kimkat1676e A Welsh to
English Dictionary in scroll-down format. Geiriadur Cymraeg a Saesneg ar
fformat sgrolio-i-lawr.
08-08-2021
19.00
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Index to the online dictionary http://www.kimkat.org/amryw/1_vortaroy/geiriadur_cymraeg_saesneg_BAEDD_mynegai_1818e.htm
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:_______________________________.
I, i ‹ii ddot› feminine noun
1) ninth letter of the twenty-six letter Roman alphabet
1 a, 2 b, 3 c, 4 d 5 e, 6 f, 7 g, 8 h, 9 i, 10 j, 11 k, 12 l, 13 m, 14 n, 15 o, 16 p, 17 q, 18 r, 19 s, 20 t, 21 u, 22 v, 23 w, 24 x, 25 y, 26 z
2) thirteenth letter of the twenty-nine letter Welsh
alphabet
1 a, 2 b, 3 c, 4 ch, 5 d, 6 dd 7 e, 8 f, 9 ff, 10 g, 11 ng, 12 h, 13 i, 14 j, 15 l, 16 ll, 17 m, 18 n, 19 o, 20 p, 21 ph, 22 r, 23 rh, 24 s, 25 t, 26 th, 27 u, 28 w, 29 y
:_______________________________.
i ‹i›
1 epenthetic vowel in colloquial (Southern)
pronunciations of monosyllables with the diphtong ei before a consonant cluster with final l / r. In the resulting
tonic syllable the ei is usually
reduced to a single vowel i
ceibr (= roof beams) > ceibir > cibir
geifr (= goats) > geifir > gifir
lleidr (= thief) > lleidir > llidir
neidr (= snake) > neidir > nidir
:_______________________________.
i
1 in compound words, this could have resulted from gh, the soft-mutated initial consonant
of a second element which was g in
British
..1/ arial (= passion, courage) <
*arghal :
(ar = in front of) + soft mutation +
(gâl- = force).
..2/ Gwrial (obsolete) man’s name (=
manly bravery) < gwr-ghal
(gŵr = man) + soft mutation + (gâl = strength)
Equivalent to the Irish name Feargal
..3/ Llwydiarth (place name, “grey
hill”) < *Llwydgharth :
(llwyd = grey) + soft mutation + (garth = hill).
..4/ miliast (= greyhound bitch)
< *milghast :
(mil = animal) + soft mutation + (gast = bitch).
There is also the more regular form milast,
without the “i”
..5/ Morien (= man’s name) < *Morghen :
(mor, a reduced form of mawr = big) + soft mutation + (gen- = element equivalent to gen- in geni = to be born).
It means “one who is born great” (although there is the possibility that the
first element is môr (= sea), and
the meaning then would be “born at sea, born of the sea, sea-born”)
..6/ Peniarth (place name, “end of
the hill, headland, promotory”) < *pengharth
:
(pen = head) + soft mutation + (garth = hill).
The form without ‘i’ (Penarth) also
occurs, as Penárth (ST1871)
with a shift of accent, a town in the county of Bro Morgannwg
:_______________________________.
3 i
i in standard Welsh is
sometimes from an original y
..a/ Dewi David
Dewi < Dewy < Dewydd <
Latin Davidus
..b/ dilin pure, fine, refined;
polished
dilin < dilyn < dilyfn
(di- = intensifying prefix) soft
mutation + (llyfn = llis)
Generally in the expression aur dilin
fine gold
i < y in colloquial Welsh is sometimes from an original y
..a/ ydyw = is
ydi, ’di < ydy’ < ydyw
:_______________________________.
4 i
i in a tonic vowel in
spoken Welsh is sometimes from an original y
in standard Welsh (i.e. penult “i” replacing penult “y”)
1/ The local name of Clydach SN6801,
a village in the county of Abertawe, is Glitach (p. 445, Y
Treigladau a’u Cystrawen, T. J. Morgan, 1952).
Clydach > Clitach > Glitach
(The soft mutation is explained as being the result of the name’s frequent
occurrence in speech after the prepositions i (= to) and o (=
from), and the soft-mutated form came to be regarded as the radical form - i
Glitach (= to Clydach), o Glitach (= from Clydach)
In southern Welsh, an “i” is sometimes present colloquially instead of standard
“y” [ə] (compare the use of “w”
instead of standard “y” [ə] ). This is especially so in the county of
Penfro / Pembroke
2/ syfi (strawberries) > sifi, shifi
3/ mynydd (upland) > (Penfro) mini
:_______________________________.
i
1 [i] a glide vowel after
c [k], g [g]
cath (see below)
cadair (see below)
cadw > (south-east) catw > ciatw (=
to keep)
carw (see below)
ceffyl (see below)
Cefncoedycymer > Y Cefn > Y Ciefan
(= the hill, literally the back) (“the hill of Coed y Cymer;
Coed y Cymer = the wood of the confluence
of streams)
gât > giât (= gate)
gaffer > (North-west) gaffar >
giaffar (= gaffer, boss)
Marged > (North-west) Margad >
Margiad (= Margaret)
Porth-cawl > (south-east) Porth-ciawl
(= cove (of) sea-kale)
"I." Rhoi gormod o hawl iddi
mewn ambell air yw bai mwyaf y Wenhwyseg, megis ciath, cieffyl, ciatar, ciarw,
etc.
“Y Wenhwyseg”. Brynfab. Y Darian. 14
Hydref 1915.
“I”. Giving it too much leeway (“too much
right”) in some words (“in an occasional word”) is the greatest fault of Gwentian
(= the south-eastern dialect of Wales), such as “ciath, cieffyl, ciatar, ciarw,
etc.”
Title of article: Gwentian. Author:
Brynfab. Puiblication: “The Shield”. Date:14 October 1915.
ciath < cath (= cat)
cieffyl < ceffyl (= horse)
ciatar < catar < cadar < cadair
(= chair)
ciarw < carw (= stag)
:_______________________________.
i
1 In the south-east, an i in a final syllable is sometimes a
reduction of the diphthong [ai] (spelt au, ae, ai).
..a/ araul (adj) “in the sunlight, facing the sun, sunny” is (ar = facing) + (haul
= sun)
Maesaraul “sunny field”; > mææs aril
(maes = field) + (araul);
In the 1891 Census for Caer-dydd / Cardiff, in Enumeration Distric 7: “Pentyrch (Garth):All that part of the parish of Pentyrch in the Hamlet
of Garth including Ty Vaughan, Forge, Furnace, and Level Houses, George Town,
Gwaelodygarth and East End of Garth Hill, including Maesaril Houses”
..c/ carrai thong; shoe lace; (in place names in South-east Wales) strip
= long narrow strip of land Found as carri,
with a i in the final syllable. (y Garri Wen, “the white strip”, etc)
..d/ cawsai (= paved way) > cawsi
Penygawsi ST5802 area of
Llantrisant (Rhondda Cynon Taf) pen y gawsai (“head / end / start of the paved way”)
..e/ cymaint (= so
much) > cymint
..f/ defaid (= sheep) > defid
..g/ eraill (= others) > erill
..h/ gefail (= smithy) > gefil
Tonyrefail (village name) “(the)
grassland (of) the smithy” > Tonrefil
Yr Efailisaf (village name) “the
lower smithy” > (yr) Efilisha
hunain > unin (our / your / them)selves
:_______________________________.
i
Loss of the initial
semi-consonant. A handful of examples exist:
Iefan > Efan (man’s forename = John; this form is the origin of the
forename “Evan”)
Iefan > (?) I-ifan > Ifan (man’s forename =
John)
ieuanc > iewanc > iefanc > (?) i-ifanc > ifanc (=
young)
Iesu! > ’Esu! (exclamation = Jesus!)
iewaint > ewaint (obsolete) lively, spirited; (m)
youth
Ieithon (river name) > (?) = “I-eithon”
> I-i’thon > Iithon > Ithon
Iúdd-hael (lord + magnaminous) >
*Uthael > Ithel ‹i-thel› (= man’s name)
:_______________________________.
i < ei in the penult (the penultimate syllable)
A short <I> [ɪ] or half-long <II> [iˑ] in the penult is sometimes a reduction of
the diphthong ei
..1/
Cinmeirch
Llanrhaeadr yng Nghinmeirch ‹lhan-HREI-adr əng HIN-meirkh› [ɬanˡhrəɪadr əŋ ˡhɪnməɪrx],, in the county of Dinbych. SJ0863 ‘the place called Llanrhaeadr which is the
kúmmud of Cinmeirch (in medieval times, Ceinmeirch).
..2/ dintir <DIN-tir> [ˡdɪntɪr] < deintur <DEIN-tir> [ˡdəɪntɪr] tenter, tenter frame; one on which cloth is
stretched in order to dry without shrinking
In the town of Aberteifi there is Cnwcydintir
“cnwc y deintur”, “(the) hill (of) the tenter”
..3/
gwilgi <GWIL-gi> [ˡwɪlgɪ] in the name Cefnwilgi <kevn-WIL-gi> [kɛvnˡwɪlgɪ] (= Cefn y weilgi) <kevn ə WEIL-gi> [kɛvn ə ˡwəɪlgɪ] (Y Trallwng, Powys)
(“hill of the torrent”)
..4/ Ithon river SO0875 in
Powys < I’ithon < Ieithon http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/154485
..5/ Llanigon <lhan-II-gon> [ɬanˡiˑgɔn] (Powys) is from
Llaneigon <lhan-EI-gon> [ɬanˡəɪgɔn] (llan + saint’s name Eigon)
..6/
Llandilo <lhan-DII-lo> [ɬanˡdiˑlɔ] (Caerfyrddin) –
spelling formerly used in English for Llandeilo <lhan-DEI-lo> [ɬanˡdəɪlɔ], in fact a Welsh spelling of the local pronunciation of the town
..7/ Llanfilo A village SO1133 in Powys (“church of Bilo or Beilo”)
(llan =
church, cell) + soft mutation + (Beilo) > Llanfeilo > Llanfilo
..6/ Misgyn <MI-skin> [ˡmɪskɪn] (spelt by the
English as Miskin) is a local form of Meisgyn <MEI-skin> [ˡməɪskɪn]
:_______________________________.
ì
1 the grave accent indicates a short
vowel when it occurs in a long-vowel environment
The ‘i’ in monosyllables in Welsh with final –b, -d, -g, -l, -n is long
dig ‹diig› anger
llid ‹lhiid› inflammation
pib ‹piib› pipe
tin ‹tiin› (American: ass, butt)
(Englandic: arse, bum)
hil ‹hiil› lineage, descent
However English words with a short vowel taken into Welsh which have this same
same pattern (monsyllables, final consonant g, b, d, l, n) retain the short
vowel in Welsh.
Properly therefore they should be written with a grave accent to show that they
do not conform to the traditional system, though this is almost never done
rìg rig (of a ship)
wìg wig (= hairpiece)
bìb bib (of a baby)
bìd bid (in an auction); also native
nìd (= no, not)
Bìl Bill, William
bìn bin
Wìl Will, William
Ffìl Philip
:_______________________________.
i ‹i› (preposition)
1 to
2
in phrase-prepositions denoting relative position
y tu arall i on the other side of
(“the other side to”)
y tu arall i'r afon on the other
side of the river
3 after verbs or verbal phrases
..1/ agor eich calon i unbosom yourself
to / unburden yourself to (“open
your heart to”)
..2/ gweddu i suit, look good on
......Mae’r siaced ’na’n mynd yn dda i
chi That jacket suits you, that jacket looks good on you ..3/ mynd yn dda i suit, look good on
......Mae’r dei ’na’n mynd yn dda i chi
That tie suits you, that tie looks good on you
4 (exclamations) wishing that somebody goes to, is taken to (the
devil, hell, etc)
mynd i’r diawl to go to Hell (“go to
the devil”)
Cer i’r diawl! Go to Hell! (“go to
the devil”)
Fe gaiff fynd i’r diawl! He can go
to Hell! (“he may go to the devil”)
I’r diawl ag e! To Hell with him!
(“to the devil with him”)
5 cyfarch gwell i to
greet
cyfarch gwell i’w gilydd to greet
each other
6 sefyll ar osgo i
(house) be at an angle to (the street, etc)
7
in order to
gwerthu’r fuwch i brynu tarw to rob
Peter to pay Paul (“sell the cow to buy a bull”)
8 bod i (“being to”) to have
Bu iddo dri mab, Ifan, Dafydd a Meurig
He had three sons, Ifan (John), Dafydd (David) a Meurig (Morris)
CONJUGATION OF THE PREPOSITION:
(1) imi (i mi) (South: i fi) ‹i MI (i VI)› (preposition)
to me (South - i fi)
(1) inni (i ni) ‹i NI› (preposition)
to us
(2) i ti ‹i TI› (preposition)
to you
(2) i chi ‹i KHI› (preposition)
to you
(3) iddo fe / fo ‹I dho ve / vo› (preposition)
to him
(3) iddi hi ‹I dhi hi› (preposition)
to her
(3) iddyn nhw (literary form: iddynt hwy) ‹I dhi nu (i dhint hui)› (preposition)
to them
- i ble <i-BLEE> [ɪ ˡbleː] (interr) where to?
- i ffwrdd <i FURDH> [ɪ ˡfʊrð] (adverb) away
- i mewn <i MEUN> [ɪ ˡmɛʊn] (adverb)
1 inside (location or motion)
- dewch / dowch i mewn <deukh, doukh i MEUN> [dɛʊx,
dɔʊx ɪ ˡmɛʊn] come in
- i mewn i’r dwr <i meun ir DUUR> [ɪ mɛʊn
ɪr ˡduːr]into
the water
:_______________________________.
i’ <i> [ɪ]
1 a spoken form of i’w (i + ei, “to” + “his /
her”)
S’nam llonydd i’ ga’l
< nid oes yna ddim llonydd
i’w gael
nid oes llonydd i’w gael There’s no
peace to be had, I don’t get a moment’s peace
:_______________________________.
ia (North
Wales) <I-a> [ɪa] (phrase)
1 yes (north-western form of ie)
:_______________________________.
iâ (South
Wales) <YAA> [jɑː] (masculine noun) (South)
1 ice
clap iâ ice cube
NOTE: (North Wales has rhew)
- cloch iâ, clychau iâ <klookh YAA, klƏ-khai,
-e, YAA> [kloːx ˡjɑː, kləxaɪ,
-ɛ, ˡjɑː] (feminine noun) icicle
:_______________________________.
iach <YAAKH> [jɑːx] (adjective)
1 healthy
2 un iach wyt ti! you've
got a nerve ("(it is) a healthy one (that) you are ")
Un iach wyt ti’n gofyn imi wneud hynna!
You’ve got some cheek asking me to do that!
3 awyr iach fresh air;
open air (“healthy air”)
yn yr awyr iach in the open air
mynd i gael awyr iach go out for a
breath of fresh air
4 iechyd <YEE-khid> [ˡjeˑxɪd]
(masculine noun) health
5 iach ddianaf safe and sound
6
holliach completely well, in perfect
health
bod yn holliach be in sound health,
fully recovered
(holl = complete) + (iach = healthy)
7 bod yn iach fel cricsyn be in rude
health, be as fit as a fiddle (“be healthy like a cricket”)
bod fel cricsyn o iach be in rude
health, be as fit as a fiddle (“be like a cricket of healthy”)
:_______________________________.
iachâd <ya-KHAAD> [jaˡxɑːd]masculine noun
1 cure
cael llwyr iachâd make a full
recovery
cael iachâd llwyr make a full
recovery
bod wedi iachâd llwyr have made a
full recovery
ETYMOLOGY: (iach- stem of iacháu = to cure) + (-âd suffix for forming abstract nouns
from verbs with -áu < -háu)
NOTE: South-east: iachäd
:_______________________________.
iacháu <ya-KHAI> [jaˡxaɪ]
(verb)
1 to cure
:_______________________________.
iachawdwriaeth <ya-khau-DUR-yaith, -eth> [jaxaʊˡdʊrjaɪθ,
-ɛθ] (feminine noun)
1 salvation
2 tarian iachawdwriaeth
shield of salvation
Samuel-2 22:36 Rhoddaist hefyd i mi
darian dy iachawdwriaeth; ac â’th fwynder y lluosogaist ti
Samuel-2 22:36 Thou hast also given me the shield of thy salvation: and thy
gentleness hath made me great.
