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SHROPSHIRE WORD-BOOK.
A Giossary of ARCHAIC AND PROVINCIAL WORDS, ETC., USED IN THE COUNTY;
By GEORGINA F. JACKSON.
Polonius: . Wh»t do you read, my Lord? Hamlet. Words, words, words.
Hamlet, II. ii. 193.
London: TRÜBNER & CO., 57
& 59 LUDGATE HILL.
SHREWSBURY: ADNITT & NAUNTON.
CHESTER: MINSHULL & HUGHES.
1879.
[All Rights reserved.]
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SHROPSHIRE WORD-BOOK.
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CLAY AND TAYLOR, PRINTERS.
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THIS SHROPSHIRE WORD-BOOK is dedicated TO ONE OF SHR0PSHIRE KIN, THE
REV. WALTER W. SKEAT, M.A., A WORTHY ENGLISH SCHOLAR, AND THE FTRST PROFESSOR
OF ANGLO-SAXON IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE.
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CONTENTS. PAGE.
PREFACE ix - xiv
IXTRODUCTIOX xv - xviii
TABLE OF DISTRICTS xix - xx
PHONOLOGY OF THE FOLK-SPEECH xxi - xxii
GRAKMAR OUTLNES xxiii - Ixxxiii
WEIGHTS, MEASURES, ETC. Ixxxiv - xciii
SPECIMENS OF THE FOLK-SPEECH xciv - xcvi
DICTIONARIES CONSULTED AND QUOTED
xcvii – xcviii
CHIEF AUTHORITIES QUOTED xcix - ciii
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS civ
GLOSSARY 1
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PREFACE.
On the publicaiion of a Glossary ^f the archaio and proTincial words, &c., in nse— or known to haye
been in use— in Shropshire, it seems
incumbent npon me to fiimish some accoimt of the way in which the work has been carried ont, in order to
giye assurance that it has, to the
ntmost of my power, been done thoroughly, and that so fiur it may be relied npon as tmstworthy.
In the spiing of 1870 I was reading the Bev. Isaac Taylor's Words and Fiaca, when at p. 120 I came across two
words — ' tine ' and ^tining ' — which
struck a key-note in my memory^ calling up recollections of the time when in early childhood I had liyed in
Shropshire, ' hx from the busy town '
— ^had heard the folk-speech day by day, and had shewn such aptitude for 'picking it up' — ^words,
tones, and aU — that I had not
unfrequently incurred the censure of my parents for ' speaking like
a little Shropshire Yillage-child.' It
was a great leap my mind took from now
to then ; but as clearly as if but yesterday, I heard that, in obedi* ence to some order giyen, ' John Boberts
wuz gwun 56th 'is brummock an' mittinB
to the uyyer leasow to tine a glat the ship 'ad maden.'
Then another and another phrase associated with some incident of the rural < surroundings ' of my young
days rose up before me, until at last
I ' made notes ' of them. These I shewed to a literary man of my acquaintance whom I knew to be interested
in dialects. After considering them
for a few minutes, he said,
' There's the foundation here of a good Glossary ; why not make one ? '
That was the first idea of the work. In three days from that time it was begun ' in right good sadness.'
Word-ooUecting was soon in full swing. At the outset of this I was often adyised to take the Glossary appended
to Mr. Hartshome's
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X PREFACE.
SaUypia Antiqua as the ba&ds of mine ; but I had formed for myself a plan of independent work, and to that I
resolved to keep.
Ultimately, however, when my Glossarial MSS. shewed a total of more than three thousand words, I collated
my work with that of Mr. Hartshome,
and from the latter made lists of words not contained in mine. These I endeavoured to verify, and in every
case where I was successful in doing
so I included the word in my collection, but not otherwise.
My Glossary begun, I went on steadily working in my own way till the formation of the English Dialect
Society in. 1873 led me to Cambridge
to talk matters over with Mr. Skeat. From him I received much valuable help and counsel.
Two of the most important suggestions he made to me were these — to represent the sounds of the words by
Glossic symbols, according to Mr. A.
J. Ellis's method ; and to add the localities where the words were heard or known to be used.
I saw clearly that by such an extension of my scheme a largely- ' increased usefulness would be given to my
work in a philological point of view,
and I at once made up my mind to carry it out, though it involved the cost of going over again in
detail all my previous three years'
work. I could grudge no pains which should tend to the more worthy accomplishing of that which I had
begun with the set purpose of giving
to it my best of brain and heart ; for from the first it was a * work and labour of love.' It proved a
most troublesome task to localize
words which in many cases had been contributed by friends who had made no notes of their whereabouts, and
still more difficult was it to arrive
at any trustworthy rendering of their sounds.
However, at the end of four more years of patient work my words were all fairly-well assigned to their
respective districts, and their
pronunciation indicated.
In order to attain this end, I had conceived the idea — based upon a general knowledge of the trend of phonetic
variations in the dialect — of mapping
out the county into a given number of districts, and then vifiiting centres of these arbitrary
divisions for the purpose of collating my words, and by ' personal audition '
noting their sounds.
The plan worked well, and led to many valuable results— variation of form, phonetic change, and other like
noteworthy fiicts. It was my wont on
dialecting tours, when I had been settled in head-quarters for a day or two, and had made friends with the
good folk there, to begin my work by
having a chat with the village blacksmith about his tools, the implements he was making or repairing, and
so forth. Often on these
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PREFACE. XI
ooeasioiis I was met with some snch remark as, ' Yo' seemen to know aumrnat abont 'em. Ma'am. I could shewn yo'
a nond-fashioned tool flich as I dar^
say yo' nerer sid afore.' And then would be brought out of some dark hole or comer an obsolete
agricultural implement, and all its
parts and uses would be explained to me, and measurements giyen. And so I learnt all about t?uit, and picked
up many words and soimds into the
bargain.
The wheelwright would then be yisited, and the terms of his craft acquired in like manner. The butcher would
allow me to go into his shop to see
how the great joints — ' slench,' ' lift,' &c.— were cut for his country customers. Some neighbouring femner
and his wife would be pleased to shew
me the feum-yard^ the poultry-yard, and the dairy, and thus I learnt the lore they had to teach.
The school-master or mistress would
tell the children * to gather posies and bring them to school for the lady ; ' and then they would allow me
to ask them by what names they knew
the flowers they had gathered. I learnt most of my plant- names in this way^ a good many bird-names
also, and other things besides.
I visited the old people in their cottages, and, leading them to talk of past times, would islicit many a word now
dead or dying out, and, hearing it,
would note its sound.
I was often fortunate in interesting some intelligent person of the peasant-class in my work, and to such a one
I would read over my MS. word-lists,
which I invariably took with me. The emendations of these thus obtained were invaluable. *That
inna-d-our word — we sen so-and-so ; '
or, ' That'll do, nobody can mend that,' would bring out a new term to be recorded, or would confirm
the accuracy of my work.
I proceeded on this plan, with more or less of interruption caused by fragQe health, until the summer of 1877,
when illness compelled me not only to
give up a visit I was about to pay to the south-east part of the county, but also to relinquish all farther
investigations which would have
involved fiitig^ning joumeya However, by methods such as I have described I had accumulated a mass of
authentic information : Mends had most
kindly supplemented my own efforts by furnishing me with very minute answers to the crucial
test-questions I had framed in order
to eKcit evidence upon doubtful points ; and I felt, that though I would gladly have done more had strength
been given to me for the work, I had
yet ' done what I could,' and that I might fearlessly leave all that I was unable to do, without
incurring the reproach of conscience
within or of critics without.
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Xll PREFACE.
The Introductory Grammar falls far short of my wishes, but, as h,T as it goes, it wiU, I hope, be found
useful. It is, I think, the first
attempt of the kind for the Shropshire dialect, and, bearing in
mind what Max Miiller says, — *The
first grammar of a language is a work
of infinitely greater difficulty than any later grammar ' ^Science of Language^ p. 180], — I trust my effort
may make it easier for some one coming
after me to complete more worthily that which I haye begun.
And now I leaye my work to speak for itself: its errors are not those of carelessness, and whatever of merit it
possesses may fedrly be shared with
those who have with the utmost kindness and cordiality given me their assistance. Of these, some have been
fellow-workers with me from the
beginning, others later on ; but to each and all I owe a debt of gratitude for the good service they have
rendered me in my arduous task. The
Shropshire Word-Booh could not haye beten either so copious or so complete as it is but for these
helpers.
Chief amongst them are, taking them in the order of the districts : —
Mr. Bobebt Eddowes Davies, of Kingsland, Shrewsbury, who for upwards of eight years of my work has
contributed largely to its general
usefulness. TTia word-Hsts haye been more especially for the
Shbews* BURT, WoRTHEN, and Glee Hills
districts.
Mrs. Groves, of Great Hanwood, has done most valuable work for PuLVERBATCH and Worthen. The ohBolete words
assigned to those districts are what
she remembers her grandmother, Hannah Fletcher, using, who died in 1822, aged 86 years :
the date for their decay is thus
famished.
