ffraeo â’i gilydd ers blwyddyn. Arian yw asgwrn y gynnen
The neighbours have been arguing with each other for a year. Money is the root of the problem

2 claddu asgwrn y gynnen bury the hatchet, make one’s peace (“bury the bone of contention / “(the) bone (of) the dispute”)

ETYMOLOGY: (“(the) bone (of) the dispute”)
(asgwrn = bone) + (y = the) + soft mutation + (cynnen = dispute)

:_______________________________.

asgwrn yn eich cefn
‹a- skurn ən əch ke-ven›
1
(said of a lazy person) - Mae asgwrn yn ei gefn = He’s bone idle (“there’s a bone in his back”). Compare the equivalent phrase in Catalan “té un os molt gros a l’esquena” he has a very big bone in his back

:_______________________________.

Asia
‹AS ya› feminine noun
1
Asia

:_______________________________.

asiantwr teithio
‹a SHAN tur TEITH yo› masculine noun
1
travel agent

:_______________________________.

asidedd
‹ a- sii-dedh› masculine noun
1 acidity

ETYMOLOGY: (asid = acid) + (-edd suffix for forming abstract nouns)

:_______________________________.

asidrwydd
‹ a- sid-ruidh› masculine noun
1 acidity

ETYMOLOGY: (asid = acid) + (-edd suffix for forming abstract nouns)

:_______________________________.

+ast Soft-mutated form - the radical form has initial g-.
See gast =

:_______________________________.

astell, PLURAL: estyll / astellod
‹A stelh, E stilh/a STE lhod› feminine noun
1
plank

:_______________________________.

astrus
‹A stris› adjective
1
abstruse

:_______________________________.

astud
‹A stid› adjective
1
diligent

2
yn astud attentively = listening carefully;

gwrando yn astud listen carefully

Erbyn hyn ro'dd holl gwsmeried y dafarn yn gwrando'n astud ar Twm Sami'n canu (Hiwmor y Glöwr / Edgar ap Lewys / 1977 / t34)
By now all the drinkers in the pub were listening carefully to Twm Sami singing

gwrando’n astud am achlust keep your ear close to the ground, listen out for any rumours

:_______________________________.

astudio
‹a STID yo› verb
1
to study

:_______________________________.

aswy
a -sui› adjective
1
left

2
(feminine noun) left

ar yr aswy on the left, on the left-hand side
ar yr aswy (i rywbeth) on the left of something

Gadawn Gynon i lawr ar ein haswy, fel sarff wedi ei halogi ei hun yn llwch y glo y Dyffryn
Llanwynno / (1888 / 1949) / Glanffrwd (William Thomas 1843-1890) tudalen 19
We leave the river Cynon down on our left, like a serpent which has dirtied itself in the coal dust of the valley

ETYMOLOGY: British < Celtic ad-sowio-, related to Sanskrit savyá (= left)

NOTE: This was in general use in south-east Wales until the 1900s. The colloquial form was eisia

:_______________________________.

asyn, PLURAL: asynnod
‹A sin, a SƏ nod› masculine noun
1
ass

:_______________________________.

at
‹AT› (preposition)
1
towards

2
compared to, in comparison with
Does yr un ato There’s nobody who can measure up to him, there’s no one equal to him (“there is nobody to(wards) him”)

3 cael eich cefn atoch recover after an illness (“get your back to you”)

4 bod â’ch cefn at (house) back onto
Mae’r ty â’i gefn at y parc The house backs onto the park

5 to (referring to people; not i (also = ‘to’), but implies ‘into’)
mynd at y meddyg to go to the doctor’s, to visit the doctor
anfon llythyr at rywun send somebody a letter

6
dod atoch eich hun come round, regain conscousness

7 cofio (rhywun) at (rywun)
greet somebody on behalf of somebody, say ‘hello’ to somebody for somebody
Cofiwch fi yn garedig ato Give him my kind regards

8
taflu at throw at
taflu pob cyhuddiad at throw the book at (“throw every accusation at”)

9
denu at attract to, draw to
bod wedi eich denu at rywbeth ar eich gwaetha be irresistibly attracted to something / drawn to soemthing (“be after your attracting towards something on your worst”)

10 cael digon at eich treuliau cover your expenses

11 as far as, up to
bod at eich clustiau mewn gwaith be up to one’s eyes in work (“be to your ears in work”)

12
at eich galwad at your service
at eich gwasanaeth at your service

13
taflu at throw at
taflu pob cyhuddiad at throw the book at (“throw every accusation at”)

14
parch at... respect for
Does ganddo ddim parch at neb He has no respect for anybody

15
rhuthro at (rywun) charge at (someone)

mynd at
go go to = go as far as (an object); go to visit (a person); go and live with

mynd at y drws go to the door

mynd at y cownter go up to the counter

mynd at y ffenest’ go up to the window

mynd at y bedd go to the grave

at lan y bedd to the graveside

mynd at gwmni join a company, go to work for a company

aeth at y Methodistiaid i Ben-llys she joined the Methodists, became a member of the Methodist church, in Pen-llys

wedyn aeth at gwmni Puw a’i Fab
after he went to work for the company of Puw and Son

mynd at y meddyg go to the doctor’s

mynd at y deintydd go to the dentist

mynd at yr heddlu go to the police

mynd at ei daid go over to his grandfather; go to live with his grandfather

mynd at ei waredwr (Christianity) die (“go to his saviour”)

mynd yn ôl at ei wraig a’i blant go back to his wife and his children

anfon llythyr at send a letter to

arwain rhywun yn ôl at lead sombeody back to

anfon (rhywun) at send someone to

dod at
come to

cyfeirio at
refer to

ychwanegu at
add to

anelu at
aim at

ymestyn at
extend to

cyrchu at
make for, head for

ysgrifennu at
write to

dychwelyd at
return to

dod yn ôl at
return to

rhyfeddu at
marvel at, wonder at

agosáu at
approach, draw near to

dynesu at
approach, draw near to

cofio rhywun at
gives someone’s regards / send someone’s regards, best wishes, to

synnu at
be surprised at

edrych ymláen at
look gorward to

taflu (rhywbeth) at
throw (something) at

rhuthro at
rush towards

mynd at grefydd begin to take part in religious activities

Ganwyd ef yn y flwyddyn 1800 ac aeth at grefydd yn 1825

He was born in the year 1800 and he began to be involved in religious activities in 1825

:_______________________________.