:_______________________________.
-iad <yad> [jad]
1 suffix for forming
nouns
a)
used in to denote a person of a certain nationality, formed from the name of a
country; in some cases as -ad
..1/ Catalonia > Cataloniad = Catalan, Catalonian (Catalon-) + (-iad)
..2/ Llydaw > Llydawiad = Breton (Llydaw) + (-iad)
..3/ Norwy > Norwyad = Norwegian Norwy
+ (-ad)
b) dwellers of certain towns or villages; not in usual use
..1/ Bangor > Bangoriad = Bangor person, ‘Bangorite’
..2/ Corris > Corisiad = Corris person ‘Corrisite’
..3/ Tregaron > Tregaroniad <tre-ga-RON-yad> [trɛgaˡrɔnjad] Tregaron person ‘Tregaronite’
Bydd yn dda gan holl Dregaroniaid
Caer-dydd ddeall y bydd cyfle i gwrdd â hen gyfeillion yn yr aduniad ar gyfer
cyn-ddisgyblion Ysgol Uwchradd Tregaron
All the Tregaron people in Caer-dydd will be pleased to know that there will be
an opportunity to meet with old friends in the reunion for ex-pupils of
Tregaron High School
c) animals
ymlusgiad, ymlusgiaid reptile
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British *jat (is),
*jat (â) < Celtic
from the same British root: Breton –ad
NOTE: after certain words -iad becomes
-ad
:_______________________________.
-iadau <YAA-dai,
-e> [ˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]plural suffix
1 added to certain nouns:
addurn, addurniadau decoration
awgrym, awgrymiadau suggestion
apêl, apeliadau appeal
bloedd, bloeddiadau shout
brath, brathiadau bite
bref, brefiadau bleat
cais, ceisiadau attempt, application
coll, colliadau loss
cyfarwydd, cyfarwyddiadau
instruction
cyfnewid, cyfnewidiadau change
diolch, diolchiadau act of thanking
disgwyl, disgwyliadau expectation
dosbarth, dosbarthiadau class
dychymyg, dychmygiadau imagination,
fancy
dychryn, dychryniadau fright
dyfáis, dyfeisiadau device
fflach (-iadau) (f) newyddion news flash
llosg, llosgiadau burn
protest, protestiadau protest
tic, ticiadau tick (= sound of a
clock)
tip, tipiadau tick (= sound of a
clock)
tâl, taliadau payment
ymchwydd, ymchwyddiadau swelling
Also to certain nouns with the suffix –yn
poeryn, poeriadau globule of spit
ETYMOLOGY: combination of a singulative suffix (-iad) and the plural suffix (-au)
:_______________________________.
Iaen <YAIN> [jaɪn]feminine
noun
1 SH9101 Afon Iaen = river in the district of
Maldwyn (county of Powys) which joins the Twymyn
2 stream which runs into the Rhondda Fawr (county of Rhondda Cynon
Taf)
ETYMOLOGY: iaen < iäen obsolete = sheet of ice < (iâ
= gel) + (-en = suffix)
:_______________________________.
-iaeth <yaith, -yeth> [jaɪθ,
-jɛθ]suffix for
forming nouns
:_______________________________.
Iago <YAA-go> [ˡjɑˑgɔ] (masculine noun)
1 (male name) James
Heol Sant Iago street name in Bangor (Gwynedd). English name: St. James
Drive
”(the) street (of) Saint James”
(heol = street) + (sant = saint) + (Iago = James)
:_______________________________.
-iaid ‹-yaid, -yed> [-jaɪd, -jɛd] feminine
noun
1 in forming plurals of family names
(in the south as -aid, hence in
South-west Wales colloquially as -ed,
in South-east Wales as -id)
..1/ y Prisiartiaid the Prisiarts,
(English) the Prichards
y Prysiaid the Pryses, (English) the
Prices / Preeces
y Pyweliaid the Pywels, (English)
the Powells
..2/ with the English form of the surname
yr Evansid (south-east) = yr
Evansiaid the Evanses
ym mhlasty'r Gelli, hen gartref y
Jenkinsiaid in the mansion of Y Gelli, the old home of the Jenkinses
3
names of some birds
parot, parotiaid parrot
barcut, barcutiaid (Milvus milvus) red kite
gwennol, gwenoliaid swallow
pengwin, pengwiniaid penguin
4
names of some animals
anifail, anifeiliad animal
blaidd, bleiddiaid wolf
creadur, creaduriaid creature
:_______________________________.
iaith ‹YAITH> [jaɪθ] feminine
noun
PLURAL ieithoedd
<YEI-thoidh, -oidh> [ˡjəɪθɔɪð,
-ɔð]
1 language = system of
spoken sounds to express thought
2 language = the language of a people
yn y ddwy iaith in the two
languages; in both Welsh and English; in Welsh as well as English; in English
as well as Welsh
Mae Bwrdd yr Iaith Gymraeg wedi
atgoffa’r Cynulliad bod yn rhaid i hwnnw gynnig gwasanaeth dwyieithog ar ei
wefan. Ar wahân i deitl dwyieithog, mae’r cyfan bron yn uniaith Saesneg
The Welsh Language Board has reminded the Assembly (Welsh Parliament) that it must
offer a bilingual service on its website - apart from a bilingual title, nearly
all of it is in English
3 language = dialect of a person or a region
iaith Morgannwg "(the) language
(of) Morgannwg", the Welsh spoken in Morgannwg
iaith y De "(the) language (of)
the South", the Welsh spoken in South Wales
4 iaith dramor foreign
language
colloquially, with the Englishism ‘sowth’
iaith y Sowth the Welsh spoken
in South Wales
iaith y Gogledd "(the) language
(of) the North" the Welsh spoken in North Wales
colloquially with the Englishism ‘north’
iaith y North "(the)
language (of) the North"
4 tafodiaith (qv) <ta-VOD-yaith, -yeth> [taˡvɔdjaɪθ, -jɛθ]dialect
(tafod = tongue) + (iaith = language)
5 bratiaith <BRAT-yaith,
-yeth> [ˡbratjaɪθ, -jɛθ]debased language; shoddy
Welsh; slipshod language,
especially a poor kind of Welsh heavily influenced by English
“language (of) rag(s)”, i.e. “tattered language / raggèd language”
(brat = rag) + (iaith = language). Expression in use currently,
originating in the nineteenth century
6 gweniaith flattery,
smooth talk, cajolery, palaver; (archaic English: fair words)
”fair / pleasing language” (gwen =
feminine form of gwyn = white, fair,
pleasant) + (iaith)
7 mamiaith mother tongue,
native language
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh iaith < British *yekt-i- < Celtic
From the same British root: Cornish yeth
(= language), Breton yezh (= language)
A related form is Latin iocus (=
joke), from which the English word joke
comes
:_______________________________.
Iâl <YAAL> [jɑːl] (feminine noun)
1 A kúmmud / cwmwd of the territory of Powys Fadog, in north-east
Wales.
(delwedd 7210)
There are four historical parishes in Iâl – Bryneglwys, Llandegla yn Iâl,
Llanferres SJ1860, Llanarmon yn Iâl
The name Iâl was spelt as “Yale” in English, though at first this
represented the same pronuniciation as the Welsh word. However, in the 1400s
the English long vowel [aa] became a diphthong,
today’s [ei]. Hence the name Iâl [yaal] taken into English as Yale
[yaal] eventually became Yale [yeil].
|
Plas yn Iâl SJ1749 “(the) mansion in Iâl” Mansion
near Bryneglwys (county of Dinbych);
the house and estate were formerly in the possession of the Yale
family. (Elihu Yale, Wrecsam, of the family which founded Yale
College in the USA) |
(delwedd 7211)
Llanarmon yn Iâl SJ1956 A village six miles south of Yr Wyddgrug
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SJ1956
map, Llanarmon yn Iâl
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SJ1856
map, Llanarmon yn Iâl
Llandegla yn Iâl SJ1952 A village
south of Llanarmon yn Iâl
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SJ1952 map, Llandegla yn Iâl
Llandysilio yn Iâl SJ2044 a parish and community north
of Llangollen and south of Llandegla
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SJ2044
map of part of the area of Llandysilio
Blaen-iâl SJ1346 A farm (on map as “Blaen Yale”)
“(the) end (of) Iâl”
Efail-blaen-iâl SJ1246 (on map as “Efail Blaen Yale”) (“the smithy at
Blaen-iâl”)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SJ1346
map Blaen-iâl, Efail-blaen-iâl
Rhiw-iâl farm east of Llanarmon yn Iâl SJ1856 (on map as “Rhiw-ial”)
“(the) hillside (of) Iâl”
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SJ1856
map, Rhiw-iâl
Brwmffild a Iâl After the English defeated the independent rulers of
Wales and it became a conquered territory and the property of the English Crown
following the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284, Welsh territories near England were dismantled
and given to Englishmen. The kántrevs of Iâl and Maelor Gymraeg, originally
part of the territory of Powys Fadog, became a lordship called Bromfield and
Yale (in Welsh, Brwmffild a Iâl).
The English king Edward I gave the territory to John Warrene, the Earl of
Surrey, who was one of the Marcher Lords, feudal English lords of Norman
descent living along the Welsh border. Whereas the territory had been
administered by the native Welsh from Castell Dinas Brân SJ2243 overlooking
Llangollen from the north-east, the Earl of Warrene built a new castle in Holt
(Wrecsam) SJ4053, on the English border, on the Welsh side of the river Dyfrdwy
opposite the village of Farndon SJ41554 in Cheshire.
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/77664
Holt
Dyffryn Iâl (“the valley of the kúmmud of Iâl”). This seems to be a
recent name, possibly a translation of a name apparently used by the English
“Vale of Yale”. It is unusual in that dyffryn
would normally be followed by the name of a river in Welsh, but Iâl is the name
of an upland or a kúmmud.
In 1980 it
was decided to combine the primary school in Llandegla with that in Bryneglwys,
and in 1989 the schools were given the name Ysgol Dyffryn Iâl “(the) school (of) Dyffryn Iâl”
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/127790 Eglwys Tysilio, Beryneglwys
lleuad gwŷr Iâl
the harvest moon
“(the) moon (of) the people (of) (the kúmmud of) Iâl”
Adapted from wikipedia –
harvest moon:
The full moons of September, October and November as seen from the northern
hemisphere - are well known in the folklore of the sky. All full moons rise
around the time of sunset.
However, although in general the moon rises about 50 minutes later each day, as
it moves in orbit around Earth, the Harvest Moon is special, because around the
time of these full moons, the time difference between moonrise on successive
evenings is shorter than usual.
In other words, the moon rises approximately 30 minutes later, from one night
to the next, as seen from about 40 degrees N. for several evenings around the
full Harvest Moons.
Thus there is no long period of darkness between sunset and moonrise around the
time following these full moons.
In times past this feature of these autumn moons was said to help farmers
working to bring in their crops. They could continue being productive by
moonlight even after the sun had set. Hence the name Harvest Moon.
(delwedd 7209)
Ehedydd Iâl “(the) skylark (of) Iâl” bardic name of
poet William Jones (1815-1899), born in Cefndeulin, Derwen, county of Dinbych /
Denbigh, and who subsequently lived in Llandegla
Blodau Iâl, sef Cynyrchion Barddonol William Jones
(Ehedydd Iâl), Wedi Eu Casglu a'u Trefnu gan y Parch. John Felix. 1898:
A volume of the poems of Ehedydd Iâl:
literally “(the) flowers / (the) [best] poems (of) Iâl,
namely the poetical works (“poetical products”) of William Jones (Ehedydd Iâl),
collected and arranged by the Reverend John Felix”
ETYMOLOGY: Related to Gaulish “ial-o-”, apparently = land cleared of
trees, woodland glade.
GPC (Geiriadur Prifysol Cymru / The University of Wales Dictionary) gives the
meaning as ‘cultivated upland’, from an earlier possible meaning in Welsh of
“glade, open land”.
(delwedd 7222)
Nanteuil, in south-eastern France, is Gaulish nant-ial-o “valley
clearing”,
corresponding to Welsh nant (= (older) valley; (nowadays) stream) and iâl
(= (older) clearing; (later) cultivated upland)
:_______________________________.
Ianto <YAN-to> [ˡjantɔ] (masculine noun)
1 diminutive of Ifan (John); nowadays also as a stand-alone name (i.e.
now independent of the name on which it is based)
2 often used as the name for a dog
:_______________________________.
iâr, ieir <YAAR, YEIR> [jɑːr,
jəɪr] (feminine
noun)
1 hen
2 chwarae mwgwd yr ieir play
blind man’s buff (“play (the) blindfold (of) the hens”)
3 mor llithrig â thalcen iâr
as slippery as an eel “as slippery as the forehead of a hen”
mor wastad â thalcen iâr as flat as
a pancake (“as flat as (the) forehead (of a ) hen”)
4 fel iâr ar ben y domen
(person) untidy, messy (“like a hen on top of the dungheap”)
5 fel iâr ar y glaw
crestfallen, down in the dumps, dejected, downhearted (“like a hen in the rain
/ during the rain”)
6
lladd yr iâr a cholli’r cywion to
kill the goose that lays the golden eggs (“kill the hen and lose the chicks”) –
to destroy a source of wealth through impatience greed, to lose everything
through wanting it all at once
:_______________________________.
iard, ierdydd
<YARD,
YER-didh> [jard, ˡjɛrdɪð] (feminine noun)
1 yard
2 iard sgrap scrap yard
:_______________________________.
iard drefnu <yard DREV-ni> [jard ˡdrɛvnɪ]feminine
noun
PLURAL iardiau /
ierdydd trefnu <YER-didh-TREV-ni> [ˡjɛrdɪð ˡtrɛvnɪ]
1 Railways marshalling yard, shunting yard; = place where goods
wagons are sorted to make up goods trains
ETYMOLOGY: (iard = yard) + soft
mutation + (trefnu = to order, to
arrange)
:_______________________________.
iard siyntio
<yard
SHƏNT-yo> [jard ˡʃəntjɔ] (feminine noun)
1 (colloquial) marshalling yard, shunting yard
:_______________________________.
iâr fach yr haf,
ieir bach yr haf <yaar vaakh ər HAAV, yeir baakh ər HAAV> [jɑːr
vɑːx ər ˡhɑːv, jəɪr bɑːx ər
ˡhɑːv]
(feminine noun)
1 butterfly (‘little hen of the summer’)
:_______________________________.
ias <YAAS> [jɑːs]PLURAL iasau <YA-sai, -e> [ˡjasaɪ,
-ɛ] (feminine noun)
1 thrill, thrill of
excitement, thrill of anticipation
2 shiver, shudder
Cerddodd ias trwof A shiver went
down my spine (“a shudder went / walked through me”)
Fe aeth rhyw ias trwof A shiver went
down my spine (“some (kind of) shudder went through me”)
:_______________________________.
iau <YAI> [jaɪ] masculine noun
PLURAL ieuau
<YEI-ai, -e> [ˡjəɪaɪ, -ɛ]
North Wales
1 liver
2 guts = courage
does ’na ddim iau yno fo
(Northern Welsh for: nid oes dim iau
ynddo fe < (literary Welsh) nid oes iau ynddo)
he’s got no guts, he’s a coward (“there is no liver in him”)
3
llid yr iau hepatitis
("infection (of) the liver")
ETYMOLOGY: iau < au
In Cornish avi (= liver), Breton avu (= liver)
In Irish ae <ee [eː] (= liver)
NOTE: In South Wales, as in Cornish and Breton, there is an intrusive <v> [v]- afu
< au
:_______________________________.
iau <YAI> [jaɪ] adjective
1 younger, comparative
form of ieuanc / ifanc
in the colloquial language, the forms
..1/ ifancach (south) and
..2/ iengach (north) are usual
Dyw e’n mynd ddim iau He’s not
getting any younger
:_______________________________.
iau <-yai, -ye> [-jaɪ, -jɛ]
1 plural termination
Some examples are:
bìl, biliau bill
bryn, bryniau hill
cadair, cadeiriau vhair
ffilm, ffilmiau film
gair, geiriau word
llun, lluniau picture
pris, prisiau price
rhail, rheiliau rail
sail, seiliau foundation, base
sain, seiniau sound
trol. troliau cart
tùn, tuniau tin
:_______________________________.
iawn <yaun> [jaʊn] (adjective)
1 correct, right
2
os cofiaf yn iawn if I remember
rightly
os iawn y cofiaf if I remember
rightly, if my memory serves me well, if my memory's not mistaken
:_______________________________.
iawn <yaun> [jaʊn] (masculine noun)
1 compensation
2 talu iawn (i rywun) <taa-li YAUN> [tɑˑlɪ ˡjaʊn]compensate
3 atonement
gwneud rhywbeth yn iawn am bechod do
something in atonement for a sin
4 (Christianity) yr Iawn Atonement = the reconciliation
of man with God through the sacrificial death of Christ
Athrawiaeth yr Iawn The Doctrine of
Atonement
:_______________________________.
iawndda <YAUN-dha> [ˡjaʊnða]adjective
1
very good, excellent
iawndda iach in excellent health
Shwd ych chi heddi, odi chi'n iawndda?