The Bev. John Bxtrd, M.A., Yicar of Ghirbury, has supplied some words, &c., for the Worthen district.
Mr. George Pugh, of Wheathill, near Wellington, has contributed a very considerable number of words for the
Glee Hn.TiS district, also for Ludlow,
Bridgnorth, &c.
Mr. Ctril Joyce, of Burford, has famished a copious list of words from that neighbourhood — the extreme south
of Salop; and Mb, Thomas
Morgan-Bottnd, of Orleton, has given much valuable help in the Lttdlow district generally.
Mr. Httbebt Smith, F.E.H.S., of S. Leonard, Bridgnorth, has in various ways assisted me materially in
working up the Bbidonobth
district.
Mb. W. p. Bbookes, F.E.O.S., has done very useful work in the Much Wenlock district.
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PREFACE. Xlll
Mr. Bobebt Ajscslow, of WELLmOTOsr, haa sent oompreliensiye lists of woids for that district^ and many words
for Mitch Wenloce, &c.
Mb. Thomas Pabtok, F.G.S., has contributed a good deal of useful information relative to CoUiery and Mining
terms.
Miss G. S. Bubnb, of Edgmond, has done a great deal of excellent work for the Newpobt district.
Mb. a. J. MxTiTBY, F.S.A., of the Inner Temple, has supplied many words for the Collieby and Newpobt
districta
Mb. Bobebt Q-ill, of Hopton, Hodnet, has given a long list of wordsy well exemplified, for the Weh
district.
The Eev. John Evaws, MA., Vicar of Whixall, has been of very great assistance to the work with relation
to the northern part of Salop
generally, and more especially to the districts of Newpobt^ Wem,
and Whitohubch.
The Eev. William Walsham How, M.A,, Bector of Whittington, lias contributed a list of words, &c.,
for the Oswestby district.
Mb. Askew Bobebts, of Oroeswylan, both personally and by means of his ^Byegones' columns, has giyen much
help in the Oswestby district.
Three contributors to my work, who did much to enrich its pages, have passed away— the Eev. J. L. Sheppabd,
MA., Eector of Abdon ; the Bey. Q. L.
Wasey, M. A., Incumbent of Quatford and Moryille ; and Mb. James Tubneb, of Wellington. The Glee
Hills, Bbedonobth, Wellikoton, and
Gollieby districts^ respectively, owe a great deal to them.
Mb. Thomas Hallav, of Manchester, — an eminently good phonetic scholar, — ^has firom time to time given
the Glosaic symbols which indicate the
pronunciation of the chief words the benefit of his revision ; and more than that^ for on submitting to him a
'draft' which I had framed as the
basis for a synopsis of all the vowels, diphthongs and fractures, of the consonants and digraphs,
I had noted as characteristics of the
Shropshire folk-speech, he most kindly — ^in conference with me — went through it in detail ; and bringing to
my aid that more perfect knowledge of
general phonology which he possessed, but I lacked, he enabled me to make the tabulated list of
vowels, diphthongs, &c., which wiU
be found in the opening pages of the Grammar Outlines ~a list that cannot, as I trust, fail to be useful.
The critical revision of my proof-sheets, as it is the latest service in order of time that has been rendered to me
in my arduous task, so it is the last
to be placed on this record of grateful acknowledgments ] but
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ZIT PREFACE.
that it is very fiEir from being the least in importance will be obTioufi
to all those who give thought to such
mattera I owe it to the good offices
of my Mend, the Bey. W. W. Skeat, M.A., Professor of Anglo-Saxon at the University of Cambridge, that this
crowning work has been done with
genuine interest, with scholarly acumen, and kindly spirit. Here I stop — ^the story of the book is told.
Georgina F. Jackson.
White Friare, Chester, October, 1878.
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INTRODUCTION.
The scope of this Shropshire Word-Booh is to record —
1. Old Words, some more or less modified, preserved in the ooimty
2. Words imported, as from Border Counties.
3. Literary Words used in a peculiar sense, marked pec.
4. Literary Words in common use, spoken with a variation of the
receiyed pronunciation, marked var. pr,
b. Words used in a slangish. way, marked sL ?
6. Words which are now — or soon will be — slangy terms, marked $1.
7. Some few words apparently coined in certain localities.
8. Provincial and local names of birds, plants, &c.
9. Words used by Colliers and Miners in the Coal-field, &c. 10. Certain Place-names remarkably
pronounced.
Each word is assigned to the district or districts in which it is known to be used or, if obsolete, to have been
used ; but it is not meant by this
that it is restricted* within such boundaries. AU that is intended to be conveyed is the f<ict that its
range has so far been established.
The Table of Districts will shew — as has been explained in the Preface — that these have been arranged
somewhat arbitrarily; but nevertheless
great thought has been given to them, with the view of indicating by their means the trend of
phonetic change, dialectic varia-
tion, and so forth.
The topographical position of each is determined on the Eeference Map.
In some instances words have been recorded whose usage was iqppaiently limited to a narrower area than
that of the District, In such cases
the more immediate neighbourhood is named where they were foond to obtain ; see, for example,
Besmotter, an old word, not— so far as
oould be aaoertained — ^in use in other localities than the one given.
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XVI INTRODUCTION.
Where a word is ascribed to seyeral localities of which Pulverbatch is one, it may be safely assumed, as a
general rule, that its colloquial
illustration is drawn from that neighbourhood ; the sam.e holds good
of words recorded as oommon. The
exceptional cases are few, but what
there are can be easily distinguished by the phonetic structure of
certain words embodied in the
examples, and so allotted to their respectiye
localities — ^the synopsis of ' ▼owels,
diphthongs,' &c., affording the
key.
The literary citations which illustrate the text are in the main the result of independent reading, but when
they are borrowed the source from
which they have been obtained is acknowledged. When seyeral authors are quoted they are for the most
part arranged in chronological order,
beginning with the oldest ; always excepting such as claim to be * Salopian,* which are usually placed
first; and the Dictionary Quota-
tions, — these coming almost invariably last
By reference to the list of 'Authorities Quoted' it will be seen which are Balopian, such being
distinguished by f; these possess a
peculiar value in connection with the Shropshire Word-Book of this
date, for the writers of the Salopian
dialect of long ago have left their impress
on the Standard English of to-day.
Mr. Oliphant, in his admirable work, Sources of Standard English, has a good deal to say on this subject, and
the gist of many of his most
interesting remarks may not inaptiy find a place here. To begin,
then, as fjBu: back as 1220, the date
of the Ancren RiwU, which, it is said, has,
more than anything written outside the Danelagh, influenced the Standard English. It was a popular piece in
the Dorsetshire dialect, and copies of
it are extant in other dialects; of these the Salopian variation is the most remarkable. Following
a critical comparison of the differing
forms of the Ancren Eiwle, Mr. Oliphant has a note (p. 124) here given at length: — 'In Salop [1220],
forms which were used in Lothian and
Yorkshire seem to have clashed with forms employed in Gloucestershire and Dorset ; something
resembling the OrmtUum was the upshot.
In each succeeding century Salop comes to the froni The Wohunge of ure Lauerd seems to have been
written here about 1210 (Morris's Old
English Homilies, First Series, p. 269). In 1340, or so, the RomcM4x of William of Paleme was compiled
here. In 1420 John Audlay wrote his
poems in the same dialect (Percy Society, No. 47). In 1580 Churchyard had not dropped all his old
Salopian forms. Baxter, who came from
Salop, appeared about 1650 as one of the first heralds of the change that was then passing over Standard
English prose, and that
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INTEODUCTION, XYU
was substituting Dryden'a style for that of MQton. Soon after 1700, Farquhar, in his Recruiting Officefy gives
us much of the Salopian brogue. This
intermingling of Northern and Southern forms in Salop produced something not unlike Standard
English.'
' Sir Ion Audlay/ the blind monk-poet of Haughmond, who wrote his Terse in 1426, ' lived on the
border-land between Northern and
Southern varieties of English speech, as a few Unes £h)m his
poems (p. 65) will shew :
* " And vij. av6s to our lady,
Fore 9che is the wel of al pit6,
That h>eo wyl fore me pray." '
* Thirty years later the Southern forms seem to have lost ground in Audla^s Shire.* Ludlow Castle is more
closely linked with the history and
literature of the country than almost any other spot in England. * There it was that Bichard, Duke of York
[he held also Sandal in Yorkshire],
brought up his children.' It was from the 'Castill of Lodelowe the iij day of June ' [1454] that
* a joint letter was written to their fftther
by the future King Edward IV. and the boy Butland, who soon alter fell at Wakefield. This
letter [which see in the Paeton
LeUera, VoL L c. xL, ed. Qairdner] shews the clipped English
which must have been leamt in their
childhood by the York princes and
their sister * — ^Margaret — ^who afterwards as Duchess of Burgundy
so materially helped and influenced
Caxton.
' After 1461 these clipped inflections of Ludlow (and Sandal) must have become familiar to the ears of the
ladies and knights who begirt K.