At.
1 abbreviation (as a field label in a dictionary) = Atodiad appendix

:_______________________________.

atal
‹A tal› verb
1
to prevent
y Gymdeithas er Atal... the Society / Association for the Prevention of...

Y Gymdeithas er Atal Arteithio The Association for the Prevention of Torture

Y Gymdeithas er Atal Creulondeb i Blant The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children

Y Gymdeithas er Atal Damweiniau The Society for the Prevention of Accidents

Y Gymdeithas er Atal Camddefnyddio Toddyddion The Society for the Prevention of Misuse of Solvents

Y Gymdeithas er Atal Creulondeb i Anifeiliaid The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals

Cymdeithas er Atal Troseddu Cwm Cynon Cynon Valley Crime Prevention Association.

2
atal y cyflenwad dŵr cut off the water supply

3
strimyn atal tân firebreak (“strip (of) stopping fire”)

:_______________________________.

atbl.
1
abbreviation (in a dictionary entry) = atblygol reflexive
(berf atblygol = reflexive verb)

:_______________________________.

atblygol
‹at- blə -gol› adjective
1
reflexive, reflex = automatic
berf atblygol reflexive verb

2 Abbreviation (in a dictionary entry): atbl.

ETYMOLOGY: (atblyg- stem of atblygu = fold back) + (-i-ad abstract noun-forming suffix)

:_______________________________.

ateb
‹A teb› verb
1
to answer

ateb cwestiwn to answer a question
ateb â “na” plaen
answer with a clear “no”

ateb yn fyrfyfyr answer off hand, off the top of your head

2 ateb y ffôn to answer the phone

3
ateb yn ôl to answer back
ateb (rhywun) yn ôl to answer (somebody) back

4 answer = write a response, reply, answer
ateb llythyr to answer a letter

:_______________________________.

ateb, PLURAL: atebion
‹A teb, a TEB yon› masculine noun
1
answer
Chymer hi ddim na yn ateb She won’t take no for an answer

2
reply, answer (to a question)

Beth sydd gennych yn ateb? What’s your answer? (“what is with you / what have you got as an answer”)
ateb parod reply made in a flash, instant reply, instant rejoinder
parod ei ateb quick to answer back; too ready to answer back

:_______________________________.

atebol
‹a- tee -bol› adjective
(North Wales – ’tebol. with the loss of the pretonic syllable)
1
responsible, answerable

2
able, capable

3
tebol (m), debol (f) capable of hard work, able-bodied, up to the task
Mae hi'n hogan debol iawn She's a girl capable of hard work

5
(health) in good shape, well
-Sut mae o? -Mae’n ’tebol How is he? He’s all right

Dydi o ddim yn ’tebol iawn He’s in a bad way

ETYMOLOGY: (ateb = to answer ) + (-ol suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

ategu
‹a TEE gi› verb
1
to prop up

:_______________________________.

atgas
‹AT gas› adjective
1
nasty
2
llygadrythu ar rywun yn atgas give somebody a nasty stare (“stare on somebody nastily”)

:_______________________________.

atgeisio
‹ at- gei -sho› verb
1 to seek again

Corinthiaid-1 7:18 A alwyd neb wedi ei enwaedu? nac adgeisied ddienwaediad. A alwyd neb mewn dienweidiad? nac enwaeder arno. (“let not him seek again uncircumcision”)
Corinthians-1 7:18 Is any man called being circumcised? let him not become uncircumcised. Is any called in uncircumcision? let him not be circumcised

2 (information) retrieve = to bring (something) out of storage
Nid chodir tâl am wybodaeth, onibai fod y costau
atgeisio ac ymchwil yn sylweddol
There is no charge for information, unless the retrieval and research costs are significant

ETYMOLOGY: atgenhedlu < ad-genhedlu (ad- = re-, again) + soft mutation + (ceisio = search, try)

:_______________________________.

atgenhedlu
‹at-ge- nhed -li› verb
1 regenerate

ETYMOLOGY: atgenhedlu < ad-genhedlu (ad- = re-, again) + soft mutation + (cenhedlu = procreate, generate)

:_______________________________.

atgoffa
‹at GOO fa› verb
1
to remind
atgoffa (rhywun) am (rywbeth) remind somebody about something
:_______________________________.

atgofion
‹at GOV yon› plural noun
1
memories, reminiscences

:_______________________________.

atgyfnerthol
‹at gəv NER thol› adjective
1
reinforcing

ETYMOLOGY: (atgyfnerth-, stem of the verb atgyfnerthu = strengthen) + (-ol adjectival suffix)
:_______________________________.

atgyfodiad
‹at-gə- vod -yad› masculine noun
PLURAL atgyfodiadau
‹at-gə-vod-YAA--de›
1
Christianity resurrection;
Atgyfodiad Iesu Grist = the Resurrection of Jesus Christ

2
Christianity Yr Atgyfodiad The Resurrection, the return to life of all dead people on the day of the Final Judgement

3
resurrection = reappearance of something which had come to an end (magazine, TV programmes, etc)

ETYMOLOGY: (atgyfod-, stem of the verb atgyfodi = resuscitate) + (-i-ad suffix)

:_______________________________.

atgynhyrchiad, PLURAL: atgynhyrchiadau
‹at gən HƏRKH yad, at gən hərkh YAA de› masculine noun
1
reproduction
atgynhyrchiad rhywiol sexual reproduction