How are you today, are you all right?
2 so
so, fair, middling
NOTE: South-east Wales as iawnda, iownda
…y ffurf a glywais i ar lafar gwlad yn nwyrain Morgannwg oedd iownda
(Y Treigladau a’u Cystrawen, T. J. Morgan, 1952, t. 27)
…the form I heard in spoken Welsh in east Glamorgan was iownda
An example of calediad – the cancelling of a soft mutation. Other examples
of n-dd > n-d are
cynddeiriog (raging mad) > cyndeiriog (a common colloquial
form)
Llanddwyn (village name, Ynys Môn) > Llandwyn (a varant form)
cynddrwg (= so bad, as bad) > cyndrwg (South Wales)
Ieuan Ddu (= black-haired Ieuan) > Ieuan Du
Llanymddyfri > Llan’ddyfri > Llan’dyfri (town in the county of
Caerfyrddin, from which latter form the English give the town the name of Llandovery)
ETYMOLOGY: (iawn = fine,
correct) + soft mutation + (da =
good)
:_______________________________.
iawndal <YAUN-dal> [ˡjaʊndal] masculine noun
PLURAL iawndaliadau
<yaun-dal-YAA-dai, -e> [jaʊndalˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1 compensation,
settlement
Mae dros filiwn o bunnoedd o iawndal
wedi cael eu talu hyd yma i bobol gafodd eu hanafu yn y ddamwain
Over a million pounds in compensation has been paid out so far to people who
were injured in the accident
iawndal i gyn-lowyr sy’n dioddef o
broblemau anadlu
compensation for miners with (“suffering from”) breathing problems
2 iawndal am ddifrod rhyfel
war damage compensation (“compensation for damage (of) war”)
ETYMOLOGY: (iawn = justice) + soft
mutation + (tâl = payment)
:_______________________________.
Iberia <i-BER-ya> [ɪˡbɛrja]feminine noun
1 Iberia
Rhyfel Iberia The Peninsular War
(1808-1814) - Portuguese, Castilians and English against the French, resulting
in the defeat of the French
:_______________________________.
Iddew, Iddewon
<II-dheu,
i-DHEU-on> [ˡiˑðɛʊ, ɪˡðɛʊɔn] (masculine noun)
1 Jew, Jewish man
2 Iddewon = Jewish men, Jewish people
:_______________________________.
Iddewes,
Iddewesau <i-DHEU-es, i-dheu-E-sai, -e> [ɪˡðɛʊɛs, ɪðɛʊˡɛsaɪ,
-ɛ] (feminine noun)
1 Jewish woman
:_______________________________.
Iddewiaeth <i-DHEU-yaith,
-yeth> [ɪˡðɛʊjaɪθ, -ɛθ]f
1 Judaism = the Jewish religion
ETYMOLOGY: (Iddew = Jew) +(-i-aeth suffix for forming nouns)
:_______________________________.
iddi ‹II-dhi› [ˡiˑðɪ]
1 to her
Rho’r papur iddi Give her the paper
iddi hi to her
iddi hithau to HER
:_______________________________.
iddi nhw ‹II-dhi nu› [ˡiˑðɪnʊ]
1 to them
(variant spelling of iddyn nhw, colloquial form of iddynt [hwy])
:_______________________________.
Iddon <II-dhon> [ˡiˑðɔn]
masculine noun
1 man’s name
NOTE: A former name of the village of Betws-y-coed
was Betws Wyrion Iddon (“(the)
church (of the) grandsons (of) Iddon”)
ETYMOLOGY: ? IUDD- (= lord), suffix -on (British *ONOS), cf MAB = son, and the
name derived from it MABON (though probably in Welsh from a form already
existing in Brythonic *MAPON-) (found as MAPONOS in Gaulish)
:_______________________________.
iddyn nhw ‹II-dhi nu› [ˡiˑðɪnʊ]
1 to them
iddyn nhw to them
iddyn nhwthau to them, to THEM
(Colloquial form of iddynt [hwy])
(Variant spellings of iddyn nhw are iddy’ nhw, iddi nhw)
:_______________________________.
iddynt ‹II-dhint› [ˡiˑðɪnt]
1 to them
iddynt hwy to them
iddynt hwythau to them, to THEM
(Colloquial Welsh iddyn nhw,
sometimes spelt iddi nhw)
:_______________________________.
Idris <I-dris> [ˡɪdrɪs]masculine noun
1
man's name (revived in the 1900s)
2
Cadair Idris (SH6913) mountain in
the district of Meirionnydd (county of Gwynedd). Situated between the rivers
Mawddach and Dysynni, it was on the boundary between the old kingdoms of
Gwynedd and Powys. In local tradition, Idris
was a giant (Idris Gawr = Idris
(the) giant)
Local name: Y Gader
:_______________________________.
Idwal <ID-wal> [ˡɪdwal] (masculine noun)
1 man’s name
:_______________________________.
ie ‹-›
1 semi-consonant i + vowel e
:_______________________________.
ie <I-e> [ˡɪɛ] (phrase)
1 yes
:_______________________________.
iechyd ‹YEE-khid› [ˡjeˑxɪd]
masculine noun
1 health
mewn llawn iechyd in fine health
Nid oedd Ann wedi bod yn ei llawn iechyd
ers tro
Ann hadn’t been completely well for some time
(South) sarnu’ch iechyd ruin
your health
iechyd gwael bad health
2 (Christianity) salvation,
redemption. Used in oaths serving as exclamations of surprise.
(It is possibly as a euphemism for Iesu
= Jesus)
iechyd! ("health")
iechyd annwyl! ("dear
health")
iechyd y byd! (" (the) health
(of) the world")
neno’r iechyd in the name of salvation! in the name of redemption!
neno = colloquial form of yn enw in (the) name (of)
(= yn enw’r iechyd) ("in the name of (the) redemption")
yr iechyd! ("the health")
3 da eich iechyd healthy
("good your health")
gwael eich iechyd in bad health
("bad your health")
dioddef iechyd gwael suffer from bad health
diet gwael yn un
o brif achosion iechyd
gwael
a bad diet is one of the main causes of bad
health
4 cael iechyd enjoy good health ("have health")
5 os caf i iechyd a byw
God willing ("if I have good health and ‹can› live")
6 canolfan iechyd health
centre
7 yswiriant iechyd health
insurance
8 iechyd da ‹YEE-khid DAA, YEE-khi(d)
DAA › [ˌjeˑxɪd ˡdaː, ˌjeˑxɪ(d)
ˡdaː] (toast) good health!
(See separate entry below)
9 Swyddfa Iechyd
Dynolryw The World Health Organisation (“office (of) health (of)
mankind”)
y gwasanaeth iechyd the health service
y Gweithgor Iechyd a
Diogelwch the
Health and Safety Council
10 Sayings:
Tri enllyn iechyd: mêl, ymenyn a llaeth
The three companages for health are honey, butter and milk
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh (iach = healthy) + (-yd, suffix for forming nouns) < British
a > e under the influence of the y [i] in the final syllable (vowel
affection)
From the same British root: Cornish yeghes
(= health), Breton yec’hed (=
health)
A related word in Irish is ící (=
doctor, healer) (older spelling íceadh)
It occurs in the surname Ó hÍcí (older
spelling Ó hÍcidhe), anglicised as O
Hickey
:_______________________________.
iechyd
cymdeithasol <YEE-khid kəm-dei-THA-sol> [ˡjeˑxɪd
kəmdəɪˡθasɔl] (masculine noun)
1 social health
:_______________________________.
iechyd da! <YEE-khid DAA> [ˡjeˑxɪd ˡdɑː]
1 toast Cheers! Your good health!
yfed iechyd da rhywun drink
someone’s health ("drink (the) good health of someone")
yfed iechyd rhywun drink someone’s
health ("drink (the) health of someone")
yfed i iechyd rhywun drink to the
health of (somebody), toast (somebody)
ETYMOLOGY: “good health” (iechyd =
health) + (da = good)
NOTE: This is one of the few Welsh expressions known to English people, though
in a somewhat distorted fashion as English-speakers are generally unable to
pronounce ch [kh] [x].
They write it “yacky dah /
yakky dah / yaki dah” or “yacky dar / yakky dar / yaki dar” or “yacky da / yakky da / yaki da”, and
pronounce it ‹YA-ki
DAA› [ˌjakɪ ˡdaː]
To English
people it suggests the English word “to yack” – to talk without pause. The verb
“yack” is often used (somewhat disparagingly) in the context of a language
which they do not understand – “they were yacking away in Chinese / Greek /
Welsh, etc”, “to go yack, yack, yack”.
Comment from an English forum (“Of [sic] to Pwllheli for a short break”) by
an Englishman from Bolton, Lancashire 12-10-2008, 06:30 PM:
“the best thing to do when the ignorant taffs go into yakky dah speak is to talk in german. this
screws them up big time.”
Added to which is a comment from Amlwch: “Hmm, Welsh people, in Wales, speaking
Welsh to each other. The very cheek of it.”
There is a misconception amongst many English people that this is a form of
greeting, as if “hello” or “how are you”, not realising that it is in fact a
toast to a person’s continued good health.
Interestingly,
in Patagonia the typical Welsh phrase known by the non-Welsh speakers is “bara
menyn” (bread and butter), said to have been used by the Tehuelche Indians when
begging for food at the Welsh farms.
:_______________________________.
Iefan <YEE-van> [ˡjeˑvan]
masculine noun
1 form of the name Ifan (John) in the south-east of Wales
31 December 1601. John Richard Treharne of
Llangattock Llingoed Co. Mon. husbandman to Thomas Morice, clerk vicar of
Llangattock.
GRANT £166.13.4d Messuage in which the said John lately dwelt in Llangattock
with all appurtenances and lands, also two closes or parcels of land containing
2 acres which he lately had and had bought of Richard ap Richard John Ievane situate in the
parish of Llangattock…
http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~llangattocklingoed/deedswills/hanbury.html#1518B
Hanbury Family Papers
ETYMOLOGY: Iefan < Ieuan < British < Latin Johann-
:_______________________________.
ieir <YEIR> [jəɪr] (plural noun)
1 hens; plural of iâr
:_______________________________.
ieithgarwch <ieith-GAA-rukh> [ɪəɪθˡgɑˑrʊx]masculine
noun
1 love of one’s native
language, attachment to one’s mother tongue
Mae ieithgarwch yn elfen hanfodol o
wladgarwch
The love of your language is an essential part of loving one’s country
2 love of the Welsh language
ETYMOLOGY: (ieithgar = loving one’s
native language) + (-wch suffix for
forming nouns
:_______________________________.
ieithmon <YEITH-mon> [ˡjəɪθmɔn]masculine
noun
PLURAL: ieithmyn <YEITH-min> [ˡjəɪθmɪn]
1 someone who knows many
languages
Mae o’n dipyn o ieithmon He’s quite
a linguist
ETYMOLOGY: (ieith- < iaith = language) + (-mon, suffix = man)
:_______________________________.
ieithoedd <YEI-thoidh, -odh> [ˡjəɪθɔɪð,
-ɔð] (plural noun)
1 languages; plural of iaith
:_______________________________.
Ieithon <YEI-thon> [ˡjəɪθɔn]
1 (SO1084) Afon Ieithon river in the district of
Maldwyn (county of Powys)
Rises 7km south of Y Drenewydd; flows south to Llandrindod, joins the river Gwy
2km south of Y Bontnewydd ar Wysg
2 The colloquial form is Ithon
[II-thon] [ˡiˑθɔn]
(probably Ieithon [ˡjəiθɔn] > I-ithon [ˡjiˑθɔn]> Ithon
[ˡiˑθɔn])
..a/ In Y Drenewydd (county of Powys) there is a street called Ithon
..b/ In Llandrindod (county of Powys) there is a street called “Ithon Close”
(which would be “Clos Ithon” in Welsh)
3 (SO1084) Blaenieithon locality
in Maldwyn (Powys)
(“(the) source (of) (the river) Ieithon”)
ETYMOLOGY: Name of a deity? (ieith- < iaith = language) + (suffix –on)
:_______________________________.
ieithydd <YEI-thidh> [ˡjəɪθɪð] masculine noun
PLURAL: ieithyddion,
ieithwyr <yei-THƏDH-yon,-YEITH-wir> [jəɪˡθəðjɔn, ˡjəɪθwɪr]
1 linguist
ETYMOLOGY: (iaith = language) + (-ydd, suffix for forming nouns)
:_______________________________.
Iestyn <YE-stin> [ˡjɛstɪn] (masculine noun)
1 man’s name
:_______________________________.
Iesu <YE-si> [ˡjɛsɪ] (masculine noun)
1 Jesus Christ. Also Iesu
Grist and yr Iesu
2 Rhagom Filwyr Iesu Onward Christian
Soldiers (“before us, soldiers (of) Christ”)
3 (North Wales) colloquially, in oaths: Iesu > ’Esu
:_______________________________.
Iesu Grist <YE-si GRIST> [ˡjɛsɪ ˡgrɪst]masculine noun
1 Jesus Christ
2 Iesu Grist Name given
by the doctor William Price (Llantrisant, 1800-1893) to his son born in 1883
(when the doctor was 82 / 83 years old!) and who died at the age of five months
in January 1884.
The use of the name of Jesus for his son was considered scandalous (though in
Catholic countries it is common as a forename), even more so since William
Price supposed himself to be an archdruid and hence a pagan.
He was arrested and taken to court for cremating the body of his son on a hill
by Llantrisant since burial was the only permitted means of disposal of a dead
body at the time.
However, the court did not consider cremation to be a crime, and from then on
it became common in the countries of Britain as an alternative to burial
3 Mae e fel Iesu Grist bach
(scornful) He’s a little goodie-goodie, He’s a little angel (“he’s like a
little Jesus Christ”)
ETYMOLOGY: (Iesu = Jesus) + soft
mutation + (Crist = the Messiah)
:_______________________________.
iesin <YE-sin> [ˡjɛsɪn]adjective
1 (obsolete) fine, fair,
handsome, beautiful
Taliesin name (= fair brow) (tâl =
brow)
Mor brudd ydoedd gweled prydferthwch mor
iesin,
Dan lwydrew yr hydref yng nghanol yr haf. (“Marw’n yr Haf” / (dying in
summer) Twynog / Cyfrol Goffa y diweddar T. Twynog Jeffreys, Rhymni. Dan
Olygiaeth Dyfed. / Gwrecsam: Argraffwyd gan Hughes a'i Fab. 1912 t.232)
It was so sad to see such radiant beauty
Under the autumn frost in the middle of summer
2 (obsolete) radiant, shining
3 In Aberdyfi (county of Gwynedd) there is a street called Nantiesyn.
Query: Is this a modern name, Nantiesin = fair stream (with an
erroneous spelling with ‘y’)?