Edward TV. and the Kingmaker at the court of London.' In 1468 Margaret was married to Charles the Bold,
and two years later she was in the Low
Coimtries, interesting herself in that work of her country- man Caxton which was destined to fulfil such
mighty ends, but of which the more
immediate effects were felt on the Mother Tongue of the Duchess and the Printer. Caxton worked under the
eye of Margaret. His South- em English
was not approved by her ; she * found defaute ' with it, and desired him ' to amend it,' and the book
she bade Caxton go on with, — the
first ever printed in the English Tongue, — ^when it came out in 1471, riiewed that her own speech, fashioned on
more Northern models in the £ir-away
Shropshire home of her early years, had been brought to bear upon it : most of the Kentishman's Southern
inflections were done away with, and
henceforward the triumph of the Midland English as the standard for the future was assured. It had
been reserved to Ccucton and his Press
to bring this about.
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XVUl INTRODUCTION.
That Shiopshire retams still in her folk-epeech many of the words of the old writers will be eyident to the
readers of this * Word-Book^ ; but the
Bounds of the words have their interest also, — ^their important bearings on philology,-~for, to quote Dr.
Murray,— ^M&)rtcaZ Jntfx)- ducHon
to the Dialect of the Southern Counties of Scotland, p. 90, — * Mr. Ellis's enquiry into the history of
Early English pronunciation shews how
much the restoration of past stages of the language is aided by what has been already done for the
phonology of the existing dialects ;
how much greater would the aid have been if all the varieties of
pro- nunciation in use were
&dthfully noted ! '
In accordance with these yiews, the phonological part of the pre- sent work has received its due share of
careful consideration. The synopsis of
sounds contains nothing but what has been ' proven,' and may therefore be relied upon so far as it
goes ; — ^it does not pretend to
represent the complete body of sounds heard in the dialect
throughout Shropshire, but is given
rather as a finger-post to indicate the way to that end than as the end itself attained.
The Shropshire folk-speech proper, that is, when unaffected by the impinging dialects of border counties, —
^notably those of Cheshire and
Stafford, — ^is characterized in its utterance by a rhythmical cadence
and quick, clipped pronunciation very
difficult to attain by those * not to the
manner bom.' This peculiarity is most noticeable in the utterance
of the women, whose speaking voices,
without being positively shrill, are.
yet pitched in an unusually high key.
It may be that these qualities of the speech come of a Welsh lineage, but it must be left for ' Scholars ' to
determine that. Mr. A. J. Ellis's
investigations on the whole range of dialects wiU tend to throw light
on much that makes the Salopian
variety one of peculiar interest to the
Student of History in Language.
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TABLE OF DISTRICTS.
1. Shbswsbttbt.
((). Church Strettok. Suh-dU--
Albrigliton
N.
trid.
GondoYer
8.
Longnor
N.
Upton Magna
E.
Acton 8cott
8.
Ford
W.
Bushbury
E.
(a). Atohail Sub-disMd,
Batlinghope
W.
Bodington
N.
5. Bishop's Castle asd
Clun.
Berrington
8.
Norbury
N.
Wroxeter
E.
E. Onny
8.
2. PULVSBBATCH.
Gt. Hanwood Smethoote
N.
8.
8ibdon E. Clun Forest W.
6. CoRVB Dale asd Cleb Hills.
CondoYer
E.
Burton
N.
Snailbeach
W.
Cleobiiry Mortimer
8.
3. WOBTITKN.
The Seyem Shelye
N.
8.
Billingsley Stanton Laoey
(c). Lttdlow. Suh'district.
E.
W.
Stiperstones
E.
Bromfield
W.
Cherbuiy
W.
Cleobury Mortimer
E.
4. Craven Arms.
7. Bridgnorth.
GardLBgton
N.
8utton Maddock
N.
Onibury
8.
Chehnarsh
8.
Delbmy
E.
Claverley
E.
Wistansto-v
W.
Upton Cressett
W.
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TABLE 07 DISTRICTS.
8.
Much Wbnlock.
12.
Wem.
littiie Wmilook
N.
Edstaston
N.
Acton Bound
S.
Hadnall
8.
Tiinley
E.
8toke-npon-Tem
E.
Acton BnmeU
W.
Middle
W.
9.
WBTiLTWGTOir.
(d).
Whiixjuukoh. Sub^dtstrid.
Child's Ercall Leighton
KinnerBley HighErcall
N.
8.
E.
W.
Whitchuich Pfees
Ightfield Whixall
N.
8.
R
W.
10.
OOLLIEKT.
LiUe&haU
Hadley
Broseley
N.E.
W.
s.
13.
EuiBSHEBE.
Dudleston 81irawardine Petton
West Felton
N.
8.
E.
W.
11.
Nbwpokt.
14.
OSWKSTET.
Market Drayton
N.
8t. Martin
N.
8hiiTnal
8.
Llanymyneck
8,
Tibberton
W.
Whittington
E.
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PHONOLOGY OF THE FOLK-SPEECa
Olottic Symbols. — ^Theee will be Tory easily understood by giying a litUe attention to the following key to
the sounds which they represent, the
symbols being invariahlej yuu : —
a short as in gnat.
a' fine Southern English a as in oak, between a and aa. ^
aaasin boa
ae as in Froyinoial English net ; Er. S; (3eim. H.
ai as in batt.
ao open Italian o, between o and oa,
an as in caul.
e as in Southern English net.
ee asin beet
ei asinbtte.
eo dose Fr. eu in peu; feu.
ea as in J^tcrope.
h' not quite u\ which see.
i as in knt t.
i' as in y final in beauty*^* happy; Ao.
o asinnotb
oa asinooaL
oe as in open Er. eu in yeuf ; Germ. o.
ooasinoooL
Has in nut.
n' obscure sound as in fiitol; abide; luncheon ; fto. See li'«
ik between u and oo,
XLB Er. u; Germ. tf.
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(delwedd B3695) (tudalen 022)
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XXll PHONOLOGY OF THE FOLK-SPEECH.
uo same as bt^ ; full ; Ac
dh as f A in thia^
th as in thiru
zh as in azure ; diyidion ; zneaffore.
[•] demotes accent, as [bi'sei'd] = beside.
The foregoing is all that is necessary for the general reader to be acquainted with in order to make himself
master of the simple— or compromise —
Glossic, which indicates with close accuracy the pronun- ciation of the chief words throughout the
Glossary.
The more minute analysis which in some cases is added, as for ei = i [a'y ; aay* ; ah* ; &c.], is intended
for those critical students of phono-
logy to whom Mb. A. J. Ellis's Universal Olo99
c wiU not be as ' the accents of an
unknown tongue.'
See for extended examples of both ' Oompromise ' and * Analytic ' GlosBic the Specimens of the FcHk-epeeck
following Orammar Outlines, &c
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(delwedd B3696) (tudalen 023)
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GEAMMAE OUTLINES.
The affixed to a word denotes that it
-will be found more particulaxly
explained or exemplified in the body of the Olossary.
ORTHOGRAPHY.
The Alphabet. — How the letters are said together with ^. A [aa-] B [bai-] C [sai-] D [dai-] E [ai-]
F [aef-] G [jee-j H [ai-ch] I [ei-] J [jaa-]
K [kaa-] L [el-] M [em-] N [en-] [oa-]
'^ [pai-] Q [koo-] R [aa-r'] S [ess-] T [tai-]
U [oo-] V [vai-] W [dub-1 oo] X [ek-s] Y [wei-]
Z [zod-] an' [u'n] & empassy on * [em-pu'si'on-*].
Zad an' expassy and [ek'spu'si'and] are heard about "Worthbn.
VOWELS AND DIPHTHONGS.
A. — 1 = [a] in closed syllables, as, back, cat, gnat, had [ad-], that ; Com. Master [mas-tu'r'], refined
pronunciation ; Newport. See below (6)
and (7).
2 = [a'], Ann [a'n*], dance [da'n's], make [ma'k*], take [ta'k*], Ac. This is the fine Shropshire a, still pretty
general, but gradually passing away.
See further. Specimens of Folk-speech.
3 = [aa*], mare = mar' [maa'r'], bare = bar' [baa-r*], rare = rar* [r'aa-r'], scarce [skaaT's], Ac. ; Com.
4 = [aa-], father [faa'dhu'r'], Clbb Hills, Abdon. Cf. A (7). Started [stuiaVti'd], warm [w:aa-r'm], Com.
5 = [aa], want [waan-t], ladder [laadhni'r']. Com. Wash [waash*]. Craven Arms ; Cleb Hills. See
below (6).
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(delwedd B3697) (tudalen 024)
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XXIV GRAMMAR OUTLINES.