ETYMOLOGY: (atgynhyrch-i, stem of the verb atgynhyrchu = reproduce) + (-ad suffix for forming nouns)
:_______________________________.

atgynhyrchu
‹at gə NHƏR khi› verb
1
to reproduce

:_______________________________.

atgyweiriad
‹at –gə-weir-yad› masculine noun
PLURAL atgyweiriadau
‹at-gə-weir-yaa-de›
1
repair, restoration

ETYMOLOGY: (atgyweir-i, stem of the verb atgyweirio = repair, restore) + (-ad suffix for forming nouns)

:_______________________________.

atgyweirio
‹at –gə-weir-yo› verb
1
restore, repair, recondition, do up

trwsio offer gwaith ac atgyweirio troliau
to repair work tools and to repair carts

atgyweirio tŷ do up a house (USA: fix up a house); restore a house

2
‘Atgyweirio Pont’ (road sign) Bridge Repairs (“repairing (of a) bridge”)

ETYMOLOGY: (ad- = re-) + soft mutation + (cyweirio = to repair); ad-gyweirio > atgyweirio

:_______________________________.

a’th
aath
1 southern form of aeth (= he / she / it went)
Usually spelt (less correctly) âth
See aa / aath

:_______________________________.

Athr.
1
abbreviation (as a field label in a dictionary) Athroniaeth philosophy

:_______________________________.

athrawes, PLURAL: athrawesau
‹a THRAU es, a thrau E se› feminine noun
1
teacher (female)

:_______________________________.

athreuliol
‹a- THREIL -yol› adjective
1
which wears away by friction

2
which weakens or exhausts
rhyfel athreuliol war of attrition

ETYMOLOGY: (athreuli- stem of athreulio = reduce by attrition ) + (-ol, suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

athro, PLURAL: athrawon
‹A thro, a THRAU on› masculine noun
1
teacher (male)

2
Gwell nag athro yw arfer Practice makes perfect (“(it-is) better than a-teacher that-is practice”)
(gwell = better) + (nag = than) + (athro = teacher) + (yw = that-is) + (arfer = practice)

3
cymdeithas rieni ac athrawon PLURAL cymdeithasau rhieni ac athrawon parent-teacher association

:_______________________________.

athrod
a -throd› masculine noun
1
slander, libel, defamation
achos athrod rhwng dau feddyg a case of slander between two doctors

2 athrotgar slanderous
athrotgar < athród-gar (athrod = slander, libel, defamation) + (-gar suffix for forming adjectives, meaning ‘fond of’, cf caru = to love)

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh athrod < *athrawd < *athrawdd (athr- = prefix) + soft mutation + (rhawdd- speaking)

:_______________________________.

athrodi
‹a-throo-di› verb
1
defame, slander, libel, backbite
athrodi dyn yn ei gefn talk badly of someone behind his back

ETYMOLOGY: (athrod = slander) + (-i suffix for forming verbs)

:_______________________________.

athrodwr
‹a-throo-dur› masculine noun
PLURAL athrodwyr
‹a-throd-wir›
1
slanderer, libeller

2
talebearer

Diarhebion 11:13 Yr hwn a rodia yn athrodwr, a ddatguddia gyfrinach: ond y ffyddlon ei galon a gela y peth.
Proverbs 11:13 A talebearer revealeth secrets: but he that is of a faithful spirit concealeth the matter.

ETYMOLOGY: (athrod = slander) + (-wr suffix = ‘man’)

:_______________________________.

athrofa
‹a- throo -va› feminine noun
PLURAL athroféydd
‹a-thro-veidh
1
college, academy
Athrofa Trefeca the Methodist college at Trefeca (county of Powys)

ETYMOLOGY: (athro = teacher, tutor) + (-fa, suffix = ‘place’)

:_______________________________.

athrofaol
‹a-thro- va -ol› adjective
1
belonging to a college
ysbyty athrofaol teaching hospital
Ysbyty Athrofaol Cymru University Teaching Hospital of Wales

ETYMOLOGY: (athrofa = college, institute) + (-ol suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

athroniaeth
‹a THRON yeth› (feminine noun)
1
philosophy
Abbreviation (as a field label in a dictionary): Athr.

2 (Christianity) Athrawiaeth yr Iawn The Doctrine of Atonement, reconciliation of man with God through sacrificial death of Christ, who has taken on the sins of man and has died our death for us

:_______________________________.

athrotgar
‹ a- throt -gar› adj
1 slanderous

ETYMOLOGY: athrotgar < “athród-gar” (athrod = slander, libel, defamation) + (-gar suffix for forming adjectives, meaning ‘fond of’, cf caru = to love)

:_______________________________.

athrylith, PLURAL: athrylithoedd
‹a THRƏ lith, a thrə LII thodh› (masculine or feminine noun)
1
genius

:_______________________________.

athrywyn
‹a- thrə -win› masculine noun
1
(obsolete) intervention

ETYMOLOGY: from the verb athrywyn (= to intervene)

:_______________________________.

athrywyn
‹a-THRƏ-win› verb
1
(obsolete) intervene

Diarhebion 18:18 Y coelbren a wna i gynhennau beidio, ac a athrywyn rhwng cedyrn.
Proverbs 18:18 The lot causeth contentions to cease, and parteth between the mighty.


ETYMOLOGY:
..a/ Possibly Welsh < British < Latin *intrevenire < intervenire (= to intervene);
..b/ otherwise, if not from Latin, but rather Celtic > British origin, it corresponds to modern Welsh ythr (obsolete word = between; a cognate of Latin inter) + (unknown element)

:_______________________________.

athyn
A-thin
1
“tenacious; cohesive; pulling”.