ETYMOLOGY: Possibly ias (= heat,
thrill) + (suffix -in).
The word is found as an element in a Gaulish name recorded in Latin as Iestinus
The suffix -in is found in heyernin (= made of iron), deyerin (= earthen)
:_______________________________.
Ieu <YEI> [jəɪ] (masculine noun)
1 familiar form of Ieuan (= John)
ETYMOLOGY: the first syllable of Ieuan
:_______________________________.
Ieuan <YEI-an> [ˡjəɪan] (masculine noun)
1 John, medieval form of Ifan; revived in the 1800s, firstly in
bardic names
2 used in denoting different types of person:
..1/ Ieuan lygad y geiniog (also Ieuan llygad y geiniog) miser (“John
(of the) eye (of) the penny”)
Colloquially Ieuan > Iewan > Iefan > (
ifan)?? > Ifan, where
semiconsonantal i becomes the vowel i
The form Iefan was current in south-east Wales in the 1800’s
Compare ieuanc (= young) > iewanc > iefanc > (
ifanc)??
> ifanc (current colloquial form)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Latin Iohann-
:_______________________________.
ieuanc, ieuainc
<YEI-angk,
YEI-aingk> [ˡjəɪaŋk, ˡjəɪaɪŋk] (adjective)
1 young
2 iau younger,
comparative form of ieuanc / ifanc
in the colloquial language, the forms
..1/ ifancach (south) and
..2/ iengach (north) are usual
Dyw e’n mynd ddim iau He’s not
getting any younger
Colloquially ieuanc (= young) > iewanc > iefanc >> (?
ifanc) > ifanc (current colloquial
form)
Compare Ieuan > Iewan > Iefan > (?
ifan)
> Ifan
The form Iefan was current in south-east Wales in the 1800’s
:_______________________________.
ieuenctid <yei-ENGK-tid> [jəɪˡɛŋktɪd] (masculine noun)
1 youth
i’enctid / ienctid colloquial form
:_______________________________.
ieuo <YEI-o> [ˡjəɪɔ] (verb)
1 to yoke
2 ieuo’n gymharus (of a
man and woman) make a good match (“yoke compatibly”)
:_______________________________.
Ifan <II-van> [ˡiˑvan] (masculine noun)
1 John
2 Evan
3 A pet form is Ifi ‹II-vi›
ETYMOLOGY: From Ieuan (= John), a medieval form now revived as a
forename.
Colloquially Ieuan > Iewan > Iefan > (
-ifan)?? > Ifan (where
semiconsonantal i becomes the vowel i)
Also Ieuan > Iewan > Iefan > Efan (where semiconsonantal i
is discarded)
Cf Northern Welsh, in oaths, Iesu (= Jesus) > ’Esu
The form Iefan was current in south-east Wales in the 1800’s
Compare ieuanc (= young) > iewanc > iefanc > (
ifanc)?? > ifanc (current
colloquial form)
:_______________________________.
Ifana <i-VAA-na> [ɪˡvɑˑna] (feminine noun)
1 woman’s name. Ifan + -a
:_______________________________.
ifanc, ifainc
<I-vangk,
I-vengk> [ˡɪvaŋk, ˡɪvɛŋk] (adjective) (colloquial form) <YEI-angk> [ˡjəɪaŋk]
1
young
2 iau younger, comparative form of ieuanc / ifanc
in the colloquial language, the forms
..1/ ifancach (south) and
..2/ iengach (north) are usual
Dyw e’n mynd ddim iau He’s not
getting any younger
ETYMOLOGY: From ieuanc (= young)
Colloquially ieuanc > iewanc > iefanc > (ifanc)?? > ifanc (current
colloquial form)
Compare Ieuan > Iewan > Iefan > (ifan)??
> Ifan
:_______________________________.
i ffwrdd <i FURDH> [ɪ ˡfʊrð] (adverb)
1 away
:_______________________________.
Ifor <I-vor> [ˡiˑvɔr] (masculine noun)
1 Ifor (‘Ivor’)
:_______________________________.
i fyny <i VƏ-ni> [ɪ ˡvənɪ] (adverb)
1 up
2 Coch i fyny, teg yfory
(“red up, fair tomorrow” i.e. a red colour up in the sky) Red sky at night,
shepherd’s delight; if the sky is red at sunset, tomorrow will be a fine day
:_______________________________.
ig, igion ‹IIG, IG yon› (feminine noun)
1 hiccup
:_______________________________.
-ig ‹ig›
1 A diminutive suffix added to nouns - now non-productive, except in
literary Welsh
Most of the following words are not in
general use.
..1/ afon (= river), afonig (= stream)
..2/ ardd (=hill), erddig (= little hill) (as in the place
names Erddig, Talerddig)
..3/ awel (= wind), awelig (= gentle breeze)
..4/ awr (= hour), orig (= short while)
..5/ bach (= little) *bachig
(bachigol = diminutive, bachigyn = diminutive suffix)
..6/ cân
(= song), canig (= little song)
..7/ coron (= crown), coronig (= little crown)
..8/ darn (= fragment), dernig (= small fragment)
..9/ erw (= acre, plot of land), erwig (= little piece of land)
..10/ henllan (= old church),
henllennig ( = little old church)
..11/ iâr (= hen), ierig (= young hen, pullet),
..12/ llan (= church), llennig ( = little church)
..13/ llysywen (= eel), llysywennig
(= elver, young eel)
..14/ nofel (= novel), nofelig (= novelette)
..15/ oen (= lamb), oenig (= little lamb)
..16/ ynys
(= island), ynysig (= little island)
ETYMOLOGY: -ig < British *-îkâ
:_______________________________.
igam-ogam ‹II–gam-OO-gam› adverb
1 zigzag
dringo igam-ogam i fyny (bryn) to
zigzag up (a hill, etc), go up (a hill, etc) in a zigzag
Dringodd y ceffyl igam-ogam i fyny’r
bryn, o dde i aswy ac o aswy i dde
The horse went up the hill zigzag, from right to left and from left to right
ETYMOLOGY: igam-ogam ‹i –gam-o-gam› < i
gam o gam ‹i gam o gam› (= from step
to step) (i = a) + soft mutation + (cam = pas) + (i = o) + soft mutation + (cam
= pas)
NOTE:
(1) North Wales (1) miga-moga, (2) iga-moga
(2) South Wales (1) migi-moga, (2) mingam-mongam / fingam-fongam, (3) mingi-mongam,
(4) wingi-wonga, (5) gimwch-gamwch, (6) cimach-gamach
(3) South-east Wales: wicam-wocam
:_______________________________.
iglw, iglws ‹II glu, II glus› (masculine noun)
1 igloo
:_______________________________.
i gyd ‹ii giid›
1 completely; especially (noun) + (i gyd)
bod yn dyllau pryfed i gyd (wood) be
riddled with insect holes
Ar yr wyneb, mae Mrs Parri yn gwrteisi i
gyd
On the surface, Mrs Parri is courtesy itself
Arnat ti roedd y bai i gyd It was
your fault entirely
2 bod yn gywilydd i gyd
be thoroughly embarrassed
3 bod yn faw i gyd be covered in muck (“be all mud”)
Yn faw i gyd ma'ch dillad
Your clothes are covered in muck
4 (South Wales): yn dosau i
gyd,
(North Wales): yn blorod i gyd
(face) covered in acne
5 yn inc i gyd inky, all
inky, covered with ink
6 all, completely
Mae’r tatws yn feddal i gyd ac yn
gwynto’n ddrwg
The potatoes are all soft and they smell bad
7 complete, nothing but
Lwc i gyd oedd y cwbl It was all
sheer / pure / complete luck
8 with superlatives, to form phrases of equative increase,
equivalent to the English formula “the... the...” (the sooner the better)
gorau i gyd po gynta
the sooner the better
9 in all, in total, altogether = including everything (in giving a
total at the end of a list or a series)
Pregethodd yn y bore i gleifion a staff Ysbyty Glan Clwyd, ac wedyn yn
eglwysi'r Rhyl a Phrestatyn. Tair pregeth i gyd
He gave a sermon in the morning to the patients and staff of Glan Clwyd
Hospital and then in the churches (chapels) at Rhyl and Prestatyn. Three
sermons in all.
Yr oedd e wedi hwylio o Lerpwl i América
bump o weithiau i gyd
In all, he sailed from Liverpool to America five times
10 everyone
Nos da i gyd Good night, everybody
11 gwên i gyd all smiles
Roedd pawb yn wên i gyd Everybody
was all smiles
12 Roedd ei wallt du yn twmlo
dros i dalcen yn gwrle mân i gyd
His black hair tumbles over his forehead in a mass of curls (“as curls all”)
13 eto i gyd in spite of
that
14 hynny i gyd all that
15 yng Nghymru i gyd in
the whole of Wales
16 all (of something); used after a verb
Mae e'n siglo i gyd The whole thing
is shaking
17 gorau i gyd best of
all
18 all
plant i gyd all children, nothing
but children
ETYMOLOGY: (i preposition = to ) + soft mutation + ( cyd = union)
NOTE: also: 'gyd after a vowel
:_______________________________.
i gyfeiriad ‹ii gə-VEIR-yad›
1
in the direction of
ar bwys yr eglwys, i gyfeiriad yr afon near the church, in hte direction
of the river / as you go towards the river
ETYMOLOGY: (i preposition = to ) + soft mutation + (cyfeiriad = direction)
:_______________________________.
i lan ‹i LAN› (adverb)
(Colloquially lan, without the
preposition i)
1 (South) up
2
(South) mynd lan rhiw go uphill
:_______________________________.
i lawr ‹i LAUR› (adverb)
(Colloquially lawr, without the
preposition i)
1 down
2 torri (drws) i lawr break
(a door) down
torri (wal) i lawr knock down, flatten (a wall)
:_______________________________.
ildio ‹ILD yo› (verb)
1 yield
2 (road junction) give way
3 eich ildio’ch hun
surrender, give oneself up (to an enemy)
:_______________________________.
Ilid ‹I lid› (feminine noun)
1 woman’s name
2 Welsh woman saint (Llanilid
- place name)
:_______________________________.
Illtud ‹ILH tid› (masculine noun)
1 man’s name;
2 Welsh male saint (Llanilltud - place name)
:_______________________________.
Illtyd ‹ILH tid› (masculine noun)
1 man’s name; a traditional spelling (though unetymological) of Illtud,
since the final element is tud (= people)
:_______________________________.
Illtyda ‹ilh Tə da›
(feminine noun)
1 a female name based on Illtyd ; a traditional spelling of Illtud, (though
unetymological, since the final element is tud = people)
Aber-lash, Llandybie. Jenetta Illtyda Howell (1776-1821), whose grandfather was Illtyd Evans (junior)
(1723-1776), and great-grandfather Illtyd Evans (senior) (1698-1746)
Historic Ammanford Houses and their Families
http://www.terrynorm.ic24.net/historichouses.htm#14
ETYMOLOGY: (Illtyd- < Illtyd) + (-a
suffix added to male names
to form female names)
Other examples of the use of –a in this way are Ifan / Ifana, Meirion
/ Meiriona
:_______________________________.
i maes ‹i MAIS› (preposition)
1 out
1 Used in the south, replacing in most cases allan which is more typical of northern Welsh, and standard Welsh
The preposition i is lost, leaving “maes”, prounced ‹maaas›. Generally written mâs, ma’s, and ma’s is the recommended form; here we
favour maas for clarity. See the entry for aa
2 (South) rhedeg maas
(North: rhedeg allan) run out
3 (commodity – become scarce) (South) rhedeg maas (North: rhedeg
allan) run out
Mae’r llaeth wedi rhedeg maas The
milk’s run out
4 (South) rhedeg maas o
rywbeth (North: rhedeg allan o
rywbeth) run out of something
Ryn ni wedi rydeg maas o de We’ve
run out of tea (rydeg – a southern
colloquial form of rhedeg)
:_______________________________.
i mewn ‹i MEUN› (adv)
1 inside
2
(preposition) i mewn i into
taro eich pig i mewn (i rywbeth)
stick your nose into something (“hit / strike your nose...”)
gwthio eich pig i mewn (i rywbeth)
stick your nose into something (“push your nose...”)
rhoi’ch pig i mewn (i rywbeth) stick
your nose into something (“give / put your nose...”)
Ma fa â'i big miwn i bobman He's a
real busybody, He’s really nosy (“he’s with his beak / nose in everywhere”)
:_______________________________.
i mi ‹i MII›
1 to me
Rhowch amser i mi feddwl Give me
time to think
Gadwch i mi feddwl Let me think
:_______________________________.
impyn o’r un
pren ‹im-pin or iin pren›
South Wales
1 (said of someone who is from the same family)
("a shoot from the same tree")
(impyn = shoot) + (o’r from the)
+ (un = one; same) + (pren = tree)
:_______________________________.
in (ìn) ‹IN› m
PLURAL: ins ‹INS›
North-west Wales
1 inn (also occurs as ing; hence the place name Y Ring < Yr Ing
ETYMOLOGY: English inn < Old English inn < adverb in (= in, inside, in the interior)
:_______________________________.
-in
‹IN› m
1 In words
of English origin, with –ing in modern standard English.
padin padding
pwdin pudding
seidin railway siding
topin topping (on food)
The –g has been restored in English as the tendency was to lose it even in
educated speech (“huntin’, shootin’ and fishin’” foermerly in aristocratic
English), and dialect English continues to use forms without the final –g (and
so too careless speech even by educated speakers)
Observations on some of the dialects in the West of
England particularly with a glossary of words now in use there ; and poems and
other pieces, exemplifying the dialect. By James Jennings, Honorary Secretary
of the Metropolitan Library Institution, London.
London, 1825.
The g, in the present
participle, is also silent. Thus, instead of loving, we have lovin; for
hearing, hearin or hirin ; for singing, zingin, &c. And, generally, all
words of two or more syllables, ending in our polished dialect in ing, have the
g omitted in the Somersetshire pronunciation. Thus, lightning, is lightnin ;
groaning, groanin ; gosling, gozlin, &c. &c.
:_______________________________.
-in ‹-in› suffix
1
in a handful of old adjectives referring to materials (mainly metals)
ariannin (literary Welsh) made of
silver; silvery
(ariann- a penultimate-syllable form
of arian = silver) + (-in)
The Welsh name for Argentina is this same word – Yr Ariannin – a nineteenth-century
coining
eurin (literary Welsh) made of gold; golden, splendid, magnificent
(eur- penultimate-syllable form of aur = gold) + (-in)
heyernin (literary Welsh) (= made of iron)
(heyern- a penultimate-syllable form
of haearn = iron) + (-in)
(South-west Wales: harnin – a metal object. From harn, the
southern form of haern = iron, replaces heyern-)
priddin (literary Welsh) (= earthern, made of earth)
(pridd = earth) + (-in)
2 after
names of plants, as an adjective, and as a noun, ‘place of…’
celynnin (= holly, made of holly)
(place of holly)
(celynn- penultimate-syllable form
of celyn = holly bushes) + (-in)
derwin (= oaken, made of oak) (place of oaks)
(derw- penultimate-syllable form of derw = oak trees) + (-in)
gwernin (= alder, made of alder) (place of alders)
(gwern = alder trees) + (-in)
hesgin (= sedge, made of sedge)
(place of sedges)
(hesg = sedges) + (-in)
ysgewin (= elder, made of elder) (place of elder trees)
(ysgaw = elder trees) + (-in)
3 diminutive of adjectives,
or used to form adjectives
cysefin (= original) < British
*kint-sam-în-os
gerwin (= rough) < garw (= rough)
hesbin (originally an adjective)
(= yearling ewe) (hesb, feminine
form of hysb = dry, barren) + (-in suffix)
4 diminutive of nouns
cribin comb, rake (crib = comb)
gwastedin level ground, open country; Gwastedin a medieval townland
of Nantmel (Powys) (gwastad = plain, flat land; (adj) flat)
Cynin river name; from a personal name?