6 = ^ £= [ae], wash = wesh [waeah*], catch = ketch [kaech'], Com. Thatch = thetch [thaech*], gather =
gether [g(yaedh'uV], Bee g (2)
(consonants); Pulvbrbatch; Newport. Grass = gress* [gr'aes*], Newport ; Ellbsmbrb. Master =
mester [maes'tu'r'], Wellington ;
Newport ; Ellbsmbrb. Make = mek [maek*],
take = tek [taek*], before initial vowels; Newport. These words are sounded [mai*], [tar], before
consonants ; ibid. Cf . e(9).
7 = [ai*], father [fai'dhu'r'], master [mai'stu'r'], water [wai'tuY], Com.
8 = [:ai'], scarce [skiai's], Com. See above (3).
9 = [ai'h*], sage = saage [sai'h'j], Church Stretton* Ale* [ai'h'l], same [sai-h'm], Ludlow, Burfard.
10 = [ai], bacon [baik'n], mason [mais'n], paper, &c. ; bake, name, tale, &c. ; Com.
11 = [au*], call [kau], fall [fan*], Newport.
12 = [:au'], a before 11, as, all [:au-l], call, fall; Com. Talking [t:au*ki'n]. Com.
13 = [a'y], danger [da'ynjuY], Shrewsbury; Pulvbrbatch,
14 = [:ee*], lame [l:ee*m], Newport.
15 = [ee*h'], mare = meer [mee'hY], share = sheer [shee-h'r*], &c.; Newport.
16 = [:ee-h'], market [m:ee-hYki't], Bridgnorth.
17 = [o], bank = bonk [bong'k], thrash = throsh [thr*osh'], can = con [kon*], &c; Com. Apple = opple
[op'l]. Craven Arms ; Clun. Gather =
gother [godh'uY], Clun.
18 = [o*'], barrow = borrow [bo'TV], Corve Dale.
19 = [u], was (accented) [wuz*], was not [wun'u']. Com.
Ai. — 1 = [aa*], fair = far [faaV], pair = par [paaV], &c. ; Com.
2 = [aa], waistcoat [waas'kii't], Craven Arms.
3 = [aa-y], rain [r'aa-yn], lain [laa*yn], &c.; Bishop's Castle; Clun.
4 = [:aa*y], rain [r'laa'yn], lain [l:aa-yn], &c. ; Craven Arms ; Church Stretton.
6 = [aay], rain [r'aayn], lain [laayn], &c. ; Shrewsbury ; Pul- vbrbatch.
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(delwedd B3698) (tudalen 025)
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GRAMMAR OUTLINES. XXV
6 = [ae], fair [faer'*], Clun. C£ ai (1) above.
7 = [e], said [sed*], Com.
8 = [ee], nun [r'een*], drain [di^een*], bait [beet'], &c; New-
FOBT.
9 = [ee-h*], chair [chee-h*i^ Com. Fair [feeh'r'], &c. ; Newport. 10 = [i'h*], Hiin [r'i'h'n], drain
[dr'i-b'n], Newport.
Ail — 1 = [a], laugh paf-], Com.
2 = [o], langh pof •], Colliery ; Newport. Naughty [noti'], Newport.
3 = [ran*], dau^ter [dan-ta'/]. Com.
4 = [aa*], daughter [daa'tuV], Newport. Sauce* [saa's], Coryb Dale.
Aw. — 1 = [au-], crawl [skr'au'l]. Com. Claw * [klau*], Qy. com.
2 = [au-], gnaw [n»u*], straw [str'au-], Coul
3 = [i'-au], caw * [Iri'-au], Wem.
4 = [ai']y strawberries [str^ai'br^i'z], obsols.; Pulyebbatch. Claws [klaiz]. See Cleya*
5 = [ee-], daws* [kleez*].
Ay. — 1 = [a'y], May [ma'y], pay [pa'y], day [da'y], &c ; Shrews- bubt; Pulyebbatch.
2 = ai (3) = [aa-y], day, &c. ; Bishop's Castle ; Cluk.
3 = ai (4) ^ [aa-y], day, &c.; Craven Abms; Church Stbet-
TON.
4 = ai (8) = [ee], day, &c.; Newport.
6 = [ahy], dray [dr'ah-y], Chuboh
Strbtton.
Aye. — 1 = [ay], aye (yes) [ay], Shbewsbubt ; Pulyebbatch. Qy. com.
2 = [ahy or ah7], idem ; Newpobt.
K — 1 s= [e] in closed syllables, as bless [bles*], peck [pek*], get [get*], wench [wen'sh]^ &c.; Com.
2 = [ee-], pewit [pee-wi't], Pulyebbatch. Qy. com. Cf. (6) below.
3 = [:ee*], he [:ee-], we [w:ee']. See Personal Pronouns.
4 = [:ee*u'], there [dh:ee-u'r^, where [w:ee-u'r^ Com.
5 = [ai*], fever [fid'Yu'r^, secret [sai-kr^i't], scheme [skaim], &c. ;
Com.
c
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(delwedd B3699) (tudalen 026)
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XXVI GRAMMAR OUTLINES.
6 = [:ai*], complete [ku'mplrai't], &c.; Com. Pewit* [pai'wi't], Shrbwsburt. Me [m:ai*], I^ewfort.
7 = [aa*], serve [saaVv], sennon [saaVma'n], certain [saaT^ti'n], &c.; Com. Yes [yaa's], Church Strbtton.
Mere [maa-r'], Ellbsmirb. Cf. mere
below (13).
8 = [aay], yes [aays], Church Strbtton, Leebotwood.
9 = [a], fetch [fach-], belly [bali'], Com. Cf. a (6),
10 = [ae], berry [baer^-i'], remlet* [r'aem'let], render* [r'aen-du'r'], ever [aevuV], never [naevu*r'], &c.j
Com. Yes [yaes*], New- port.
11 = [i], shelf [shilf*], clever [klivuY], seldom [sil'du'mJ'Ac; Com. Cf. i (6).
12 = [i'j, in ed, verbal suffix prononnoed as a distinct syllable, as in wanted [waanii'd], drowned = drown'ded
[dr'uwndi'd], &c ; Com. Also in
yes = iss [i'ss*], very general CI yes above
(7), (8), and (10).
13 == [a'], in mere in composition (tmaccented), as EUesmere [el-zmu'r'], Colemere [kuoTnuY], or more
modem [koa'lmaV], &c.; Com. Cf.
mere above (7) ; also (24) (a).
Ea. — 1 = [ai*], tea [tai*], cream [kr'ai'm], veal [vai-1], Ac. ; Com. Wheat [waii;], Pulverbatch (occasionally
heard) ; Wek. Cf . wheat below (15).
Leaf Qai'f], Newport.
2 = [ai], beat [bait*], seat [sait*], &c.; Com. Bean [bain*], Pul- VBRBATCH. Cf. bean below (14).
3 = [ai'u*], wheat [waini't], Newport.
4 = [aa-], learn [laaT*n], bear [baa'r*], &c.; Com. C£ a (3).
5 = [:ae'], deal [j:ae'l], dead [j»e'd], death [jiae-th], Com. Ci ea (13) below ; also d (1).
6 = [ae], cheap [chaep], weak [waek-], leaf [laef], &c ; Shrbws- burt ; Pulverbatch. Qy. com.
7 = [e], team [chem*], Com. Heath [yeth*], Clun ; Wbm. Ci heafh below (16).
8 = [:ee'h'], ear [:ee-hY], year, ideTn, Qy. com. Mean [miee'h'n], Ludlow, Burford, Bear [b:eehV], wear
[w:ee*hY], &a ; New- port. Cf.
bear above (4). Leaf [l:ee-h*f], Wbm.
9 = [:ee*u'], heard [:eeuYd], Com.
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(delwedd B3700) (tudalen 027)
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GRAMMAR OUTUNES. XXVU
10 = [ee*], break [br'ee-k], great [gr'ee-t], Newport.
11 = [i], feather [MhnV], Com. Measure [mizh*aV], Com. [mizmV], Ellbsmbbb. Cheap [chip*],
JN^ewpobt. Cf. eheap above (6).
12 == [i'aa*], beard * [bi'aaT'd], Pulvebbatch. Qy. com.
13 = [i'ae], deal [di'ael-], dead [di'aed-], death [di'aeth], New- port. Cf. ea (5) ; also d (1).
14 = [i'-h'l bean [br-h'n], leaf [U'h'f], Com. Stean* [sti'h'D], PniiVBBBATCH. CI leaf above (6).
15 = p'u'], beast [bi'a'st], wheat =
w'eat [wi'u't], Com.
16 = [i''u'], beam*[bF'u'm]. Qy. cobl Heath [yi'^u'th]. Church Strbtton. Cf. heaih above (7).
17 = [i'u], dead [di'ud*], Ludlow, Burford.
18 = [u], heap [yup*], head [jrud*], Und.
19 = [ay], clear [klay-u'r'], Shbewsburt; Pulverbatch; Elles-
Ee. — 1 = [ee*], eighteen [a'yt'teen], indeed [indee'd]. See Speei- mem of folk-speech. Indeed, very emphatic
is [in'dee'd], with stress on first
syllable. Com. Seed [seed] = seen, saw; New-
port; Wem; Whitghurch; F.t.t.esiikrr
2 = [a*], wheel [wdi], Shrewsbury ; Pulvbbbatoh. Qy. com.