See the place name Bryn Athyn in section BR (via Google: kimkat1735e)

ETYMOLOGY: (a- intensifying suffix) + aspirate mutation + (tyn- / tynn- [tin] root of the verbnoun tynnu = pulling)

A spurious word which appeared in William Owen Pughe’s Dictionary of the Welsh Language - one of the most comprehensive dictionaries in any language for its date (c 1800, and reprinted in 1832). But many words in this dictionary, supposedly gleaned from the works of medieval poets and the spoken language, were invented forms.

 

7562_wiliam_owen_puw_athyn_100101

(delwedd 7562)

 

:_______________________________.

ati
a -ti›
1
‘towards her’ third person feminine singular of the preposition at

2
mynd ati set to it
hwylio ati
set to it, start a task
mynd ati fel lladd nadroedd set to it with a vengeance (“go to it like killing snakes”)

3
dal ati stick at it, continue to do (something)

4
ac ati et cetera, and so on

:_______________________________.

atig, PLURAL: atigau
‹A tig, a TII ge› masculine noun attic

Paid â chadw eich casgliad stampiau mewn seler, neu mewn atig heb eu inswleiddio
Don’t keep your stamp collection in a cellar, or in an uninsulated attic



:_______________________________.

at i lawr
‹at i LAUR› prep phrase
1
facing downwards

Mewn rhai rhannau o'r byd gosodid y bedol â'i breichiau at i lawr. Credid fod hynny'n lwcus oherwydd fod y ffurf wedyn yn cynrhychioli'r nefoedd, y to sy'n gwarchod y Ddaear t14 Llafar Gwlad, Gwanwyn 1990, Rhif 27

In sojme parts of the world the horseshoe was placed with its arms facing downwards. It was believed that this was lucky because the shape then represented the heavens, the roof which protects the Earth

:_______________________________.

atodedig
‹a-to-dee-dig › adjective
1
(document) attached

ETYMOLOGY: (atod- stem of atodi = to attach) + (-edig suffix for forming a past participle adjective)

:_______________________________.

atodiad, PLURAL: atodiadau
‹a TOD yad, a tod YAA de› masculine noun
1
(book ) appendix
Abbreviation (in a dictionary entry): At.

:_______________________________.

atom, PLURAL: atomau
‹A tom, a TO me› masculine noun
1
to us

:_______________________________.

atomfa
‹a-TOM-va › masculine noun
PLURAL atomféydd
‹a-tom-VEIDH
1
nuclear power station

Atomfa’r Wylfa the nuclear power station at Yr Wylfa (Ynys Môn)

ETYMOLOGY: “atom place” (atom = atom) + (-fa suffix = place)

:_______________________________.

atsain, PLURAL: atseiniau
‹AT sain, at SEIN ye› feminine noun
1
echo

:_______________________________.

atseinio
‹at SEIN yo› verb
1
to echo, to reverberate

:_______________________________.

atsofl ‹AT-sovl› masculine noun
1 fallow; land with stubble

ETYMOLOGY: (ad- prefix) + (sofl = stubble)

NOTE: Common in field names in Ceredigion in the form asol

atsofl > atso’l > a’so’l

 

Ffostrasol (= Ffos Tir Atsofl)

Llannarth: Pantrasol (pant yr asol = hollow of the stubble field)

 

Through false division: yr asol > y rasol

Y Rasol (= Yr Asol) (the stubble)

Car Rasol (= Cae’r Asol) (the stubble field)

 


:_______________________________.

 

atyniad, PLURAL: atyniadau ‹a TƏN yad, a tən YAA de› masculine noun
1
attraction
2
atyniadau tref the sights in a town, a town’s tourist attractions

:_______________________________.

-au-

7423_seren_seran_fersiwn_fer_090304

(delwedd 7423)

:_______________________________.

-au
‹AI› plural suffix

1 An example of its use is: peth (= a thing), pethau (= things)

 

Colloquially over most of Wales (See map above) it is –e (pethe)

In the north-west and the south-east it is –a (petha)

 

The local pronunciation of Tafarnau-bach in Blaenau Gwent is Tafarna-bäch.

Bach means little; but an unrelated word bach means hook.

 

Hence this entry in the 1912 edition The Place-names of Wales by Thomas Morgan (Skewen) (First edition 1887, revised and second edition 1912) (our comments in orange):

 

Tafarnau Bach. The ancient name of this place was Twyn-aber-dwynant, a hillock where two brooks embrace each other. Some derive the present name from tafarn a bach (= tarfan â bach), a public house with a hook attached to the outer wall, whereto the rider, having dismounted his steed, could fasten it. Others derive it from the great number of small taverns in the place. (The second suggestion is the more likely)


2 In certain place names on English maps, misspelt as –ey

Trefnannau
‹trev-NA-nai, -e› village SJ2015 in Powys (as “Trefnanney” on the Ordnance Survey map). This is tref y nannau “(the) trêv (of) (the) streams”
(tref = trêv, farmstead) + (y definite article) + (nannau a plural form of nant = stream)
The usual plural of nant nowadays in nentydd


:_______________________________.

-âu
‹AI›
1
plural suffix – in nouns with a final –a, to which –au has been added as a pluraliser

copa (= head, top, peak), copâu (= heads, tops, peaks)


:_______________________________.

aur
‹AIR› masculine noun
1
gold

2 Nid aur popeth melyn All that glitters is not gold (“(it is) not gold everything yellow”)

3 helygen aur (Salix alba var. vitellina) golden willow

4 aur dilin fine gold
Aur dilin yw distawrwydd Silence is golden (“(it-is”) fine gold that-is silence”)
Job 28:17 Nid aur a grisial a’i cystadla hi; na llestr o aur dilin fydd gydwerth iddi
Job 28:17 The gold and the crystal cannot equal it: and the exchange of it shall not be for jewels of fine gold.

5
(Carrasius auratus) pysgodyn aur (m), pysgod aur goldfish
( pysgodyn = fish) + (aur = gold)

NOTE: South Wales retains our
‹OIR›, an older form of aur

:_______________________________.