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh –in
< British *-în-os
Cf Latin -înos, Greek -înos, Sanskrit -îna-h
:_______________________________.
inc ‹ingk› masculine
noun
PLURAL: inciau
‹ingk -ye›
1 ink, liquid for writing
with a pen
llestr inc inkwell = vessel for holding
ink into which a pen nib is dipped
pot inc inkwell, inkpot
2 ink = printer’s ink, paste for printing
3 in comparisons, said of something black
fel inc like ink, as black as ink
Mae’r awyr fel inc The sky’s as
black as ink
mor ddued â’r inc as black as ink
4 in expressions referring to something not yet paid for:
(Mae) arogl inc ar (rywbeth) (There
is) the smell of ink on (something)
(Mae) gwynt inc ar (rywbeth) (There
is) the smell of ink on (something)
5 yn inc i gyd inky, all
inky, covered with ink
6 inc lliniadu drawing
ink
7 dileu rhywbeth ag inc
ink out something
8
mynd dros rywbeth ag inc ink over
something, re-do pencil lines in ink
9 pàd inc ink pad
10 inc India Indian ink
11 inc parhaol indelible
ink
12 inc marcio ‹ingk MARK yo› (masculine noun) marker ink
ETYMOLOGY: inc < English ink < French enque (modern French encre)
< Latin encaustum < Greek enkauston (= purple ink) < enkaustos (‘in + burnt’) < enkaein ‘burn + in’.
The element -kaustos is to be seen
in English caustic
:_______________________________.
INCORRECT STREET NAMES AND HOUSE NAMES
There are a number of names to be seen
which are obviously incorrect – usually poor translations of English
names by people who do not speak Welsh or who have a poor understanding of the
language. Here are some examples:
Coed Celynen. Name of a housing estate in Aber-carn (Caerffili).
It means “Celynen’s wood”, “(the) wood (of, by) (the colliery called) Celynen”.
In Aber-carn were the collieres with the English names of Celynen North and
Celynen South. Maybe “coed y gelynen” would have been better Welsh. But Kelly’s
“Directory of Monmouthshire 1901” has “Evans, Rev. John (Welsh Calvinistic Methodist),
Cae Celynen”, though this too would have been better as “cae’r gelynen”.
The following occurs on
the 1881 census for Monmouth, which suggests that the name was Y Gelynen:
“Gelynen, Mynyddyslwyn”
Heol Miaren (qv), Treforus
(county of Abertawe / Swansea). A poor translation of English “Bramble Street”. It would have to be
Heol y Fiaren “(the) street (of) the bramble bush” (heol = street) + (y definite
article = the) + (miaren = bramble bush)
Llys Miaren A street in Y Rhyl.
The name is not correct Welsh – it is a poor translation of an English name
“Bramble Court”. It would have to be Llys y Fiaren “(the)
court (of) the bramble bush” (llys = court) + (y definite article = the) + (miaren = bramble bush)
:_______________________________.
india-corn ‹kob› ‹ind-ya-
korn› masculine noun
1
Indian corn
2
india-corn ar y còb corn on the cob
wisgi india-corn corn whiskey
siwgwr india-corn corn sugar,
dextrose
olew india-corn corn oil
ETYMOLOGY: adaptation of Englandic < American English Indian corn
NOTE: also (literary) indrawn;
colloquialy also indian-corn, inja-corn,
injan-corn
:_______________________________.
inc diflanedig ‹ingk di-vla- nê -dig› masculine noun
1 invisible ink
ETYMOLOGY: (inc = ink) + (diflanedig = disappearing, disappeared)
:_______________________________.
incio ‹ingk -yo› verb
1 ink = cover with ink
2 ink = stain with ink
ETYMOLOGY: (inc = ink) + (-io = suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
inciog ‹ingk -yog› adjective
2 inky = covered with ink, stained with ink
ETYMOLOGY: (inc = ink) + (-iog = suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
incil ‹ing -kil› masculine
noun
PLURAL: inciliau
‹ing-kil-ye›
1 linen tape for
decorating clothes, lace
2 thread hanging loose from a garment, loose thread
3 incil mesur measuring
tape
4 incil glud sticky tape
("tape (of) glue")
5 incil coch red tape = bureaucratic procedures
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh incil < English inkle = linen tape, possibly from Dutch
enkel = single
:_______________________________.
Indiad, Indiaid
‹IND
yad, IND yed› (m)
1 Indian (= native of India)
2 Indian = native American
rhandir Indiaid Americanaidd
American Indian reservation = land onto which US native peoples were removed
after expulsion from their traditional territories
Indiaid Cochion “Red Indians”,
native American peoples
Indiaid Gogledd América North
American Indians
ar ôl treulio'r gaeaf gyda'r Indiaid Mandan…
after spending the winter with the Mandan Indians
Rhyd yr Indiaid (Paso de los Indios) locality in
Patagonia (“(the) ford (of) the Indians”)
:_______________________________.
ing ‹ING› m
1 agony, pain, extreme pain
PLURAL: ingau, ingoedd ‹ING-au,
-e, ING-oidh, -odh›
Y mae salwch y môr fel y ddannodd - nid
oes neb yn cydymdeimlo â chwi yn eich helynt
a'ch ing ofnadwy
Seasickness is like toothache - nobody sympathises with you in your trouble and
terrible pain
t89 Seneddwr ar Dramp Rhys J Davies 1935
3 distress; anguish
Corinthiaid-2 4:8 Ym mhob peth yr ym yn
gystuddiol, ond nid mewn ing; yr ydym mewn cyfyng gyngor, ond nid yn ddiobaith
Corinithians-2 4:8 We are troubled on every side, yet not distressed; we are
perplexed, but not in despair
Yr oedd yn hawdd i Siân amgyffred ing calon ei chyfnither wrth ffarweilio
â’i chartref
It was easy for Siân to understand the anguish in the heart heart of her cousin
as she bade farewell to her home
Y cyfaill gwir yn yr ing fe'i gwelir
A friend in need is a friend indeed ("the true friend, in the anguish he
is seen" - i.e. will appear when you are in an anguished situation)
emosiwn ac ing llais yr hen wraig
the emotion and distress of the old lady’s voice
ETYMOLOGY: ing < yng < British < Celtic *angj-os
From the same British root: Breton enk (adjective = narrow, cramped)
:_______________________________.
ing ‹ING› m
1 A local form ìn (an inn), a word taken from English
Occurs in
the place name Ring = Y Ring
< Yr Ing (“the inn”),
Mae yn Llanfrothen dafarn adnabyddus, y "Brondanw Arms" ("Y
Ring" i bobl leol) ac ysgol gynradd.
In Llanfrothen there is a well-known tavern, the Brondanw Arms (“Y Ring” to the
local people) and (there is) a primary school
NOTE: See ìn
:_______________________________.
ing ‹ING› determiner
(South-west Wales)
1 my
ETYMOLOGY: ing < in < yn < fyn
:_______________________________.
-ing ‹ING› suffix
1 This suffix denotes 'the territory of', originally 'the descendants of'. It occurs in
a number of territory names
Coeling
Dunoding
Glwysing A territory between the river Tawe in the west and the river
Wysg / Usk in the east, said to be named after King Glywys. Sometimes
used as a synomym of Morgannwg / Glamorgan, but the territory of
Morgannwg also included land east of Wysg./ river Usk
:_______________________________.
injen, injens ‹IN jen, IN jens› (f)
1 engine
2 grymuso injen soup
up an engine (“strengthen [an] engine”)
:_______________________________.
innau,
"inne" ‹I ne›
(pronoun)
1 I too
:_______________________________.
Ioan ‹YO an› (masculine noun) John (from the form used in the
Welsh translation of the Bible, taken directly from the Greek form)
:_______________________________.
iòb, iòbs ‹YOB, YOBS› (masculine noun) yob
:_______________________________.
-iog ‹yog› (suffix)
1 suffix; see -og
:_______________________________.
-iol ‹yol› (suffix)
1 suffix; see -ol
:_______________________________.
Iola ‹yo -la› feminine noun
1 woman’s name (twentieth century)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh, feminisation of the name Iolo
(which is a diminutive form of Iorwerth)
:_______________________________.
Iolo ‹YO lo› (masculine noun)
1 man’s name; diminutive of Iorwerth
:_______________________________.
iolyn ‹yo -lin› masculine noun
PLURAL: iolod ‹yo -lod›
South Wales
1
idiot, fool
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh, originally a pet form of Iorwerth;
the first syllable ior- with a
change of consonant iol- + (-yn, diminutive suffix)
:_______________________________.
Iolo Goch ‹yo lo GOOKH› (masculine noun)
1 poet from Lleweni, Dyffryn Clwyd c1320-1398
ETYMOLOGY: (Iolo, fond form of Iorwerth)
+ soft mutation + (coch = red-haired)
:_______________________________.
ïon ‹i -on› masculine noun
PLURAL: ïonau ‹i- ô -ne›
1 ion = electrically
charged particle
ETYMOLOGY: English ion < Greek ion, neutral present participle of the
verb ienai (= to go)
NOTE: See ïoneiddio
:_______________________________.
Ionawr ‹yô -naur› masculine
noun
1 January = first month of the year
mis Ionawr January
ym mis Ionawr in January
ar ddechrau mis Ionawr at the beginning of January
ar ganol mis Ionawr in the middle
of January, in mid-January
ar ddiwedd mis Ionawr at the end of
January
2 maeth
Ionawr name given to snow which falls in January - ("sustenance (of)
January") - a hard winter creates good growing conditions in the soil
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh Ionor < Ionawr < *Iawnawr < British < Latin Iân’ârius < Iânuârius
(the first month of the year named after the god Iânus (Janus), who had two
faces; he looked simultaneously back at the old year and forward to the new
year);
From the same British root: Cornish Genver
(= January), Breton genver (=
January)
From the same Latin root: Irish Eanáir
(= January)
NOTE: Ionor is a common spoken form
– and the form to be expected colloquially, since words with final aw generally become o.
The form Ionawr with aw with retained is due to literary
usage.
Curiously, the form Chwefrawr (=
February) with ‘aw’ however is not in use at all, even in literary Welsh – it
is always Chwefror in modern Welsh
01 Ionawr (y cyntaf o Ionawr)
Dydd Calan = New Year’s Day (“day
(of the) calend”)
Y Calan = = New Year’s Day (“(the)
calend”)
Awr fawr Calan,
dwy Wyl Eilian, tair Wyl Fair (traditional saying)
‘big hour (on) the calend (“awr fawr y Calan”), two on Eilian’s feastday,
and three on Mary’s feastday’
that is, the day will have lengthened
(1) a full hour by New Year’s Day (Y Calan) on January the first, (half an hour
in the morning a half an hour in the evening),
(2) two hours on Eilian’s feastday (Gwyl Eilian) on January the thirteenth, and
(3) three hours by Lady Day (Gwyl Fair) on February the second
02 Ionawr (yr ail o Ionawr)
03 Ionawr (y trydydd o Ionawr)
04 Ionawr (y pedwerydd o Ionawr)
05 Ionawr (y pumed o Ionawr)
06 Ionawr (y chweched o Ionawr)
Gwyl yr Ystwyll Twelfth Day, Epiphany (from Latin “stella” =
star, the Star of Bethlehem which guided the Three Wise Men to the stable with the
crib of Jesus)
07 Ionawr (y seithfed o Ionawr)
08 Ionawr (yr wythfed o Ionawr)
09 Ionawr (y nawfed o Ionawr)
10 Ionawr (y degfed o Ionawr)
11 Ionawr (yr unfed ar ddeg o Ionawr)
12 Ionawr (y deuddeg o Ionawr)
13 Ionawr (y trydydd ar ddeg o Ionawr)
Gwyl Eilian = Eilian’s Day (Welsh
Saint)
Awr fawr Calan, dwy Wyl Eilian, tair Wyl Fair
‘big hour (on) the calend (“awr fawr y Calan”), two on Eilian’s feastday,
and three on Mary’s feastday’
that is, the day will have lengthened
(1) a full hour by New Year’s Day (Y Calan) on January the first, (half an hour
in the morning a half an hour in the evening),
(2) two hours on Eilian’s feastday (Gwyl Eilian) on January the thirteenth, and
(3) three hours by Lady Day (Gwyl Fair) on February the second
14 Ionawr (y pedwerydd ar ddeg o Ionawr)
15 Ionawr (y pymthegfed o Ionawr)
16 Ionawr (yr unfed ar bymtheg o Ionawr)
17 Ionawr (yr ail ar bymtheg o Ionawr)
18 Ionawr (y deunawfed o Ionawr)
19 Ionawr (y pedwerydd ar bymtheg o Ionawr)
20 Ionawr (yr ugeinfed o Ionawr)
21 Ionawr (yr unfed ar hugain o Ionawr)
22 Ionawr (yr ail ar hugain o Ionawr)
23 Ionawr (y trydydd ar hugain o Ionawr)
24 Ionawr (y pedwerydd ar hugain o Ionawr) Noswyl Dwynwen eve of Dwynwen’s day
25 Ionawr (y pumed ar hugain o Ionawr) (1) Gwyl Santes Dwynwen feast of Dwynwen (Welsh saint, patron of
lovers) (2) Gwyl Bawl = Conversion
of Saint Paul
26 Ionawr (y chweched ar hugain o Ionawr)
27 Ionawr (y seithfed ar hugain o Ionawr)
28 Ionawr (yr wythfed ar hugain o Ionawr)
29 Ionawr (y nawfed ar hugain o Ionawr)
30 Ionawr (y degfed ar hugain o Ionawr
31 Ionawr (yr unfed ar ddeg ar hugain o Ionawr)
- ym mis Ionawr ‹ə mis YOO naur› (masculine noun) in January
:_______________________________.
iôr ‹YOOR› masculine
noun
1 lord
Yr Iôr the Lord, the Lord God
drwy rad yr
Iôr throught the grace of the Lord
2 Iorwerth (qv)
Man’s name, of Welsh origin. The English equivalent name is “Edward”, though it
is not a real equivalent. It was used a such because of the vague resemblance
in pronunciation or appearance.
3 Iorwen (qv) Woman’s name
:_______________________________.
Iorath ‹YOO-rath› masculine
noun
1 South-east Wales form of
the man’s name Iorwerth (qv)
(1) forename Iorath,
(2) patronymic ab Iorath or simply Iorath (from the sixteenth century
onwards the element "ap" was lost in patronymics)
(3) surname Iorath. which in English
is spelt Yorath
(4) In place names:
.....(a) Llwyniorath (“Llwyn Yorath”)
farm south of Y Betws (county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr) (“Iorath’s grove”)
.....(b) Moel Iorath hill north-east
of Glyncorrwg (county of Castell-nedd ac Aberafan) (“Iorath’s hill”)
.....(c) In Yr Eglwysnewydd in Caer-dydd there are the following street names:
............(i) Caeiorath (“(the)
field (of) Iorath”) (official name: Cae Yorath)
............(ii) Clas Iorath (“(the)
close (of) Iorath”, Iorath Close) (official name: Clas Yorath)
............(iii) Heol Iorath
(official name: Yorath Road)
ETYMOLOGY: Iorath < *Ioreth < *Iorweth < Iorwerth
:_______________________________.
Iorddonen ‹ior-DHOO-nen› feminine noun
1 the river Jordan
Brenhinoedd-2 5:10, 11 Ac Eliseus
a anfonodd ato ef gennad, gan ddywedyd, Dos ac ymolch saith waith yn yr Iorddonen...
Ond Namaan a ddigiodd, ac a aeth ymaith
Kings-2 5:10, 11 And Elisha sent a messenger unto him, saying, Go and
wash in Jordan seven times... But Namaan was wroth, and went away
2 Gwlad yr Iorddonen
Jordan (country)
ETYMOLOGY: ??
:_______________________________.
Iori ‹YO-ri› masculine noun
1 man’s name - pet form of Iorwerth
ETYMOLOGY: (Ior- first syllable of Iorwerth) + (-i diminutive suffix)
:_______________________________.
iorth ‹yorth› adjective
1 (obsolete) diligent, studious
ETYMOLOGY: variant of eorth (=
diligent) < British < Celtic eks-ort-;
stem *or- (= to rise).