3 = [i], been [bin*], seen [sin*], sheep [ship*], &c. ; Com.
4 = [i*], beef [bi'f*], week [wi'k], seed [ai*d*] = seen, saw; Com. Cf. teed above, ee (1).
5 = \ydi'\ thee [dhad*], tree [tr'-.ai*], &c. ; Newport,
6 = [ee*h*], seen [see'h'n], Ludlow, Burford.
EL — 1 = [ai*], conceit [ku'nsai't], Leighton [lai'tn], Com. Either [ai'dhuV], Ludlow ; Newport. Qy. com.
2 =s i = [aay], neighbour [naaybu'r'] ; Shrewsbury ; Pulver- batch.
3 = i = [aay], weight [waayt], Shbewsburt ; Pulverbatch ; Newport. Height [aayt*], Shrbwsbubt ;
Pulverbatch.
4 = i =.[a'y], eighteen [a*yt*tee*n], Shbewsburt; Pulvbrt batch.
5 = [ah-y], height [ah*yt], either [ah'ydhuY], Nbwpobt.
6 = [ee*], neighbour [nee'buY], Newpobt.
e2
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(delwedd B3701) (tudalen 028)
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XXVlll GRAMMAR OUTLINES.
7 = [ee-h*], reins [r*ee*b*nz], Newport.
8 = [aa], heir [aaV], Shrewsbury ; Pulverbatch. En = [oo], deuce (of caxds) [doos-],
Ludlow.
Ew. — 1 = [uw], ewe [yuw], dew* [dyuw*], Com.
2 = [:uu"w], mew* [my:uu*w], few [fyiuu'w], Com.
3 = [tiuw], lewn* pluuwn'], ohsols,
4 = [i':uu'w], dew [ji'ruu'w], Pdlvbrbatch; ohsohA
6 = [au*], chew [chau*], Ludlow ; Newport. Qy. com.
6 = [oo*], brew [br'oo*]. Qy. com. Crew* [kr'oo*], Pulvbi^ BATCH ; Wem. Dew [doo'], new [noo*],
Shrewsbury [soo'zbr'i'], see (11)
below; Newport, which in the local vernacular, = [noo'puYt].
7 = [oe*], sinew [sen'oe*], Pulvbrbatoh.
8 = [i'oe*], approximately, in few [fi'oe*], Newport.
9 = [u*], sinew [senni'], Shrewsbury.
10 = [u'r'], sinew [sin'uY], Newport.
11 = [oa-], Shrewsbury [shr'oa'zbr^i*], refined; [sr'oa'zbr'i'], semi- refined; [soa-zbrT], Com. Shrewd [shr'oad],
Worthen; Cluk; [sr'oa'd], Pulverbatoh
; Wem.
Ey. — I = [ai-], key [kai*], Com. Cleys* [klai-z]. I. — 1 = [i] in closed syllables, as sit,
pig, window [win'du*], fright- ened
[fr'it'nd], &c.; Coul
2 = p], priU* [prTl-], ivy [i'vi'], pick [pi'k-], stick [sti'k-], &c
; Com.
3 = [a'y], I (see Personal Pronouns), tidy [ta'ydi'], like [la'yk], &c. This is the fine
Shropshire diphthongal i ; very
general.
4 = [a'y], mice [ma'ys*], &c.; idem.
5 = [ahy or ah*y] = oi, approximately ; right c=c roight [r'ahyt or r'ahyt], so also night, like, &c. ;
Newport.
6 = [ae], think [thaeng'k], till [tad'], arithmetic [u'r'aeth'mi'ti'k], &c.; Com. Cf. e (11).
7 = [ae-], girl [gae*r'ld], Com.
8 = [e], since [sen's], Com.
9 = [:ee-], right [r^ree't], bright [br':ee-t], night [n:ee*t], Wem ; Whitchurch.
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(delwedd B3702) (tudalen 029)
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GRAMMAR OUTLINES. XXIZ
10 = [88], with [88dli-], wiU (t^.) [881], &c.; S. Shr. general See
YerlM.
11 = [u]y with [wndh-], Wem ; Ellbsmers. Muster [mtia*tu'r'], Newport. Bun [bun-] = bin = been; bunna
[bun-u*] = binna = be not ; Oswestrt,
Whittington,
12 = [u-], dnah [sni'l'], Com.
13 = [h], will {vh,) [will-], Wem ; Ellbsmerb.
14 = [i'-], hiccough [i'-ku'p], Com. Ci gh (3). !•• — 1 = [i], sieve [siv], yield [il'd],
Com.
2 = \¥\ field [fi'l-d], beHef [bi'li'f ], &c. ; Com.
(a) „ final in magpie [mag-pi'], Shrewsburt ; Pulverbatch. Qy. com.
3 = [ai-], belief [bi'lai-f], Newport. Field [fai-ld], sometimes heard; ibid,
0. — 1 = [o] in many closed syllables, as nod = not, mop, top, rob, &c; ConL (a) „ rope [r'op-], yoke = yok [yok-]. Qy. com.
2 = [u], Tom [tum-], long [lun(g], strong [8tr*im(g], wrong [r'un(g], tongue [tung'g], foreign [fur'-i^n],
&c. ; Com. Stone [stun], in
composition and unaccented, as grind-stone = grindlestun j or of weight, 'five eiwii three,* &c.;
Newport. Gf. o = u in received English
onion, and see (15), (16), (17) below.
3 = [oa*], bosom [boa-zu'm], Com. Plover [ploa-vuV], Shrews- bury. Stone [stoa*n], Newport. Cf. stone
below (26).
4 = [:oa*], lose [l:oa-z], no [D:oa-], so [s:oa*], Com.
5 = [oa], fold [foad-], sold [soad-], cold [koad], Newport.
6 = [oa-h*], cold [koa-h'ld], Pulverbatch, Smethcote, Cf. (21)
below.
7 = [:oa-u'], afore [u'f :oa-uY], tore [t:oa-uV], porket * [p.oa'uY- ki't], &c.; Com.
8 =s [88], woman [88m-u'n]. Qy. com. Worsted [oSs-ti'd], wool [881-], &C.; Com. in Mid, and
South Shr. Go [goo], Com. Going
[g88*i'n], Ellesmerb.
9 = [oo*], gold [goo'ld], Shrewsbury ; Pulverbatch, ohsoh. Story [stoo-r'i*], going [goo'i'n],
Newport.
10 = [oo'h*], more [moo'hY], Newport.
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(delwedd B3703) (tudalen 030)
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XXX GEAMMAB OUTLINES.
11 = [aiu*], love [laii'v], Com.
12 ^ [au], morning [maur'-nrn], &c; Com,
13 = [a], wrong [r'an(g-], PuLVBRBiLTOH; Church SniBrroif. Cf. wrong above (2) ; also ng (2) (consonants),
14 = [aa], yonder [yaan-tuY], Com- ; [yaan*duY], Nswpobt. See ih (4). Foreign [faai'i'n], Chubch
Stbbtton, Leebotwood. Cf. foreign
above (2).
15 = [a'y*], onion [a'yiiiVn], Shrewsbubt; Pulvbbbatch.
16 = [aay], „ [aaynVn], Church Stbbtton.
17 = [ahyjy „ [ahyni'u'n], Briikjnobth.
18 = [no], love puov], Nkwpobt. Cf. love above (11). Comb [kuom], Com.
19 = [uoh'-J, cord [kuob'-r'd], Shbbwsbubt, Uffingfton. C£ cord below (23).
20 = [uu], for == fur [fuur'], tbom [thuur'n], Com.
21 = [ou] = [ruu'w] wben followed by Id, tbe 1 being suppressed, as fold (sh,) [f:ua'wd], sold [s.-nu'wd],
very general. Gold [gruu'wd],
Wellington ; Kewpobt. Qy. com. Cf. fold (5)
and gold (9) above.
22 = [ou-] = [uw], hold [uwt], old [uwd], fold (vb,) [fuwd], cold [kuw'd], &c.; Shrewbburt j
Fulvbrbatoh. Qy. com.
23 = [uu], cord [kwnur^'d], Church Strxtton ; Clun. Cord- wood [kwuur'd 55d], Fulvbrbatoh; Clbb
Hills; Bribo- north.
24 = [u*], so [su'], to [tu*], and sometimes go [gu'], wben nnem- phasized; Newport. Cf. go (8) above.
(a) „ in more in composition (unaccented), as Blakemore = Bleakmur [blee'kmuY], Wbitmore [wit'muY],
&c. ; Newport. Cf. e(13).
25 = [i*'], going [gwi'*i'n], Shrewsbury ; Fulvbrbatoh.
26 = [oe], gone [gwoen*], bone [bwoen*], stone [stwoen*], Com. Oa. — 1 = [oa], loaf [loaf-], soap [soap-],
&c; Com. Eoad [r'oad*],
Shrewsburt.