Aurfron
‹EIR vron› feminine noun
1
woman’s name (more correctly Eurfron; from aur = gold, bron = breast)

:_______________________________.

aw > o
-

 This is a common reduction in Welsh


1 rarely in monosyllables
..1/ mawr (= big) > mor (= very, so); mor drwm (= so heavy)
pawb (pronoun: everybody) > pob (determiner: each, every)

2 sometimes in a penult syllable
..1/ awr (= hour), oriau (= hours)

 

..2/ cymrodedd (= compromise, agreement) < *cymrawdedd < *cymfrawdedd
(cym- = together) + soft mutation + (brawd = judgement, verdict) + (-edd suffix for forming abstract nouns)

..3/ llofrudd (= murderer)
llawf rudd
(llawf = hand) + soft mutation + (rhudd = red)
Originally llaw was llawf, but in modern Welsh this final f has disappeared
> *llawfrudd > llofrudd

..4/ llorio to floor somebody, to knock somebody to the floor or to the ground
*llawrio > llorio
(llawr = floor, ground) + (-i-o suffix per forming verbs)

..5/ pawr (= it browses), pori (= to browse)

..6/ tlawd (= poor), tlodi (= poverty), tlodion (= poor people)

 



3 in a final syllable - modern “o” in the final syllable is a reduction of the Middle Welsh diphthong “-aw”

..1/ Abérffraw > Y Berffro (name of a village in Môn)

..2/ Abérmaw > Y Bermo (name of a village in Gwynedd)

..3/ allawr > allor (= altar)

..4/ *athraw > athro (= male teacher) (cf. athrawes = woman teacher )

..5/ croesawu (= to welcome), *croesaw > croeso (= a welcome)

..6/ difrod (= danys) < difrawd; brawd (= judici)

difrod (modern Welsh) damage, destruction; (obsolete meaning) neglect of law, contempt of law; < difrawd (di- prefix = without) + soft mutation + (brawd = judgement, verdict) ETYMOLOGY: difrod

..7/ deffraw! > deffro! (wake up!)

..8/ gwrandaw! > gwrando! (listen!)

..9/ llawn (= full); suffix *-lawn > -lon (fyddlon = faithful)

..10/ pechawd > pechod (= sin)

..11/ Pen-y-cláwdd > (shift of accent) Penýclawdd > (loss of final dd) Penýclaw’ > (reduction of aw) Penýclo

Name of a village in Powys (“(place) by the boundary ditch / frontier dyke”)

But there are many words which retain “aw”
..1/ canllaw (= handrail, guide)
..2/ catrawd (= regiment)
..3/ yn ddirfawr (= severely)
..4/ distaw (= silent)
..5/ enfawr (= enormous)
..6/ pennawd (= heading)

4 in tonic syllable of derivative forms
sawdl (= heel) (m) > plural sodlau (= heels)
llawn
(= full), llonaid > llond (= fullness)
mawl (= praise) (m), moliant (= praise)

:_______________________________.

-awd
aud suffix
In modern Welsh -awd > -od
1
Used in words referring to a stroke or blow.
.....(a) the suffix indicates the thing which delivers the blow (instrument, weapon, etc)
dyrnod < dyrnawd = blow with the fist, punch (dwrn = fist)
ffonnod < ffonnawd = blow with a stick (ffon = stick)
palfod < palfawd = slap with an open hand (palf = palm of the hand)

.....(b) the suffix indicates the site of the impact, the part of the body which receives the stroke or blow of a weapon
anafod
< anafawd = sore, ulcer (anaf = wound)
cernod < cernawd = blow to the side of the head, box on the ears (cern = cheekbone)
gwarrod < gwarrawd = blow or beating on the neck (gwar = back of the neck, back between the shoulders)

ETYMOLOGY: Celtic –âtyô

:_______________________________.

awdl
<AUDL> [aʊdl] feminine noun
PLURAL odlau
<OD-lai, -le> ɔdlaɪ, -ɛ]
1
Welsh poetic form - alliterative, combining different metres
awdl arobryn prize-winning poem, winning poem (alliterative, in different metres)

2
A reduced form of the word awdl is odl = rhyme.
Derived forms: (1) odli = to rhyme, (2) unodl (poem) with all lines having the same rhyme

ETYMOLOGY: (awd) + (extraneous -l) – possibly in imitation of the word sawdl (= sole of the foot).
Awd < British *ôd < Latin ôda < Greek ôidê < aoidê (= song).

NOTE: Another word with a non-etymological “l” is corwgl (= coracle) < corwg

:_______________________________.

awdur, PLURAL: awduron
<AU-dir, au-DII-ron> [ˡaʊdɪr, aʊˡdiˑrɔn] masculine noun
1
author

:_______________________________.

awdurdod, PLURAL: awdurdodau
<au-DIR-dod, au-dir-DOO-dai, -de> [aʊˡdɪrdɔd, aʊdɪrˡdoˑdaɪ, -ɛ] masculine noun
1
authority

:_______________________________.

awdurdod addysg lleol
<au-DIR-dod AA-dhisk LHEE-ol> [aʊˡdɪrdɔd ˡɑˑðɪsk ˡɬeˑɔl] masculine noun
1
local education authority, school board

:_______________________________.

awel
<AU-el> ɛl] femenine noun
PLURAL awelon
<au-EE-lon> [aʊˡlɔn]
1
wind
awel o wynt gust of wind

awel groes an ill wind

Mae’r awel yn fain y mis ’ma. “Mawrth a ladd, Ebrill a fling.”
The wind is keen this month. ‘March kills, April flays’.

awel gyntaf y Gwanwyn
the first breath of Spring

2
breeze = light wind
awelyn (county of Ceredigion) slight breeze
awelig slight breeze
awel win pleasant breeze (‘breeze (of) wine’)
yn awel yr hwyr in the cool of the evening