Cf the Latin word oriri (= to rise,
spring from), as in English origin
< Latin orîgô < oriri
:_______________________________.
iorthryn ‹yorth-rin› masculine noun
1 (obsolete) diligence, studiousness
2 Iorthryn Gwynedd
pseudonym of R. D. Thomas, author of “Hanes Cymry America” (A History of the
Welsh in America, published in 1872) (literally “(the one called) Iorthryn
(from) (the region of) Gwynedd)”
ETYMOLOGY: variant of eorthryn <
ehorthryn (= diligence); (eorth,
ehorth- = diligent) + soft mutation + (rhyn)
:_______________________________.
Iorwen ‹YOR-wen› (f)
1 woman’s name
NOTE: Infreqüent. A modern coining (1800s? 1900s?).
ETYMOLOGY:
..a/ ‘lord’, ‘deity’ (iôr = lord) +
(suffix –wen, used to form girls’ names. In older names it has the sense
of ‘white / pure / holy’; soft-mutated form of gwen, feminine form of gwyn
= white; pure, holy, etc)
..b/ or (Ior-, first element of the name Iorwerth) + (suffix –wen) – that is, a feminine
counterpart to the name Iorwerth
:_______________________________.
Iorwerth ‹YOR-werth› masculine
noun
1 man’s name
...(1) Historically the English name Edward
was considered to be an equivalent of Iorwerth
(because of the vague resemblance in form), and in some families where Iorwerth
was a traditional name Edward came to replace it
...(2) pet forms: Iori, Iolo, Iolyn,
Iorws, Iocyn, Ioro
2 South-east Wales: Iorwerth
> Iorath (qv)
...(1) forename Iorath,
...(2) patronymic (son of Iorath) ap
Iorath or simply Iorath,
...(3) surname Iorath. which in
English is spelt Yorath
Llwyniorath farm south of Betws
(county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr) (“Iorath’s grove”)
ETYMOLOGY: Apparently Iôr (= lord) +
soft mutation + (gwerth = worth,
value)
:_______________________________.
ir ‹iir› adjective
1
fresh
2
green
3
raw
4
irlaeth first milk of a cow after
calving
(ir = fresh, new) + soft mutation +
(llaeth = milk)
5
(verb amb objecte) anoint, oil
(ir) + (-o, suffix for forming verbs; (the first element is probably the
adjective ir = new, fresh, lively,
vigorous)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Celtic
From the same Celtic root: Irish úr
(= fresh, new), Scottish ùr (= new);
From the same Indoeuropean root: Latin pûrus
(= pure, unstained)
:_______________________________.
i’r ‹ir› -
1 to the
2 in certain phrases which in English do not have the definite
article
mynd i’r capel go to chapel
mynd i’r carchar go to prison
mynd i’r cwrdd go to chapel (South
Wales)
mynd i’r eglwys go to church
mynd i’r gwely go to bed
mynd i’r ysbyty go to hospital
mynd i’r ysgol go to school
ETYMOLOGY: contraction of (i = to) +
(yr = the)
:_______________________________.
iraid ‹i -red› masculine
noun
PLURAL: ireidiau
‹i- reid -ye›
1 fat, grease (as
globules in soup)
llygedyn o iraid globule of fat
("eyelet of fat")
2 lubricant; grease for oiling a mechanism or machinery
3 grease for polishing shoes
4 adjective polished
esgidiau iraid polished shoes
offer iraid polished horse harness
ETYMOLOGY: probably from ir- (stem
of the verb iro = to lubricate) + (-aid, suffix)
NOTE: standard form iraid ‹i-raid›, spoken
forms: ired ‹i-red›, and in the ‘a’ zones (north-west,
south-east), irad ‹i-rad›
:_______________________________.
i’r camdwll ‹ir kam-dulh›
1 mynd i’r camdwll (food) go down the wrong way ("go to the
wrong hole")
:_______________________________.
i’r clawdd ‹ir klaudh›
1 mynd i’r clawdd (business) go bankrupt, fail ("go to the
ditch")
:_______________________________.
I’r cwm rhed y
cerrig, felly arian i fonheddig ‹ir kum
hreed ə ke-rig, ve-lhi ar-yan i vo-nhê-dhig›
1 (saying) Money goes
where money is; The rich get all the money
ETYMOLOGY: (it is) to the valley (that) run the stones, in-the-same-way money
to (a) gentleman / nobleman
(i’r = to the) + (cwm = valley) + (y = that) + (rhed =
runs) + (y cerrig = the stones) + (felly = thus, in the same way) + (arian = money) + (i = to) + soft mutation + (bonheddig
= nobleman, one of the gentry, gentleman)
:_______________________________.
i’r dim ‹ir DIM› (adverbi)
1
exactly
2
gweddi i’w gilydd i’r dim suit each
other exactly, be a perfect match
:_______________________________.
ireidlyd ‹i-reid-lid› masculine
noun
1 greasy
ETYMOLOGY: (ireid- < iraid =
grease) + (-lyd suffix = full)
:_______________________________.
i’r eithaf ‹ir EI tha› (adverbi)
1
to the extreme
2 manteisio i’r eithaf ar (rywbeth) =
make the most of (“take advantage to the furthest on”)
:_______________________________.
Irfon ‹IR von› (feminine noun)
1 river in the south-east
:_______________________________.
i’r gwellt ‹ir gwelht›
1 mynd i’r gwellt (business) go bankrupt, fail ("go to the grass
/ straw")
:_______________________________.
i’r
gwrthwyneb
1 far from it, quite the contrary
:_______________________________.
IRISH
(Gaeilge)
..1/ IRISH WORDS IN WELSH
..a/ addas (= appropriate) < Old
Irish adas (= worthy, apt)
..b/ brechdan (= sandwich)
..c/ Cablyd: dydd Iau Cablyd = Maundy Thursday, the Thursday before Good
Friday.
Welsh cablyd < Old Irish caplat
< Latin capitātiō (capit- stem of caput
= head) + (-ātiō, -ātiōn-) (=
shaving of the head) (on this day monks’ heads were shaved, and their feet were
washed).
Cornish diyow Chambliz (= Maundy
Thursday), Breton deiz iaou Gamblid (=
Maundy Thursday)
Modern Irish has caplaid, in the phrases lá Caplaide “Maundy Day”, Déardaoin Caplaide (= Maundy Thursday)
..d/ celc (= hoard, fortune) < cealg (= deceit)
..e/ Clarach place name, Ceredigion
..f/ Clydach place name, various
localities in South Wales
..g/ cnwc (= hill) < cnoc (= hill)
..h/ codwm (= fall)
..i/ crintach (= miser, North Wales) is possibly < Irish críontach (=
withered-up old person), nowadays in modern Irish críontachán, with the
diminutive suffix –án
..j/ llain (= strip of land) < lla|in (two syllables) < Old Irish láigen (= spear) (modern Irish: láighe = spear)
..k/ mantach (= gap-toothed) < mantach (= gap-toothed)
..l/ smachd (= dirty trick; rebuke)
< smachd (literary Irish: rule,
regulatio; rule, sway, dominion; control)
Welsh cunnog (= milking pail) corresponds to modern Irish cuinneog (= butter churn), and may be a
loan from Irish
..2/ WELSH WORDS IN IRISH
..a/ carraig (= stone) < carreg (= stone)
..b/ creágan (= little rock) < craig (= rock)
..c/ Gaeilge (= Irish) < Gwyddeleg (= Irish)
..d/ leastar ‹l'a-stər› (=
vessel, cask) < llestr (= vessel)
:_______________________________.
irlaeth ‹ir -leth› masculine
noun
1
first milk of a cow after calving
ETYMOLOGY: (ir = fresh, new) + soft
mutation + (llaeth = milk)
:_______________________________.
i’r mymryn ‹ir MƏM rin› (adverb)
1 exactly (‘to the fragment’)
:_______________________________.
iro tin mochyn
tew ‹î-ro tiin mô-khin teu›
1 "grease the arse
of a fat pig" = give something to somebody who doesn’t really need it
(give money to people already well off and so not in need of it, give food to
someone well-fed when others are in more need of it)
ETYMOLOGY: (iro = to grease, to
lubricate) + (tin = arse) + (mochyn = pig) + (tew = fat)
:_______________________________.
i’r wal ‹ir wal›
1 mynd i’r wal (business) go bankrupt, fail ("go to the
wall")
2 gyrru i’r wal
(business) make bankrupt, cause to fail ("drive to the wall")
ETYMOLOGY: (i’r = to the) + (wal = wall)
:_______________________________.
is ‹IIS›
1 (adjective) lower
yn is ar yr afon (adverb of place) downstream, downriver
:_______________________________.
is (preposition)
1 under, below (the counterpart of uwch = above)
2 In township names,
house names and street names
Street names:
Is-clawdd. Parish name Caron Is-clawdd. (= is y clawdd –
below the ditch)
Ismyrddin (“below (the hillfort
called) Myrddin”) street name in Abergwili (county of Caerfyrddin) (spelt
officially as “Is Myrddin”)
Is-y-bryn (“below the hill”) street
name in Trefychan (county of Caerfyrddin) (spelt officially as “Is Y Bryn”)
Isybryniau (“below the hills”)
street name in Cwmllynfell (Castell-nedd ac Abertawe) (spelt officially as
“Is-Y-Bryniau”)
Is-y-coed (“below the wood”)
..a/ street name in Gwenfô (county of Caer-dydd) (spelt officially as “Is Y
Coed”)
..b/ street name in Y Maerdy (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf) (spelt officially as
“Is-Y-Coed”)
Isygarreg (“below the
upland”) township name, Machynlleth (also Uwchygarreg)
Isymynydd (“below the upland”)
street name in Cilcain, Yr Wyddgrug (County of Y Fllint) (spelt officially as
“Is Y Mynydd”); Isymynydd – hamlet in Llanaber (Gwynedd). Also here is the
hamlet of Uwchymynydd.
Is-y-llan (“below the wood”) street
name in Llanddarog (county of Caerfyrddin) (spelt officially as “Is-Y-Llan”)
Is-y-llyn (“below the
lake”) street name in Cenfymeithin (?spelt officially as “Is-y-Llyn”)
Is-yr-allt (“below
the hill”) house name in Heol Gwernaffild, Yr Wyddgrug (apparently spelt as
“Is-Yr-Allt” or “Is yr Allt” according to internet searches for the name)
Is-y-rhos (“below the moor”) street
name in Cae’r-bont SN8011, Aber-craf (county of Powys)
:_______________________________.
is- ‹is› prefix
1 sub
is-bwyllgor sub-committee
isgátegori subcategory
isgyfandir subcontinent
2 (person, rank) sub-, vice-, under-
is-lywydd vice-president
is-olygydd sub-editor
is-reolwr under-manager
is-ysgrifennydd under-secretary
3 (place names) under, below
Isallt under / below the hill
Isawel under / below the wind / breeze
Isfryn under / below the hill
Isgarreg under / below
the stone (unless this is is y garreg, with loss of medial ‘y’)
(a) part of Llan-brynmair; (b) place
between Machynlleth and Derwen-las)
Isglawdd under / below
the ditch (Caron Isglawdd, a parish in Ceredigion) (isglawdd has its
counterpart in the name uwchglawdd = above the ditch) (Probabably erroneous for Is-clawdd = is y
clawdd)
Isgoed under / below the wood
Isgraig under / below the crag
Islwyn under / below the wood
ETYMOLOGY: from the preposition is (=
under), < the comparative adjective is
(= lower) < isel (= low)
:_______________________________.
-is ‹is›
1
plural termination for nouns; from English “-es”
Also spelt -us, -ys, although the pronuncation is ‹i›
(In the south, y = u = i and so the
distintion is unimportant. In the North y
= u, but they are not equivalent to i)
bocs, bocsis box (Geiriadur yr
Acádemi Gymréig GYA / Welsh Academy Dictionary has bocsys)
caetsh, caetshis (GYA) cage
coetsh, coetshis coach (GYA has coets(h), coets(h)is)
cwtsh, cwtshis (m) ‹kutsh› ‹KUTSH-is› dog’s kennel (GYA: cwtshis)
garej, garejis garage (GYA has garejis)
matshen, matshis match (for fire)
(GYA has matsien, matsis)
orenshyn, orenshis orange
(south-west) (GYA / Welsh Academy Dictionary has orenshys)
:_______________________________.
Is Aeron ‹iis ei -ron›
1 (History) name of a territorial division – a kantrev (‘cantref’, =
one hundred trêvs) of Ceredigion
Ceredigion Is Aeron “Ceredigion below
(the river) Aeron”, that is, “the main part of Ceredigion, where the court is,
bounded by the river Aeron”.
The other part is Ceredigion Uwch Aeron
“Ceredigion above (the river) Aeron”
ETYMOLOGY: (is = below) + (Aeron = river name)
:_______________________________.
isaf ‹I-sav› (adjective)
1 lowest; superlative form of isel
= low
Colloquially: isa ‹I sa›, and in the South isha ‹I—sha›
2 yr isaf (o dau beth) the lower (of two things)
3 (in
place names) corresponds to English “upper”
In Welsh comparisons, the superlative degree is used in comparing a pair, not
the comparative form as in English. Hence farm names such as Cwm-bach Uchaf (“Highest / Uppermost
Cwm-bach”) and Cwm-bach Isaf (“Lowest / Lowermost Cwm-bach”) rather than
*Cwm-bach Uwch, *Cwm-bach Is (uwch = upper, is = lower)
NOTE: Colloquially isa <II-sa> [ˈisa] (in the north) and isha <II-sha> [ˈiʃa] (in the south).
In the south, an ‘s’ with an ‘i’ before or after becomes ‘sh’. Other examples are
mis (= month) > mish <MIISH> [miːs]
ceisio (= to try) > c’ish’o / cisho <KII-sho> [ˈkiˑʃɔ]
The final ‘f’ [v] in colloquial Welsh is omitted isaf > isa, though
it is retained in the standard written language (in fact, it disappeared from
the spoken language some centuries ago).
Place names are generally written in the standard written form, no matter that
the local form may be pronounced slightly differently. However, in some names isa
/ isha are to be seen
Thsi is to be seen too with the counterpart to this word uchaf <II-khav> [ˈiˑxav] (= highest), colloquially ucha <II-kha> [ˈiˑxa] (with a couple of variants ycha <Ə-kha> [ˈəxa] and uwcha <IU-kha> [ˈɪʊxa])
:_______________________________.
isafon ‹is- â -von› masculine noun
PLURAL: isafonydd ‹is-a-vô-nidh›
1 tributary – minor river
flowing into a main river
:_______________________________.
isafswm ‹i- sav -sum› masculine noun
PLURAL: isafsymiau
‹i-sav-səm-ye›
1
minimum
yr Isafswm Cyflog Cenedlaethol the
National Minimum Wage, the minimum salary which employers must pay workers in
in the English state
ETYMOLOGY: (isaf = lowest) + (swm = sum, total, quantity)
:_______________________________.
Is Aled ‹iis â-led› feminine
noun
1 History neighbourhood (cwmwd) of the hundred (cantref) of Rhufoniog (in the country of
Gwynedd Is Conwy)
ETYMOLOGY: "place on the other side of the river Aled" (is = lower; below) + (Aled)
:_______________________________.
Isallt ‹IS-alht›
1 place name
_____
Isallt Bach, Trearddur, Ynys Môn SH2579
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=341569
map
_____
Isallt SH5344 Farm in Llanfihangel y Pennant, Gwynedd
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=310041
map
_____
Craig Isallt SH5344 Crag in Llanfihangel y Pennant, Gwynedd
(“the crag at Isallt”)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1059910
Craig Isallt
_____
Moel Isallt SH5244, Llanfihangel y Pennant, Gwynedd
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/105098
Moel Isallt
(“the hill at Isallt”)
ETYMOLOGY: "place below the hill" (is = lower; below) + (allt = hill)
:_______________________________.
Isalmaeneg ‹ii sal MEI neg› (feminine noun, adjective)
1 Low German
:_______________________________.