2 = [oa-h'J, road [r'oa-b'd], Ludlow, Burford.
3 = [ii-u'], road [r'i-u'd], load [Iti-u'd], Wbm. Qy. com.
4 = [uo-b'], board [buo'hYd], Shrewsburt. Qy. com.
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(delwedd B3704) (tudalen 031)
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ORAMKAR OUTLDIBS. XXXl
5 = [no'-h"], boaid [bao'hYd], WnircHUBca.
6 » ps-h*], oatB [55^'t*8], ojiiis * [o&>h'n-z], Pulvibbatch.
7 = [u]t oak [^<^^']y oath [wuth*], Shbkwsbcbt; Pulyeb- BATCH. Qy/ ooBL Oato [Wat's], Cobl See w
(3) (con-
8 = [ma*], boaid = bwurd [bwmayd], Pulysbbatcbl CI (4) and (5) aboye.
(a) ^ hoar == ur [w:aiiV]y a *wur froB*;' Shbvwsbcrt; Pulybbbatcob.
9 = [ao*]y road [r'ao'd], load [lao'd], &c. ; Kxwpobt. Oai — 1 = [an-] Ib hoe ; Cobl
2 ss oa =s [:nu-w] ib hoe ; Bishop's Castlb ; Cluk. S SB [oa*] IB hoe ; Kbwport. OL — 1 = i = [ei] = [a'y], IoIb ^=
liae pa'yB], joIb = jine *
[ja'yB-], spoil [spa'yl], &c.; Shbbwsbubt; Pulvxbbatch; very
geBeraL Coin [kwa'yn], Pultxbbatch ; ohaA
2 = [a'y], oiled [a'yld], ibid. Boil [bwa'yl], Pulvbrbatch. CI i (3) and (4).
3 = [ahy], spoil [spahyl], &c.; Newport.
4 = [a' 7], spoil ^ [8pwB'7l], Bishop's Castlb; Cluk.
Oo. — 1 = [56], spoon [spoon*], moon [moSn*], room [r'Som*], took [MS6Y'\ &c. ; Com.
2 = [00], goose [goos*], gooseberries [goorbr'i'z]. Cf. s (I). Shook [shook*], took [took*], emph. See below
(7). Newport.
3 = [:oo*], good [gioo'd], coop* [k:oo"p], Shrewsbubt; Pul- vbbbatch. Qj. com.
4 = [oom'], door [doo*n'r^, floor [floo-uY], Newport. Cf. (8) below.
5 = [oo'h'], moon [moo*h'n], Ludlow, Burford,
6 =s [uo], cooty* fknot-i*], Pulvbrbatch. Coother* [kuodh-uY], Clbb Hills. Tooth [tnoth-], Newport.
7 = [vl\ foot [fut-], soot [sut-], tooth [tuth], brook [br'uk], roof [r'uf •], &c. ; Com. Took [tuk*], shook
[shnk*], unemph, Cf. (2) above.
Newport.
8 = [un], floor = flnr [flnnr*], door = dur [duur'], Com. Cf. (4) above.
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(delwedd B3705) (tudalen 032)
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XXXU GRAMMAR OUTLINES.
9 = [:oa-], choose [cli:oa*z], shook [shioa'k], Com. Ct o (4).
10 = [oa'], coop* [koa'p-], Bishop's Castlb; Clun. CI coop above (3).
11 = [i'oo], fool [fi'ool-], pool [pi'ool-], school [ski'ool*], Kbwpobt.
12 = [ue], book [buek-], nook [nuek*], Whitohdroh, TUsiock.
13 = [i'ue], school [ski'uel], Whitohuboh.
14 = [i'], Woodward (proper name) = Withart [m'dh'uYt], Whitchubch, WhtxalL Cf. d (6).
Ou. — 1 = [ou] = [uw], house [uwss*], mouse [muwss*], Shbbws-
BURT ; PULTBRBATOH. Qy. COm.
2 = [ou-] = [uw], housen (for houses) [uwzn], proud [pr^uwd], ibid. See further. Specimens of folk-speecL
Shoulder [shuw'duV], Shbewsburt. This
does not seem to be the normal
pronunciation. Cf. shoulder below (14).
3 = [uwu'*], our [uwuV], an hour [u' nuwu'V], See Specimens of Folk-speech. Pour (vb,y as of rain that
has fallen) [puwu''r']. Cf. pour below
(10).
4 = [ou] = [uuw], bought [buuwt*], thought [thuuwt*], coarse, rough speakers ; Nbwport.
6 = [ou-] = [uuw], shoulder [shuuwduY or shuuwlduY], New- port. Cf. shoulder below (9).
6 = [ou*] = [:uu'w], slough (morass) [sliuu'w], through [thr'ruu'w], Pulvbrbatoh.
7='[oo*], shoulder [shoo'duY], Church Strbtton. Sough* (vh,) [soo'], Clun; Wbm.
8 = [55], pouch* [p55ch-]. Qy. com. Would [55d-]. See Verbs.
9 = [oa-], trough (for kneading) [tr'oa-], Pulvbrbatoh, obsols. Shoulder [shoa'duV], Shrewsbury.
' 10 = [:oa-u'], your [y:oa-uV], Com. Pour {vb,, as of rain coming down) [pioani'r*], Shrewsbury. Qy. com. Cf.
pour above (3).
11 = [au], bought [baut-], thought [thaut-], &c. ; Com. See Specimens of Folk-speech, No. 2.
12 = [o], tough [tof-]. Com. Trough [tr'of], occasionally heard. Bought [hot-], thought [thot*], Newport.
Cf. (11) above.
13 = [:uo], tough [tmof], trough [tr':uof], Newport.
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(delwedd B3706) (tudalen 033)
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GRAMMAR OUTLINES. XXXllL
14 = [no*], shoulder [ahuo'dhuY], Shbbwsbubt ; Pulvbrbatch. Cf. ghonlder above (2).
15 = [no], coach [kaoch*], coulter [kuot'uY], &c. ; Com.
16 = [u], bound [bun*d], found [fun'd], pound [pun*d], trough [tr'uf-], &c.; CouL Should [shud-],
would [wud*], Newport. C£ would above
(8). Slough (skin of a snake) [sluf*], Ful-
ysBBATCH. Qy. com. Sough * {sb,) [suf -f], Com.
17 = [h]^ courant* [ktir'an't], could [kiid], Pulverbatch. See Yerba.
18 = [u'Jy cough in composition and unaccented, as chin-cough [chin-ku'f], Com. Courant* [kuYani;], Clee
Hills.
19 = [ue] in words ending in OTUI, as curious [ki'ooTTuez], &e. ; WoRTHEN ; Clee Hills, Abdan.
Ow. — 1 = [oa*], bewl (basin) [boa'l], mow (vb,) [moa'], &c. ; Com.
2 = [ou"] = [uw], bowl (a hoop) [buwl], bowl (vK) [idem]^ mow* (sh.) [muw], bow (for arrows) [buw],
Com.
3 = [ou*] = [mu-w], mow (vb.) [m:uu-w], Bishop's Castle; Clun.
4 = [ou] = [uuw], howl [yuuwl], Com. 6
= [fuuw], cow [ki'uuw], Whitchurch.
6 = [oe], cullow * [kuol'oe], killow * [kil'oe], &c. ; Pulver- batch, obeols. Burrow [buVoe], ibid,
7 =r [u*], leasow [lezTi*], meadow [maedii*], window [wi'n'du'], &c ; Com.
8 = [u'r^, leasow [lez-uY], &c. ; Newport.
Oy. — 1 = [»uy], boy [bw»uy], Shrewsbury ; Pulverbatch ;
obsoU. v. — 1 = [u] in most closed
syllables, as nut, tub, but, &c. ; thus,
butcher = [buch-uY], put [put-], full [ful-], bull [bul*], &c ;
Com. Pull [pul-], Newport. Cf. pull below (8).
2 = [eu-] = [yoo-], use (vb,) [yoo'z], Com.
3 .» [eu*] = [y:oo*], Union (work-house) [y :oo*niVn], &c. ; Com. Utick* [y:oo*ti'k], Shrewsbury; Newport.
Qy. com. Humoursome * [y:oo*muYsu'm],
Pulverbatch; Newport; Wem; Ellbsmerb.
4 = [eu] = [yoo], use (sb.) [yoos*], usened
(we used) [yoos*nt], Ellbbmbbb;
[yoos "tn], if/cm; Newport.
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(delwedd B3707) (tudalen 034)
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XXXiy GRAMMAB OUTLINSS.
5 = [aa], nriDO [aei'-i'n]. Com.
6 = [eu-] = [i'oo'], music [mi'oo'zi'k], fury [fi'oo Vf ], &c. j
Com. Mnaey^ [mi'oo-zT], Whitohuroh.
Puke* [pi'oo'k], Pdlveb- batoh;
WoRTHKir. Muse* [mi'oo'ss], Pulybrbatch. Qy.
com. Comute* [kaui'Tii'oo-t], Pulvxbbatoh. Curious [ki'ooyi'uez], Wobthbn ; Clee Hiu^, Abdon.