3
common in house names:
Awel-deg
<AU-el DEEG> ɛl ˡdeːg] (fair wind),

Awelfa (windy place)
<au-EL-va> [aʊˡelva]

Awelfor (sea breeze) <au-EL-vor> [aʊˡelvɔr]

Awelfryn (windy hill) <au-EL-vrin> [aʊˡelvrɪn]

Awelmenai / Awel Menai (Menai breeze, breeze off the Menai Strait) <AU-el ME-nai> ɛl ˡmeˑnaɪ]

Awelon (breezes)
<au-EE-lon> [aʊˡlɔn]

Aweltywi (Tywi breeze, breeze off the river Tywi)
<AU-el TƏ-wi> ɛl ˡtəwɪ]

Awel-y-fan (breeze from the hill / peak) <AU-el ə VAN> ɛl ə ˡvan]

Awelymynydd (mountain breeze)
<AU-el ə MƏ-nidh> ɛl ə ˡmənɪð]

Awel-y-don (sea breeze) <AU-el ə DON> ɛl ə ˡdɔn]

Brynawelon (windy hill) <brin au-EE-lon> [brɪn aʊˡlɔn]

Brynyrawel (hill of the breeze / wind)
<BRIN ər AU-el> [ˡbrɪn ər ˡɛl]

Crud yr Awel / Crudyrawel
<KRIID ər AU-el> [ˡkriːd ər ˡɛl]

(“(the) sound / voice (of) the wind”) house name and street name
(“(the) cradle (of) the breeze”)
(crud = cradle) + (yr = the) + (awel = breeze)

Llais yr Awel / Llaisyrawel (“(the) sound / voice (of) the wind”) house name
<HLAIS ər AU-el> ɬaɪs ər ˡɛl]

4
(county of Ceredigion) erysipelas, Saint Anthony’s Fire – infection of the skin, with purplish lesions on the face

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British *awel-â
From the same British root: Cornish awel (= wind, gale, weather), Breton avel (= wind)
From a PIE root
*h2euh1

Cf Greek Aeolos (= god of the winds), Greek aella (= storm)
Cf English wind, German der Wind [vint] (= wind)

< Proto-Indo-Eueopean
*h2ueh1-nto-

:_______________________________.

Awel
<AU-el> ɛl] femenine noun
1
woman’s name

ETYMOLOGY: ‘breeze’ - see preceding entry

:_______________________________.

awen, PLURAL: awenau
<AU-en, au-EE-nai, -ne> [ˡaʊɛn, aʊˡeˑnaɪ, -ɛ] feminine noun
1
muse; melody

:_______________________________.

Awen
<AU-en> ɛn] feminine noun
1
woman’s name

ETYMOLOGY: poetic muse - see preceding entry

 

 


:_______________________________.

 

awff <AUF> [aʊf] (m)

(Maldwyn, Gogledd Ceredigion)

1 clumsy person, oaf; (USA: klutz)

2 scoundrel

 

3 bod yn awff am be very fond of

ETYMOLOGY: English awf, a dialect form of oaf

NOTE: In the English dialect of Llanidloes:
AWF, a stupid, awkward or clumsy fellow... (Parochial Account of Llanidloes / Edward Hamer / Chapter X / Folk-lore. Page 289 Collections Historical and Archeological Relating to Montgomeryshire and its Borders / 1877)

 


:_______________________________.

awgrymu
<au-GRƏ-mi> [aʊˡgrəmɪ] verb
1
to suggest

:_______________________________.

awn ni <aun ni> [ˡaʊn nɪ] verb
1
let’s go

:_______________________________.

awr, PLURAL: oriau <AUR, OR-yai, -ye> [aʊr, ˡɔrjaɪ, -ɛ] feminine noun
1
hour
chwarter awr
<khwar-ter AUR> [ˡxwartɛr ˡaʊr] quarter of an hour
hanner awr
<ha-ner AUR> [ˡhanɛr ˡaʊr] half an hour

2 bys awr hour hand (“finger (of) hour”)

3
rai oriau yn ddiweddarach some hours later

4 yr oriau mân the small hours; = early hours after midnight
yn yr oriau mân in the small hours
 yn oriau mân y bore in the early hours of the morning, in the small hours

:_______________________________.

Awr fawr Calan, dwy Ŵyl Eilian, tair Ŵyl Fair
aur vaur KAA-lan, dui aur uil EIL-yan, tair aur uil VAIR
[aʊr vaʊr ˡkɑˑlan, dʊɪ aʊr ʊɪl ˡəɪljan, taɪr aʊr ʊɪl ˡvaɪr]

1 ‘big hour (on) the calend (“awr fawr y Calan”) , two on Eilian’s feastday, and three on Mary’s feastday’

That is, the day will have lengthened

..a/ a full hour by New Year’s Day (Y Calan) on January the first, (half an hour in the morning a half an hour in the evening), (i.e eleven days after the solstice)

..b/ two hours on Eilian’s feastday (Gŵyl Eilian) on January the thirteenth,
(i.e twelve days after the first of January)

..c/ and three hours by Lady Day (Gŵyl Fair) on February the second (i.e twenty days after the Eilian’s Day)

7043_eilian_081107
(delwedd 7043)
NOTE: (Gŵyl Eilian is “the feastday of Eilian”; soft mutation of the initial consonant in the phrase converts it into an adverbial, Ŵyl Eilian “on the feastday of Eilian”)

:_______________________________.

awrfys
<AUR-vis> aʊrvɪs] masculine noun
PLURAL awrfysedd
<aur--sedh> [aʊrˡsɛð]
1
hour hand (of clock, watch)

ETYMOLOGY: (awr = hour) + soft mutation + (bys = finger)

:_______________________________.