Is Artro ‹iis AR tro› (feminine noun)
1 (cwmwd = "neighbourhood") (in the country of Gwynedd
Uwch Conwy) commote of the kantrev of Ardudw (north-west)
:_______________________________.
is-bwyllgor,
is-bwyllgorau ‹iis BUILH gor, iis builh GO re› (masculine noun)
1 sub-committee
:_______________________________.
Is Cennen ‹iis KE nin› (feminine noun)
1(cwmwd = "neighbourhood") (in the country of Ystrad Tywi)
commote of the kantrev of Cantref Bychan (south-east)
:_______________________________.
Is Coed ‹iis KOID› (feminine noun)
1 (cwmwd = "neighbourhood") (in the country of Ystrad
Tywi) commote (south-west) ‘below the wood’
:_______________________________.
Is Conwy ‹iis ko -nui›
1
Gwynedd Is Conwy medieval divsiion
of Gwynedd
ETYMOLOGY: below (the river) Conwy / this side of the river Conwy”) (is = lower; below)
:_______________________________.
Is Cregennan
‹iis
kre- ge -nan›
1 (or Sgrogennan ) old
name for Llanddoged (SH8063) (county of Conwy)
:_______________________________.
Is Cuch ‹iis KIIKH› (feminine noun)
1 (cwmwd = "neighbourhood") (in the country of Dyfed)
commote of the kantrev of Emlyn (south-west)
:_______________________________.
Is Dulas ‹iis DII las› (feminine noun)
1 (cwmwd = "neighbourhood") (in the country of Gwynedd Is
Conwy) commote of the kantrev of Rhos (north-west)
:_______________________________.
isel ‹I sel› (adjective)
isel low, is lower, isaf lowest
1 low = not far from the ground
shilff isel a low shelf
gwely pren isel a low wooden bed
2 low = not high or tall
clawdd isel a low bank, a low hedgebank
3 low = not far above the horizon
haul
isel Ionawr the low January sun
4 low = not as high as the usual or average level
marciau isel low marks
tir isel low ground, low-lying land
5 low = (stream, river, lake, tide) less than the usual depth
Rŷn ni’n gyfarwydd yng
Nghymru â dau lanw’r dydd, hynny yw, dau lanw uchel a dau lanw isel.
In Wales we are accustomed to two tides a day, that is, two high tides and two
low tides
6 am brisiau is o lawer at greatly reduced prices
7 cerfwedd isel bas
relief, low relief
8 (voice) low
Sybrydai rhyw eiriau rhy isel i neb ohonom allu eu deall
She whispered some words in too low a voice for any of us to understand.
:_______________________________.
iseldir ‹i-sel-dir› masculine
noun
PLURAL: iseldiroedd
‹i-sel-DII-roidh, -rodh›
1 lowland
ETYMOLOGY: (isel = low) + soft
mutation + (tir = land)
:_______________________________.
iselder ysbryd
‹i-sel-der ə-sprid› masculine noun
North Wales
1 depression, feeling down, low spirits
ETYMOLOGY: “lowness (of) spirit” (iselder
= lowness) + (ysbryd = spirit)
:_______________________________.
Iseldireg ‹i sel DII reg› (feminine noun, adjective)
1 Dutch
:_______________________________.
Yr Iseldiroedd
‹i sel
DII roidh, -rodh› (plural
noun)
1 The Netherlands
:_______________________________.
Iseldirwyr ‹i sel DIR wir› (plural noun)
1 Dutch people
:_______________________________.
isetholiad,
isetholiadau ‹iis e THOL yad, iis e thol YA de› (masculine noun)
1 by-election
:_______________________________.
isffordd,
isffyrdd ‹IS fordh, IS firdh›
(feminine noun)
1 underpass (way for pedestrians under a road)
:_______________________________.
isfyd ‹is -vid› masculine
noun
PLURAL: isfydoedd ‹is- vo
-dodh›
1 underworld (of crime)
isfyd Caer-dydd the Caer-dydd
underworld
ETYMOLOGY: (is = lower, below, uner)
+ soft mutation + (byd = world)
:_______________________________.
isgell, isgellau
‹I
skelh, i SKE lhai, -lhe›
(masculine noun)
1 soup
:_______________________________.
isgoch ‹is -gokh› adjective
1 infra-red
ETYMOLOGY: (is = lower, below) +
soft mutation + (coch = red)
:_______________________________.
Is Gwyrfai ‹iis GUIR ve› (feminine noun)
1 (cwmwd = "neighbourhood") (in the country of Gwynedd
Uwch Conwy) commote of the kantrev of Arfon (north-west)
:_______________________________.
isgynnyrch ‹is-gə-nirkh› masculine
noun
PLURAL: isgynhyrchion
‹is-gə-nhərkh-yon›
1 by-product
ETYMOLOGY: (is = lower; below) +
soft mutation + (cynnyrch = product)
:_______________________________.
Islandeg ‹i SLAN deg› (feminine noun, adjective)
1 Icelandic
:_______________________________.
islaw (*isláw)
‹is
LAU› (preposition)
1 below
pan fo’r tymheredd
yn disgyn islaw 5°C (pum gradd Celsiws) when the temperature falls / drops below 5ºC
Oddeutu milltir a hanner islaw Ashton y mae ardal Coaldale
The area of Coaldale is about a mile and a half below Ashton
2 the opposite is uwchlaw (*uwchláw) above
ETYMOLOGY: “below hand” (is = lower;
below) + soft mutation + (llaw =
hand)
:_______________________________.
islaw’r safon
‹is-laur sâ-von› adverb
1 bod islaw’r safon be
below par, be below standard
ETYMOLOGY: "below the standard"
:_______________________________.
Islwyn ‹I sluin› (masculine noun)
1 pseudonym of the poet William Thomas / Wiliam Tomos 1832-1878
:_______________________________.
Islyn ‹is-lin› feminine
noun
1 Nant Islyn SH7137 stream in Meirionnydd (county of
Gwynedd)
:_______________________________.
is-lyngesydd ‹iis lə- nge -sidh› masculine noun
PLURAL is-lyngesyddion ‹iis-lə-nge- sədh -yon›
1 is-lyngesydd vice-admiral
ETYMOLOGY: ( is = lower, inferior) +
soft mutation + (llyngesydd =
admiral)
:_______________________________.
is-lywodraeth
‹iis-lə-
wo -dreth› feminine noun
1
devolved government, a subgovernment within a state, with certain restricted
powers which have delegated from o central government
ETYMOLOGY: (is = below; sub) + soft
mutation + ( llywodraeth =
government)
:_______________________________.
Is Nyfer ‹iis NƏ ver› (feminine noun)
1 (kúmmud, commote, cwmwd = "neighbourhood")
A kúmmud of the kántrev of Cemais, in the country of Dyfed (south-west
Wales)
:_______________________________.
isop ‹I-sop› (m)
1 hissop
Cofiant Matthews, Ewenni, John James Morgan, 1922, p401
Dacw’r llinos yn ymolch yn y nant, a defnyddio’i hadain, fel tusw isop, a
thaenellu’r holl gorff â dwfr glân
See the linnet washing ityself in the brook, and using its wings, like a bunch
of hissop, and sprinkling all the body with clean water
Exodus 12:22 A chymerwch dusw o isop, a throchwch ef yn y gwaed a fyddo yn y
cawg, a rhoddwch ar gapan y drws, ac ar y ddau ystlysbost, o'r gwaed a fyddo yn
y cawg; ac nac aed neb ohonoch allan o ddrws ei dŷ hyd y bore.
Exodus 12:22 And ye shall take a bunch of hyssop, and dip it in the blood that
is in the basin, and strike the lintel and the two side posts with the blood
that is in the basin; and none of you shall go out at the door of his house
until the morning.
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < Middle English hysope
:_______________________________.
isosod ‹is- o -sod› verb
1 sublet = rent a property, which is rented out to but not owned by oneself, to another person
ETYMOLOGY: (is = lower; under) +
soft mutation + (gosod = to let)
:_______________________________.
isradd ‹IS radh› (adjective)
1 of lower status
2 cymal isradd
subordinating clause
:_______________________________.
israddol ‹is-RAA-dhol› (adjective)
1 inferior, subordinate
:_______________________________.
Is Rhaeadr ‹iis RHEI a dər› (feminine noun)
1 (cwmwd = "neighbourhood") (in the country of Powys)
commote of the kantrev of Swydd y Waun (north-east)
:_______________________________.
issa ‹I-sa› (adj)
1 On English-language maps, etc, a misspelling of isa, a colloquial form
of isaf (= lowest; in place names, lower, nether) (In Welsh, the
superlative form is used instead of the comparative form in such a context)
A Topographical Dictionary of The Dominion of Wales, Nicholas
Carlisle, London (1811) in describing Llangatwg, by Castell-nedd: CADOXTON,
or, LLAN CATWG, ...Church dedicated to St. Catwg. The resident Population
of this Parish, in 1801, (consisting of the Hamlets of Blaen Honddan, Coed
Ffrangc, Dyffryn Clydach, Dylais Issa, Dylais Uwcha, Glynn Neath Canol, Glynn Neath Issa, Glynn Neath Uwcha,
and Ynys y Mond) was 3482.
Ty Issa, Llangollen (= Tŷ-isa “lower house”)
:_______________________________.
is-swyddfa bost ‹iis suidh-va
bost› feminine
noun
PLURAL: is-swyddfeydd post ‹iis suidh-veidh -post›
1 sub-post office, branch post office
ETYMOLOGY: (is = sub-, lower,
lesser, inferior) + (swyddfa bost =
post office)
:_______________________________.
Is Tryweryn ‹iis trə WE rin› (feminine
noun)
1 (cwmwd = "neighbourhood") (in the country of
Gwynedd Uwch Conwy) commote of the kantrev of Penllyn (north-west)
:_______________________________.
italeiddio ‹i-tal-eidh-yo› adjective
1 italicise = to print in italics
Myfi biau’r italeiddio My italics (“(it
is) me that-owns the italicising”)
ETYMOLOGY: adaptation of English italicise
(ital-) + (-eiddio, suffix corresponding to -ise)
:_______________________________.
Ithon ‹î -thon›
1 The colloquial form of Ieithon (qv) (probably Ieithon
> Eithon > Ithon)
(SO1084) Afon Ieithon river in the
district of Maldwyn (county of Powys)
..a/ In Y Drenewydd (comarca de Powys) there is a street called Ithon
..b/ In Llandrindod (county of Powys) there is a street called “Ithon
Close” (which would be “Clos Ithon” in Welsh)
:_______________________________.
i ti ‹i TII›
(preposition) a tu
1 to
you
:_______________________________.
i ti ‹i TII› (verb)
Col·loquial form
Alternatively spelt ’yt
ti.
It is a reduced form of
1 yr wyt ti you are
2 a wyt ti...? are you...?
3 i ti ddim < nid wyt [ti]
[ddim] you are not
4 i ti ddim < nad wyt [ti] [ddim] that you are not
This reduced verb is often dropped in col·loquial speech, leaving only the
pronoun
yr wyt [ti] yn iawn / i ti’n iawn / ti’n iawn you’re right
a wyt [ti] yn gall? / i ti’n gall? / ti’n gall? are you all right in the
head? are you daft or something? (when somebody does or says something idiotic)
(literally “are you wise?”)
nid wyt [ti] [ddim] yn gwybod pob dim amdano > ’dwyt ti ddim yn gw’bod
pob dim amdano > i ddim gwybod.... > ti ddim yn gwybod... you don’t
know everything about him
y peth nad wyt [ti] [ddim] yn ei wybod yw fy mod [i]...
> y peth nad wyt ti ddim yn w’bod yw mod i...
> y peth ’dwyt ti ddim yn w’bod yw mod i...
> y peth i ti ddim yn w’bod yw mod i...
> y peth ti ddim yn w’bod yw mod i...
what you don’t know is that I....
:_______________________________.
iudd ‹yiidh› masculine noun
1 (obsolete) lord
2 iudd in
compound words – this element was reduced to -udd in final position
Bleiddiudd > Bleiddudd man's name (obsolete) (blaidd = wolf)
Eludd > Eliudd man's name (obsolete)
Griffiudd > Gruffudd man's name (griff = griffin)
Marchiudd > Marchudd man's name (obsolete) (march = horse)
Marediudd > Maredudd man's name
Moriudd > Morudd man's name
(obsolete) (môr = sea)
:_______________________________.
Iwan ‹I wan› (masculine noun)
1 man’s name, form of Ifan = John
:_______________________________.
Iwerddon ‹i WER dhon› (feminine noun)
1 Ireland
:_______________________________.
Iwerydd ‹i- wê -ridh›
1 Iwerydd the
Atlantic, the Atlantic Ocean
y tu hwnt i Iwerydd on the other
side of the Atlantic
Yr Iwerydd the Atlantic, the
Atlantic Ocean
Môr Iwerydd the Atlantic, the
Atlantic Ocean
traws-Iwerydd trans-Atlantic
2 Y Werydd
Atlantic Ocean
A clipped form of Yr Iwerydd
3 Talywerydd
(“Tal-y-werydd”) house name in Aber-arth (county of Ceredigion) (in the list of
members in “The Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion” 1961 /
Part 1)
(“(the) end (of) the Atlantic”, place facing the Atlantic) (tâl = end; front) + (y = definite article) + (Werydd = Atlantic Ocean)
ETYMOLOGY: (Iwer- < Iwerddon = Ireland) + (suffix -ydd)
:_______________________________.
-iwr ‹yur› (suffix)
1 suffix = man
:_______________________________.
iwrch ‹yurkh› masculine noun
PLURAL: iyrchod, iwrchod ‹yər –khod, yur
-khod›
1 (Capreolus capreolus) roe deer (small deer with small
antlers and reddish-brown summer coat)
Found in place names:
..1/ Afon Iwrch river name SH8354 in
the county of Conwy, near Nebo
Above is Moel-yr-iwrch “(the) hill (of) the roe deer”
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/807648
SH8354 Moel-yr-Iwrch
..2/ Afon Iwrch river name SJ1424.
Rises on Cadair Berwyn, north-east Wales, and flows south-east into the river
Tanat 3km SE of Llanrhaeadr ym Mochnant (county of Dinbych)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/711647
SJ1326 Afon Iwrch near Llanrhaeadr ym Mochnant
..3/ Cefn-iwrch (cefn yr iwrch,
“(the) hill (of) the roe deer”) by Llangefni (county of Ynys Môn)
2 iyrches
plural iyrchesod female roe deer
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Celtic
From the same British root: Cornish iorgh
(= roe deer), Breton yourc'h (= roe
deer)
Gaulish: Iurca (female personal
name)
:_______________________________.
J,
j ‹jee› feminine
noun
1) tenth letter of
the twenty-six letter Roman alphabet
1 a, 2 b, 3 c, 4 d 5 e, 6 f, 7 g, 8 h, 9 i, 10 j, 11 k, 12 l, 13 m, 14 n, 15 o, 16 p, 17 q, 18 r, 19 s, 20 t, 21 u, 22 v, 23 w, 24 x, 25 y, 26 z
2) fourteenth letter
of the twenty-nine letter Welsh alphabet
1 a, 2 b, 3 c, 4 ch, 5 d, 6 dd 7 e, 8 f, 9 ff, 10 g, 11 ng, 12 h, 13 i, 14 j, 15 l, 16 ll, 17 m, 18 n, 19 o, 20 p, 21 ph, 22 r, 23 rh, 24 s, 25 t, 26 th, 27 u, 28 w, 29 y
:_______________________________.
j
1 Occurs mainly in
words taken from English
jam jam
jar jar
Jac Jack
Jôns, Jos Jones
2 in native words, ‹dy› > ‹j›
diofal > diofol > jofol
negligent
dioddef > jodde suffer
diogel > jogel safe
diolch > jolch thhanks
3 In North Wales it is the soft mutated form of ‹tsh›, found in
words taken from English
tships = chips (Standard: ysglodion)
gwerth hanner can ceiniog o jips
fifty pence worth of chips
tshocled = chocolate (Standard: siocled)
darn o jocled a piece of chocolate
tshimpansî chimpanzee (Standard: simpansî)
gwelodd o jimpansî ar y lôn he saw a
chimpansee on the road
In the nineteenth century there was amongst many writers a certain aversion to
this letter as it was not included in the traditional Welsh alphabet. Even
today one sometimes reads that the “Welsh alphabet does not include the letter
j”, which suggests that it is not in use in Welsh.