CL on (19).
7 = [eu-] = [r:oo-], curate [ki'iooVi't], fuel [fi'rooi'l], &c. ;
Com. Musicianer*
[mi'oo'zi'8li''u'nuY], Pulvkbbatoh ; Wejl
8 = [oo*], pull [pooi], time [cboon], supple [soo*pl], dubious [joo'bu's], &0, ; Com. Duke [doo'k],
music [moo'zi'k], curious
[kooT'i'u's], &C. ; N'bwport. Ct ew (6).
9 = [:oo'] after r : cruel [kr'M)oi*l], gruel [gr'rooi'l], &a ; Com.
10 = [oo], Sukie (proper name) [shook*!*]^ tube [choob*], &a ; Com.
11 r= [.-oo-b'] before re in sure [sh:oo-bY], Shbewbbubt; Pulvkr- BATOH. Qy. com. Cure [kroo'h'r'], Newport.
12 = [i'looTi'] before re in cure [ki'roo'uY], Qy. com.
(a) = [u'] „ „ in nature [nai-tuY], creature ptr'ai^tuY],
feature [fai'cbuY], &a ; Com.
13 = [i*] in fortune [faur'li'n], Com.
14 := [ou*] = [uw] in cucumber [kuwku'mbuV], Com.
15 = [66] in cucumber [kuwkSSm'-uY], Shrewsbury; Pulvbr-
BATCH.
16 = [uo], duck [duok-], sbut [shuot*], just [juost*], &c. ; New- port. Cullow * [kuol'oe], Pulvbrbatch,
obsols. Cf. ow (6).
17 = [uo], pun* [piion-], Com.
18 = [ii], nucbid* [ntikb'i'd], Pulvbrbatch; Worthen; nearly ob8. Cf. oh (3).
19 = [uu] before r in fur [fuur'-], bur* [buur*-], urchin* [uu/*chi*n], turf [tuur'-f], &c.; Com.
20 = [ae], chuck [cbaek], shut * [shaet*], just [jaest*], sludge [slaej*], burying (funeral) [baer'i'n],
Com. C£ (16) above.
21 := [ae-], bury* [baeVi*], Ludlow, Burford; Newport.
22 = [i], pulpit [pil'pi'*]> pliinib [plim*], Com.
23 = [o], in composition with n, as ontidy, onlucky^ &c. Qy. com. in 8, Shr,
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(delwedd B3708) (tudalen 035)
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GRAMMAR OUTUKES- XXXT
IFe. — 1 = [oo], flue [floo], blue [bloo], due [doo], Tuesday [tooz'di*
or ehooE*di*], &c; Shrewsbury j
Pulverbatgh ; Kbwport. Qy. com.
2 = [:oo'], true [tr'too*], glue [gl:oo*], &c j ibid.
3 = [f ], argue [aa-r'gi'], Com.
4 = [i'oo], aigue * [aar'-gi'oo], Wem.
VL — 1 = [oo]» juice [joos*], Shrewsbury; Pulvsbr^tch. Qy. com.
2 = [oo'Jy nuiauMse [hocsu'db], ibid.
3 = [:oo*], fruit [fr^ooi;], ibid,
4 = [il, build [bil-d], guilty [gilHi'], ibid.
Uy. — 1 = [»'y']> ^^y [^'y*] > Shrewsbury ; Pulvbrbatcth. Qy.
com. T. — 1 = [i], hymn [im-], hyssop
[iru'p], syllable [sin-uHbl], &c. ;
Shrewsbury ; Pulvbrbatgh. Qy. com.
2 = [ae], syrup [aaer^ii'p], pyramid [paer'Ti'mi'd], ibid.
3 = [u], sycamore [suk'u'moa'liY], Shrewsbury ; Pulterbatch ; Craven Arms. Qy. com. Syringe [sul-i'nj],
Pulverbatch.
4 = [uu], myrtle [muur^'tl]. Qy. com.
5 = [a'y], when final and accented, as by [ba'y], my [ma'y], why [wa'y], &c ; Shrewsbury ;
Pulverbatch. Qy. com.
6 = [ahy or ahy] = oi approximately, as by [baby or bahy], my [mahy or mahy], &c.j Newport; but
these words are rarely emphatic there.
7 = [r], when final and unaccented, as in tidy [ta'y'di*], ready [r'ed-i'], &c.; pig-sty [pig'sti'], my
[mi*], why [wi'J, &c. Com. Cf. ie
(2) (a), {vowels, ^c).
CONSONANTS AND DIGRAPHS, ETC.
B. — 1 = p, as pathor* = bather* = batter; Ellbbmere. Cf. p, below. C. — 1 = s : twice == twize [twa'yz],
&c. ; Com. Face [fai-z], very
general . 2 = g in carrots = garrits
[gar^i'ts], carroty = garrity [gar'i'ti*],
Pulverbatch. Cfl g (3) below. OIl — 1.
ThiB digraph = sh in bench [ben*sh], drench [dr'en-sh],
wench * [wen'sh], &c. ; Com.
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(delwedd B3709) (tudalen 036)
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XXXVl GRAMMAR OUTLINES.
2 == ky in perch (measurements of land, &c.), [paer^'k],] Clkb Hills ; Ludlow. Muchin (a pig) [muk-rn], Wbm.
3 = [kh], a guttural spirant, in muchin [mokh-i'n], Clun : and in nuchid* [niikhi'd], a nearly obsolete
word, meaning ill- nourished ;
Pulvebbatch ; Wobthen. Cf. gh (5).
CI.— 1 = [kl] not [tl].
P. — 1 = j, in deal [j:aei], dead [j:ae*d], death [jrae'th], Com. Ci ea(13). Darn [jaaVn], dew = je'ow
[ji':uu*w], Pulyebbatoh. See ew (4)
{vowels, i^c). 2 = t when final after
ar, as custard [kus'tuVt], backward
[bak'u'r't], awkward [auk-uYt], &c. ; Com. Cf. t (1). 3 — is often omitted at the end of
syllables and monosyllabic words as,
landlord [laniu'r't], Com.; [lan-luYt or lon-luYt], Nbwpobt; and [u'n], Com.; find [fein] =
[fa*yn], lend [len*], send [sen-],
&c. ; Shbbwsbuby ; Pulvebbatoh. Qy. com.
4 — ^is sometimes added to the end of words, as girl = girld [gae''r'ld], wine = winde [wa'ynd], gown
[gou*nd] = [guwnd], Shbewsbubt;
Pulvebbatoh; believed to be general with
varying diphthongal soimds. 5
== th = [dh], Edward = Yethart [yaedh'uYt], Woodward [wi'dh'uYt], Whitchubch, WhixalL Cf. th (5)
below. Dd = th = [dh], ladder = lather
[laadh'uY], edder (for adder)
= ether [aedh'uY], Com. P. — 1 — ^is
usually omitted in of, which = o*.
2 ^= th in frock [thr'ok*], from [throm*] einpk., [thrVm*] unemph. Qy. com.
3 = V in feerings * = veerings [vee'h'rTnz], Clee Hills. Cf. V (2) below.
0. — 1 — as in received English generally.
2 — is palatal in some words = [g(y], as get [g(yet], gether (for
gather) [g(yaedh*uY], &c.; Pulvebbatoh. Qy. com. 3 = c in Goldfinch = Goldfinch ;
Whitchubch. Cf. c (2) above. ng is the
gutturo-nasaL
1 = n : that is, nasal [n] is substituted for nasal [ng]. This usage is very extensive, more especially in words
and syllables ending in -ing.
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(delwedd B3710) (tudalen 037)
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GRAMMAR OUTLINES. XXXVU
(a) Verbal nounSy to] hunting = huntin' [nn'ti'n], running* =
mnnin' [i^tui'i'n], &c. ; Com. {h)
Partieiples wherever occorring, as getting = gettin' [g{yeti'n],
am coming [komi'n], &g. ; Com. (e)
kingdom == kin'dom [kin'da'm], Com. Nothing [nnth-i'n],
anything [aeni'thi'n], Com. Nothing [naothi'n], anything
[ani'thi'n], Newport. Cf. (4) below.
(d) In plac&-namesj ending in -ton, as Wellington = WeUin'ton
[waelinta'n], Donnington = Donnin'ton [donintn'n], Lopping-
ton = Loppin'ton [lopintn'n], &c. This is a refinement upon
the pronunciation of place-names as given below (6). («) In length = lenth [len*th], strength =
strenth [str'enih],
Com.
2 = [n(g]. Some words, chiefly monosyllabic adjectives, ending in ng, have the guttoro-nasal sounded
teeak, as long = lung [lun(g], wrong =
wrung or wrang [r'un(g or r'an(g], strong =
strung [str^un(g], Shbewsburt ; Pitlverbatch. Qy. com.