Awst
<AUST> [aʊst] masculine noun
1
August

2
mis Awst August (“(the) month (of) August”)

ym mis Awst in August
ar ddechrau mis Awst at the beginning of August
ar ganol mis Awst
in the middle of August, in mid-August
ar ddiwedd mis Awst
at the end of August

bob mis Awst every August

fis Awst (adverb) in the month of August

3
Daw Awst, daw nos When August comes, the nights are noticeably longer (“August comes, night comes”)

4
Calan Awst August the first, a feastday commemorating the miraculous deliverance of Peter from prison; formerly also a harvest festival; in the town of Caerfyrddin there is a street in the central called

Heol Awst
(“street (of) (the feastday of the first day of) August”).

The English name is Lammas Street (“lammas” is ‘loaf + (religious) mass’, mass of the loaves).

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh Awst < *Awghwst < British < Latin Augustus (from the emperor of this name)
From the same British root: Cornish Est (= August), Breton eost (= August)

..01
Awst (y cyntaf o Awst)
the first of August
Calan Awst Lammas Day (“the) calend (of) August”)
Gŵyl Awst Lammas Day (“the) feastday (of) August”)

..02
Awst (yr ail o Awst)
the second of August

..03
Awst (y trydydd o Awst)
the third of August

..04
Awst (y pedwerydd o Awst)
the fourth of August

..05
Awst (y pumed o Awst)
the fifth of August

..06
Awst (y chweched o Awst)
the sixth of August

..07
Awst (y seithfed o Awst)
the seventh of August

..08
Awst (yr wythfed o Awst)
the eighth of August

..09
Awst (y nawfed o Awst)
the ninth of August

..10 Awst (y degfed o Awst)
the tenth of August
Gŵyl Lawrens (“the) feastday (of) Laurence”)

..11
Awst (yr unfed ar ddeg o Awst)
the eleventh of August

..12
Awst (y deuddegfed o Awst)
the twelfth of August

..13
Awst (y trydydd ar ddeg o Awst)
the thirteenth of August

..14
Awst (y pedwerydd ar ddeg o Awst)
the fourteenth of August

..15
Awst (y pymthegfed o Awst)
the fifteenth of August

Gŵyl Fair yn Awst (15 Awst) = Assumption of Mary;
(“the) ‘gwyl Fair’ in August”, the feastday (of) Mary in August) or

Gŵyl Fair Gyntaf y Cynhaeaf (“the) first ‘gwyl Fair’ (of) the harvest” or

Gŵyl Fair Gyntaf (“first ‘gŵyl Fair’”)

..16
Awst (yr unfed ar bymtheg o Awst)
the sixteenth of August

..17
Awst (yr ail ar bymtheg o Awst)
the seventeenth of August

..18
Awst (y deunawfed o Awst)
the eighteenth of August

..19
Awst (y pedwerydd ar bymtheg o Awst)
the nineteenth of August

..20
Awst (yr ugeinfed o Awst)
the twentieth of August

..21
Awst (yr unfed ar hugain o Awst)
the twenty-first of August

..22
Awst (yr ail ar hugain o Awst)
the twenty-second of August

..23
Awst (y trydydd ar hugain o Awst)
the twenty-third of August

..24
Awst (y pedwerydd ar hugain o Awst)
the twenty-fourth of August

..25
Awst (y pumed ar hugain o Awst)
the twenty-fifth of August

..26
Awst (y chweched ar hugain o Awst)
the twenty-sixth of August

..27
Awst (y seithfed ar hugain o Awst)
the twenty-seventh of August

..28
Awst (yr wythfed ar hugain o Awst)
the twenty-eighth of August

..29
Awst (y nawfed ar hugain o Awst)
the twenty-ninth of August

..30
Awst (y degfed ar hugain o Awst)
the thirtieth of August

..31
Awst (yr unfed ar ddeg ar hugain o Awst)
the thirty-first of August

:_______________________________.

Awstin
<AU-stin> [ˡaʊstɪn] masculine noun
1
Austin, Augustine

:_______________________________.

Awstralia
<au-STRAL-ya> [aʊˡstralja] feminine noun
1
Australia

:_______________________________.

Awstria
<AU-strya> strja]
1
Austria
helygen Awstria (Salix mielichhoferi) Austrian willow
“willow (of) Austria” (helygen = willow) + (Awstria)

:_______________________________.

awydd
<AU-idh> [ˡaʊɪð] masculine noun
1
desire, wish

2 codi awydd bwyd arnoch whet your appetite (“raise (the) desire (of) food on you”)

3 colli awydd bwyd lose your appetite

:_______________________________.

awyddfryd
<au-ƏDH-vrid> [aʊˡəðvrɪd] masculine noun
1
keenness, zeal

Rhufeiniaid 8:19 Canys awyddfryd y creadur sydd yn disgwyl am ddatguddiad meibion Duw
Romans 8:19 For the earnest expectation of the creature waiteth for the manifestation of the sons of God.


Philipiaid 1:20 Yn ôl fy awyddfryd a'm gobaith, na'm gwaradwyddir mewn dim, eithr mewn pob hyder, fel bob amser, felly yr awron hefyd, y mawrygir Crist yn fy nghorff i, pa un bynnag ai trwy fywyd, ai trwy farwolaeth.

Philippians 1:20 According to my earnest expectation and my hope, that in nothing I shall be ashamed, but that with all boldness, as always, so now also Christ shall be magnified in my body, whether it be by life, or by death.   