:_______________________________.
Jac ‹jak› masculine
noun
1 In English, Jack is the pet form of John; in the same way in Welsh Jon
> Jac.
"John Tomos yn mynd i briodi! Wel,
mi glywas i rywun rywdro yn deyd tasa dyn yn lladd i wraig, ac yn cario'i phen
hi tan i gesail y basa rhyw ddynes yn siwr o fod yn ddigon gwirion i fentro i
gymryd o er y cwbwl. Braidd nad ydw'i run farn a fo wir. Mae meddwl am Jac
Tomos yn cymryd arno garu neb ond y fo'i hun yn ormod i greadur i ddal.”
t56 Plant y Gorthrwm / 1908 / Gwyneth Vaughan (=Anne Harriet Hughes 1852-1910)
John Tomos getting married! Well, I heard once someone say that if a man kills
his wife and carries her head under his arm some woman would be bound to be
daft enough to decide to take him in spite of everything. And I almost agree
with him, to tell the truth. To think of Jac Tomos taking it on himslef to love
someone other thn himself defies belief (“is too much for a creature to hold”)
2 Also nowadays an independent given name (as has happened too in English)
ETYMOLOGY: English Jack < Low
German and Dutch Jackin < Jankin (Jan = John) + (-kin
diminutive suffix. Cf German -chen).
The final element -in was dropped in
the same way as later on David > Dave, Peter > Pete. Michael
> Mike, Margaret > Mag.
Or else it was associated with the French diminutive suffix -in which was then dropped from the
name.
The change ‹ngk› > ‹k›, with the loss of
the nasal consonant, was a typical feature of Low German.
A second possibility is old French Jaques
(modern French Jacques) <
medieval Latin Jacobus < Latin Iacobus < Greek Iakobos < Hebrew Ya’aqobh
(= supplanter)
:_______________________________.
jael ‹jail› feminine noun
PLURAL jaels ‹jails›
South Wales
1 gaol, jail, prison
mynd i’r jael go to jail
ETYMOLOGY: English gaol / jail <
French jaiole (= cage) < vulgar
Latin
*caveola < Latin cavea (= cavity, enclosure) < cavus (= hollow)
NOTE: in the north jêl and rheinws
:_______________________________.
jam ‹JAM› (masculine noun)
1 jam
2 brechdan jam,
also bechdan jam bread and jam
(bread and butter with jam)
:_______________________________.
James, Evan ‹ê-van jeems› masculine noun
1 (1809-1878) Composer of ‘Hen Wlad fy Nhadau’, the
national anthem of Wales, in 1856 (at the age of 46/47). It is thought his son
James James composed the melody (aged 22/23). Evan James (who also used the
patronymic Ieuan ap Iago, the Welsh equivalent of his English official name)
was born in Caerffili, but worked as a weaver in nearby Pont-ty-pridd, later
owning a woolen mill and keeping a tavern.
2 Ysgol Evan James,
name of a Welsh-language primary school in Pont-ty-pridd, commemorating the
composer of the national anthem
:_______________________________.
jêl ‹jeel› feminine noun
PLURAL jêls ‹jeels›
North Wales
1 gaol, jail, prison
mynd i’r jêl go to jail
2 Stryd y Jêl
(“street (of) the jail”) name of a street in Caernarfon
ETYMOLOGY: English gaol / jail <
French jaiole (= cage) < popular
Latin
*caveola < Latin cavea (= cavity, enclosure)
NOTE: (1) in the south jael; (2)
also rheinws in the north
:_______________________________.
jeli, jelis ‹JE li, JE lis› (masculine
noun)
1 jelly
2 (North Wales) jeli
llyffant frogspawn (“jelly (of) frog”)
:_______________________________.
Jeni ‹JE ni› (feminine noun)
1 Jenny
:_______________________________.
Jeremeia ‹je-rə-mei-a› masculine noun
1 Jeremiah = born circa 650, died 585BC, Hebrew prophet.
He foresaw various catastrophic events such as the fall of Assyria, the
domination of Judah by Egypt and Babylon, and the fall of Jerusalem
2 Jeremiah regarded as a prophet of doom or an extreme
pessimist;
olynwyr Jeremeia pessimists
("followers (of) Jeremiah")
:_______________________________.
jersi, jersis ‹JER si, JER sis›
(masculine noun)
1 jersey
:_______________________________.
Jerẃsalem ‹je-ru-sa-lem› feminine
noun
1 Jerusalem =
the principal city of Palestine; capital of Israel since 1950
Actau 19:21 A phan gyflawnwyd y pethau hyn, arfaethodd Paul yn yr ysbryd,
gwedi iddo dramwy trwy Facedonia ac Achaia, fyned i Jerwsalem; gan
ddywedyd, Gwedi imi fod yno, rhaid imi weled Rhufain hefyd
Acts 19:21 After these things were ended, Paul purposed in the spirit, when he
had passed through Macedonia and Achaia, to go to Jerusalem, saying, After I
have been there, I must also see Rome.
Joel 2:32 A bydd, yr achubir
pob un a alwo ar enw yr ARGLWYDD: canys bydd ymwared, fel y dywedodd yr
ARGLWYDD, ym mynydd Seion, ac yn Jerwsalem, ac yn y gweddillion a alwo
yr ARGLWYDD.
Joel 2:32 And it shall come to pass, that whosoever shall call on the name of
the LORD shall be delivered: for in mount Zion and in Jerusalem shall be
deliverance, as the LORD hath said, and in the remnant whom the LORD shall
call.
Y Jerwsalem Nefol (qv) The Heavenly Jerusalem = Heaven
Y Jerwsalem Newydd (qv) The New Jerusalem = Heaven
Y Jerusalem sydd fry “the Jerusalem up
above” = Heaven
2 Jerusalem
(called Salem in Genesis 14:18 /
Psalms 76:2 / Hebrews 7:1)
Genesis 14:18 Melchisedec hefyd, brenin Salem,
a ddug allan fara a gwin; ac efe oedd offeiriad i DDUW goruchaf:
Genesis 14:18 And Melchizedek king of Salem brought forth bread and wine: and
he was the priest of the most high God.
Salmau 76:1 Hynod yw DUW yn Jwda; mawr
yw ei enw ef yn Israel (76:2) Ei
babell hefyd sydd yn Salem, a’i drigfa yn Seion
Psalms 76:1 In Judah is God known: his name is great in Israel. (76:2)In Salem
also is his tabernacle, and his dwelling place in Zion.
Hebreiaid 7:1 Canys y Melchisedec hwn,
brenin Salem, offeiriad y Duw Goruchaf, yr hwn a gyfarfu ag Abraham wrth
ddychwelyd o ladd y brenhinoedd, ac a’i bendithiodd ef;
Hebrews 7:1 For this Melchisedec, king of Salem, priest of the most high God,
who met Abraham returning from the slaughter of the kings, and blessed him;
NOTE: The name also occurs semi-translated into Welsh as Caersalem, through assuming that the first part of the name
corresponded to Welsh caer (= fort;
walled city); the second part was popularly supposed to be ‘peace’ as in modern
Hebrew shalom (= peace)
:_______________________________.
Y Jerwsalem Nefol (*Y Jerẃsalem Nefol) ‹je-ru-sa-lem nê-vol› feminine noun
1 the Heavenly City, Heaven
Hebreiaid 12:22 Eithr chwi a ddaethoch i fynydd Seion, ac i ddinas y Duw
byw, y Jerwsalem nefol, ac at fyrddiwn o angylion
Hebrews 12:22 But ye are come unto mount Sion, and unto the city of the living
God, the heavenly Jerusalem, and to an innumerable company of angels
:_______________________________.
Jerwsalem Newydd (*Jerẃsalem Newydd) ‹je-ru-sa-lem neu-idh› feminine
noun
1 the Heavenly City, Heaven
Datguddiad 21.2 A myfi Ioan a welais y
ddinas sanctaidd, Jerwsalem newydd, yn dyfod oddi wrth Duw i waered o’r nef,
wedi ei pharatoi fel priodasferch wedi ei thrwsio i’w gŵr
Revelation 21.2 And I John saw the holy city, new Jerusalem, coming down from
God out of heaven, prepared as a bride adorned for her husband
Datguddiad 3:12 Yr hwn sydd yn
gorchfygu, mi a’i gwnaf ef yn golofn yn nheml fy Nuw i, ac allan nid â efe
mwyach: ac mi a ysgrifennaf arno ef enw fy Nuw i, ac enw dinas fy Nuw i, yr hon
ydyw Jerwsalem newydd, yr hon sydd yn disgyn o’r nef oddi wrth fy Nuw i: ac mi
a ysgrifennaf erno ef fy enw newydd i.
Revelation 3:12 Him that overcometh will I make a pillar in the temple of
my God, and he shall go no more out: and I will write upon him the name of my
God, and the name of the city of my God, which is new Jerusalem, which cometh
down out of heaven from my God: and I will write upon him my new name.
:_______________________________.
Jesebel (*Jésebel) ‹JE-se-bel› feminine noun
1 Jezebel
Brenhinoedd-2 9:30 A phan daeth Jehu i
Jesreel, Jesebel a glybu hynny, ac a golurodd ei hwyneb, ac a wisgodd yn wych
am ei phen, ac a edrychodd trwy ffenestr
Kings-2 9:30 And when Jehu was come to Jezreel, Jezebel heard of it; and she
painted her face, and tired her head, and looked out at a window.
:_______________________________.
jet ‹jet› feminine noun
PLURAL jetiau ‹jet
-ye›
1 (water, gas) jet = thin powerful stream
2 jet = nozzle through which a jet of air or water comes
3 jet = jet plane
also: awyren jet
jet ymladd jet fighter
4 llamjet
jumpjet
ETYMOLOGY: English jet (= jet plane;
thin stream of water) < French jeter
(= throw) < Latin jactâre (=
throw, frequentative form) < jacere
(= throw)
:_______________________________.
jetludded ‹jet- lî -dhed› masculine noun
1 jetlag
ETYMOLOGY: (jet = jet) + soft
mutation + (lludded = tiredness,
weariness)
:_______________________________.
ji ‹jii› interjection
1 (to a horse) ji!
gee up!
:_______________________________.
ji-binc, ji-bincod ‹ji
BINGK, ji BING kod› (masculine noun)
1 chaffinch
:_______________________________.
jime ‹ji -me› feminine noun
1 county of Caerfyrddin chimney
See: shimnai
:_______________________________.
jìn ‹JIN› (masculine noun)
1 gin
:_______________________________.
jiraff (*jiráff), jiraffod ‹ji RAF, ji RA fod› (masculine noun)
1 giraffe
:_______________________________.
jiws ‹jius› masculine noun
1 Englishism juice
(standard word: sudd)
Ymgyrch Gymraeg i hybu yfed jiws buwch
A Welsh-language campaign to promote drinking "cow juice"
ETYMOLOGY: English juice < French
jus < Latin iûs
:_______________________________.
Job ‹joob› masculine noun
1 man’s forename, Job
Ffynnon Job
name of a well in the town of Caerfyrddin.
Heol Ffynnon
Job street name in the town of Caerfyrddin.
:_______________________________.
jocer ‹jo -ker› masculine noun
PLURAL jocers ‹jo -ker›
1 joker = person who plays jokes on people
2 joker = card 53 in a pack, used in poker
ETYMOLOGY: English joker (= person
who plays jokes on people); (to joke) + (-er agent suffix)
NOTE: north-east, south-east jocar
:_______________________________.
joscyn ‹jos -kin› masculine noun
PLURAL joscyns ‹jos -kins›
1 (America: hick, hayseed) (Englandic: country bumpkin,
clodhopper)
ETYMOLOGY: English dialect joskin
..a/ possibly from the French given name Josquin
..b/ however it is more likely to be a variant of bumpkin (from to bump,
i.e. clumsy person) with a first element similar in meaning - to joss (dialect English, = to jostle,
to bump)
:_______________________________.
jwg, jygiau ‹JUG, JƏG ye› (masculine
noun)
1 jug
:_______________________________.
jwmper ‹JUM per› (masculine noun)
1 jumper
:_______________________________.
jwncet ‹JUNG ket› (masculine noun)
1 junket
:_______________________________.
jygiau ‹JƏG ye› (plural noun)
1 jugs; see jwg
:_______________________________.
jynced ‹jəng
-ked› masculine
noun
PLURAL jyncedi, jyncedau ‹jəng- ke -di, -de›
1 junket = coagulated milk sweetened with sugar, or
flavoured, and eaten as a dessert
2 A trip at public expense which is ostensibly
as part of official duty but is in fact for pleasure (with this sense,
originally an American expression taken into Englandic and from here into
Welsh)
3 junket = intense celebration (with this
sense, originally an American expression taken into Englandic and from here
into Welsh)
Ar ôl blynyddoedd o baratoi mae drysau’r
Eisteddfod Genedlaethol, neu’r jynced blynyddol chwedl Gwilym Owen, wedi agor
ar y maes yn Ninbych
After years of preparation the doors of the National Eisteddfod, or the annual
junket as Gwilym Owen calls it, have opened on the field in Dinbych
ETYMOLOGY: English junket (= custard
served on reeds) < junket (=
basket made of reeds) < French jonquette
< jonc (= reed) < Latin juncus (= reed)
NOTE: also jyncet, jwncet
:_______________________________.
jynci ‹jəng
-ki› feminine noun
PLURAL jyncis, jyncïod ‹jəng –kis, jəng-kii-od›
1 junkie, drug addict
ETYMOLOGY: English junkie < junk (= heroin; rubbish)
:_______________________________.
jyngl ‹jəng -gəl› feminine noun
PLURAL jynglau ‹jəng -gle›
1 jungle = equitorial forest
ar batrôl yn y jyngl on patrol in
the jungle
2 jungle = dense plant growth
Mae’r ardd wedi mynd yn jyngl
The garden’s become a jungle
3 jungle = chaos, anarchy
Erbyn heddiw y mae anfoes y jyngl yn
tarfu ar ein tawelwch
Nowadays the immorality of the jungle disturbs our tranquillity
ETYMOLOGY: English jungle < 1700+
Hindi jangal < Sanskrit jângala (= wild place)
:_______________________________.
K,
k ‹kee› feminine
noun
1) eleventh letter
of the twenty-six letter Roman alphabet
...1 a, 2 b, 3 c, 4 d 5 e, 6 f, 7 g, 8 h, 9 i, 10 j, 11 k, 12 l, 13 m, 14 n, 15 o, 16 p, 17 q, 18 r, 19 s, 20 t, 21 u, 22 v, 23 w, 24 x, 25 y, 26 z
2) (does not appear
in the twenty-nine letter Welsh alphabet)
:_______________________________.
kántrev A spelling we use
here in English explanations for Welsh cantref (qv), which would be
misprnounced by English-speakers if the Welsh spelling were used.
:_______________________________.
kúmmud A spelling we use
here in English explanations for Welsh cwmwd (qv), which would be
mispronounced by English-speakers if the Welsh spelling were used. There is in
fact an existing English term in use – commote – but we have preferred to use a
word which more accurately represents the Welsh pronunciation
:_______________________________.
kg (abbreviation)
1 kg
:_______________________________.
kw- ‹-›
1 Initial Latin ‹kw-› “qu” corresponds to Celtic kw, which has become p in the British languages (Welsh,
Cornish, Breton)
Thus many Latin words with kw- have
Welsh counterparts with p-
perth (= hedge), Latin quercus (= oak tree)
pwy (= who?), Latin quis (= who?)
pedwar (= four), Latin quattor (= four)
pump (= five), Latin quinque (= five)
The original ‹p› has
become ‹b› when
not in an initial position
Thus pobi (= to cook) < pop-, corresponding to Latin kokw- in coquere (= to cook)
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