ETYMOLOGY: (awydd-, y =
<ə> [ə] , < awydd y = <i> [ɪ] , = desire) + soft mutation + (bryd = mind, intention)

:_______________________________.

awyddus
<au-Ə-dhis> [aʊˡəðɪs] adjective
1
keen, desirous

ETYMOLOGY: (awydd-, y =
<ə> [ə] , < awydd y = <i> [ɪ] , = desire) + (-us adjectival suffix)


:_______________________________.

awyr
<AU-ir> [ˡaʊɪr] masculine noun
1
air
awyr iach
<au-ir YAAKH> [aʊɪr ˡjɑːx] masculine noun fresh air
awyr agored
<au-ir a-GOO-red> [aʊɪr aˡgoˑrɛd] masculine noun open air

2
sky = the space above the ground
Mae’r awyr yn goleuo The sky is clearing

awyr penddu overcast sky, grey sky (“black-headed sky”)

darn o awyr las a patch of blue sky

yr awyr serog the starry sky

3 as attributive noun:
post awyr air mail

7091_powys_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_43_081122

(delwedd 7091)

:_______________________________.

awyren, PLURAL: awyrennau
<au-Ə-ren,-au-ə-RE-ne> [aʊˡərɛn, aʊəˡrɛnaɪ, -ɛ] feminine noun
1
airplane (Englandic: aeroplane)

2
awyren fomio, awyrennau bomio bomber (plane which drops bombs)
awyren ryfel, awyrennau rhyfel warplane
awyren jet, awyrennau jet jet plane
awyren filwrol, awyrennau milwrol military plane
awyren gludo, awyrennau cludo transport plane
awyren deithwyr, awyrennau teithwyr passenger plane

:_______________________________.

awyren ryfel
<au-Ə-ren--vel> [aʊˡərɛn ˡvɛl] masculine noun
PLURAL awyrennau rhyfel
<au-ə-RE-nai -e HRƏ-vel> [aʊəˡnaɪ -ɛ ˡhrəvɛl]
1
(American: warplane, battle plane) (Englandic: warplane)

ETYMOLOGY: (awyren = airplane / aeroplane) + soft mutation + (rhyfel = war)

:_______________________________.

awyrfilwr
<au-ər-VII-lur> [aʊərˡviˑlʊr] masculine noun
PLURAL awyrfilwyr
<au-ər-VIL-wir> [aʊərˡvɪlwɪr]
1
paratrooper

ETYMOLOGY: (awyr-
<ə> [ə] < awyr <i> [ɪ] = sky) + soft mutation + (milwr = soldier)

:_______________________________.

awyrgludiad <au-ər-GLID-yad> [aʊərˡglɪdjad] masculine noun
PLURAL
awyrgludiadau <au-ər-glid-YAA-dai, -de> [aʊərglɪdˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1
airlift

ETYMOLOGY: (awyr- <Ə> [ə] < awyr <I> [ɪ] = sky) + soft mutation + (cludiad = carrying)

:_______________________________.

awyrgludiant
<au-ər-GLID-yant> [aʊərˡglɪdjant] masculine noun
1
airfreight

ETYMOLOGY: (awyr-
<ə> [ə] < awyr <i> [ɪ] = sky) + soft mutation + (cludiant = transport)

:_______________________________.

awyrgylch
<au-ƏR-gilkh> [aʊˡərgɪlx] masculine noun
1
atmosphere
2
atmosphere = a particular environment
awyrgylch cartrefol a homelike atmosphere

ETYMOLOGY: (awyr-
<ə> [ə] < awyr <i> [ɪ] = sky) + soft mutation + (cylch = circle)

:_______________________________.

awyr iach <AU-ir YAAKH> [aʊ-ɪr ˡjɑːx]
1 fresh air; open air
Mae e wedi dod fel awyr iach o rywle
He's like a breath of fresh air in the place (“he’s come like healthy air from somewhere”)

yn yr awyr iach in the open air

mynd i gael awyr iach go out for a breath of fresh air

ETYMOLOGY: “healthy air” (awyr = air) + (iach = healthy)

:_______________________________.

awyrlong
<au-ƏR-long> [aʊˡərlɔŋ]

feminine noun
PLURAL awyrlongau
<a-wər-LO-ngai -e> [awərˡŋaɪ, -ɛ]
1
airship

ETYMOLOGY: (awyr = air, sky) + soft mutation + (llong = ship)

:_______________________________.

awyrlu
<au-ƏR-li> [aʊˡərlɪ] masculine noun
PLURAL awyrluoedd
<a-wər-LI-oidh -odh> [awərˡliˑɔɪð, - ɔð]
1
airforce, military division of a state’s armed forces for aerial warfare, with fighters, bombers, and reconnaissance aircraft; usually organised in combination with land forces and sea forces

2
Marsial yr Awyrlu (“marshal (of) the airforce”) Air Marshal = senior airforce officer, equivalent to a vice-admiral in the Navy

ETYMOLOGY: (awyr = air, sky) + soft mutation + (llu = army)

:_______________________________.

awyrlun
<au-ƏR-lin> [aʊˡərlɪn] masculine noun
PLURAL awyrluniau
<a-wər-LIN-yai -e> [awərˡlɪnjaɪ, -ɛ]
1
aerial photo

ETYMOLOGY: (awyr = air, sky) + soft mutation + (llun = picture)

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Aztec, PLURAL: Azteciaid
<AZ-tek, az-TEK-yaid -yed> [ˡaztɛk, azˡtɛkjaɪd, -ɛd] masculine noun
1
Aztec

 


 

7000_kimkat1580e.jpg A
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7000_kimkat2709e.jpg AR
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7000_kimkat1039e.jpg BA
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7000_kimkat1735e.jpg BR
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7000_kimkat1018e.jpg CA.

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7000_kimkat1071e.jpg CE
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7000_kimkat1675e.jpg CI
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7000_kimkat1040e.jpg CR
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7000_kimkat1075e.jpg CY
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7000_kimkat1020e.jpg DA
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7000_kimkat1674e.jpg DI
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7000_kimkat1072e.jpg E
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7000_kimkat1077e.jpg F
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7000_kimkat1021e.jpg GA

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7000_kimkat1042e.jpg GWA
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7000_kimkat2902e.jpg GWI
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7000_kimkat1038e.jpg H
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7000_kimkat1676e.jpg I, J, K
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7000_kimkat1865e.jpg L
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7000_kimkat1022e.jpg MA
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7000_kimkat1677e.jpg MI
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7000_kimkat1047e.jpg N
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7000_kimkat1600e.jpg O

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