3 = [ng(g, ngg]. In many words where ng is sounded [(g] or [g] is added, making : —
(a) [ng(g] where the words are final or followed by some conson- ants, as sing [sing(g], ring [r'ing(g],
&c. King the bell [r'ing(g dhu'
bel*], &c Qy. cohl
(b) [ngg], (a) in the middle of words between two vowels, as singer [sing'guV], ringing [r'ing'gi'n],
&c. Com.
(c) at the end of words in sentences where the following word begins with a vowel, or h (always mute), as
bring it [br'ing'g i't], bring her
[br'ing'g u'r], sing a song [sing'g u' song(g], &c. ; Com.
4 = [ngk], thong = thunk [thung-k], Wem. Nothing [nuth*- ingk], anything [aeni'thingk or
ani'thingk], something [sum*- thingk],
an affected vulgar pronunciation adopted by servant girls, of town-life more especially. Cf.
(1) (c) above.
5 = [nj] in some proper names ending in Jtanif as Bellingham = Belluogam [belinju'm], &c. Qy. com.
6 — ^is usually omitted in place-names ending in torif as Wellington = Welli'ton [waelitn], Donnington =
Dunni'ton [duni'tn], Loppington =
Loppi'ton [lopi'tn], &c. Cf. (1) (d) above.
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(delwedd B3711) (tudalen 038)
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XXXViii GRAMMAR OUTLINES.
OL— 1— This digraph = k in sigh = sike ;
Com.
2 = f in cough, dough, enough,* slough (of a snake), sough (sb.)
tough, trough (for pigs) ; Com. See ou {vowels, ^c).
3 = p in hiccough [i'-ku'p], Com.
4 — ^is silent in sough* (vb.)^ Clun; Wbm; in slough (a miry place), PuLVEBBATCH ; in trough = [tr'oa*],
a kneading vessel ;
PULVERBATCH.
5— is a weak i^ttnral spirant = [(kh], in quaigh [kwai(kh], a word on the veige of obsolete, meaning as a
verb ' to bend ; ' as a noun, a wooden
vessel of 'bend ware'; Corvb Dalk The
only instance in which this sound of gh has been noted. Cf. ch (3).
Gl = [gl] not [dl].
H. — 1 — ^It is recorded by Bp. Percy, in a note to an interesting MS. collection of Bridgnorth Words — ^now
in the possession of Mr. Hubert Smith
of Bridgnorth--^that ' the Bridgnorth Dialect
was [1774] distinguished by an almost universal misapplication of the aspirate H — applying it when it
should not be, and omitting it when it
should.'
The Eev. Charles Henry Hartshome speaks [1841] to the same effect with reference to the county at
large. — JScUqpia Antigua, p. 453.
At the present time [1878] concurrent testimony goes to prove that H aspirate is never heard in the
folk-speech of Shropshire : it is only
misapplied by half-educated — or would be fine — speakers. People of this type always try to
talk their best to ^t?ie paa8*7i,* and
hence perhaps has arisen the dicta of the
Authorities above quoted upon the use and abuse of * poor letter H ' in Salop. 2 = y : head ^= [yed* or yaed*], hair = yar
[yaaT], howl = yowl [yuuwi], &c.;
Com. Heath = yeth [yeth or yaeth],
Wbm; Elleshebb; [yi'ni'th], Chuboh Stbbtton. Heron = yam [yaa-r'n], Whitchuboh, Tilstoek,
J. — as in received English. CI d (1) above.
K — 1 — is usually pure [k], but when palatal is heard in some words = [ki'], kype* [kiVyp], kibe*
[kiVyb], kimet*
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(delwedd B3712) (tudalen 039)
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GRAMMAR OUTLCiES. XXXIZ
pdVymft], PuLVEiKBATCH. Kerlock pd'aeVlu'k], Craven
Abms; Ludlow. 2 — ^18 diopt in make
and take ; Coluebt ; Xewpobt. See a (6),
(ffoioelSy ^e.) ; also in taken = ta'en ; Com. L. — 1 — is silent in -aid and old, as
scald = scand [skaud*], liald
[band*], scold = scoad [skuwd or skniu'wd], &c.; Com. See
(5) (21) (22), (mwelsy ^c). 2 — ^is
silent in -alt, -anlt and -alt, as salt = saut [sant* or saa-t],
fault = fant [&ut* or faaii], bolt = bout [bawt or bnia-wt],
&C,; Com. Alsoinolp: holp* [oa'p], bolpen* [oa-pn]. -is silent in al (1) as a prefix in
^Zmightj = A'mighty, already
= already, oZmoet = aumnst, altogeUier = antogether, AU
brighton (place-name) = Aibnrton [ai'baVtn and au'buVtn],
&C. ; Com. (2) in false = fanse [faa*8s], Com.
silent when medial in some place-names, as Cnlmington =
Cnmmiton [knm-i'tn], Calvington [kay-intn'n or kovitn]. See
ng above, (1) (d), also (6). Colemere = Coomer [kuomni'i'], &c ;
Com. ; also in only = on'y ; Com. 5 =
n : in homily • = hominy [omTi'ni*], Pulverbatch. LL — 1 — ^is silent in aU = [an*], call,
and fall ; call = callen (pZ.), =
caun [kau-n], fallen (p.p.) = faun [fau-n], Newport. These
instances of call and fall are somewhat exceptional and extreme,
tiiough they do obtain. 'Whatten [what dun] they eo'yef'
but * Whatten they eaU 'im 1 ' and faun is less usual than felTn.
'E's felTn down.' AU = [an-], Whitchuroh. Stalled* =
stand [stau-d], Newport; Wem; Whitchurch. Gallon =
gaun* [gau-n], Pulversatch. 2 = B, in
syllable * [ainn'bl], Shrewsbury ; Pulverbatch. Qy.
com. liilleahall (place-name) =a linsel, obsolA CI 1 (5)
above. IL — as in received
English. I. — 1 — ^Mls away from an
and is prefixed to the initial vowel of
the following woid : — a fianand == an arrand, a nauf = an
aof,* &C. Sm BH {adjectives of numeration).
'This letter' (N), says Sir Frederic Madden, 'by a species
of prosthesis is often taken £com the end of an article or
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(delwedd B3713) (tudalen 040)
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Xl GRAMMAR OUTLINES.
pronoun and prefixed to the substantive "wluch. followai Examples of this occur in a noynement for
an oynemewty my nother, for myn other.
. . . The practice existed in familiar
writing so late as the reign of Q. Elizabeth, and perhaps later stilL'— See ' Glossarial Index ' to William
ofPaleme, p. 291, ed. Skeat 2 — ^is generally dropt in the prepositions
in and on, as 't* the cubbert,' ' o'
the shilf ; ' Com.
P. — = b : as pat = bat * ; Ludlow. Poke = boke ; Shrews-
bury ; Wem ; Whitchurch. C£ b abova
Q = [kw], as in received English.
K. — 1 = [r'] is, as a general rule, distinctly sounded, except in a
very few words in which it is entirely omitted. See (4) below.
It is somewhat strongly trilled in the middle of words. Its
quality is similar to that of the Welsh R.
2 — ^preceded by i is transposed in one word, thirsty = thrusty ;
Ludlow. 3 — preceded by u is
transposed in a few words, as curds = cnids,*
scurf = scruf; Com. Bursten = brusten; Wellington. Also before e in pretty = perty ; very
general 4 — ^is omitted in Shrewsbury
[soo'zbr*!* or soa-zbr^i']. See ew (6)
and (11) (vowels, ^t'c). Parson [paasn], scarce [skais*]. CI a (3) (vowels^ ^c). Swarth (of grass)
[swath*], worth [wuth*], curse [kus*],
nurse [nus*], purse [pus*], worse [wus*], very general ; but the r is usually sounded in
nurse, purse, parson; Newport. Girth
[guth*], gorse [gos*], I^'bwport;
Ellesmere. 5 = 1, in syringe =
sullinge [sul'i'nzh], and in rather = lather
[laa'dhuY], obsols,; Pulverbatch. Rather = lother podhu'r], ohsols.; Whitchurch, WhixaU.
S. — 1 := z in goose, when this word is used either adjectively or in composition, as goose oil = g55ze ile
[g5oz-a'y*l]. Com* [gooz'ahyl],
Newport. Gooseberries [gooz'br'i'z], ibicL
2 = Bh: (1) before u, as suit [shoot*], suet [shooi't], &c.;
Com. (2) before ea = d, in seam
[shum*], Pulverbatch, obe, ; [shem],
Cleb Hills.
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(delwedd B3714) (tudalen 041)
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0RAMMAR OUTLINES. xU
Sh = s before r, as ahniik [sfisg'k], ahrab [si^ab'], Sec; Com.
Shiewsbtuy [sr'oa'zbr^i]. See ew (11) (voioels, ^c). 8p is transposed iu wasp = wops ;* Nbwfobt.
This may be rather
the 0.£. word retamed, toops = toasp^ by Metathesis. 8s = th = [dh] in scissors = scithors
[sidh'aYz], Com. T. — 1 = d : in not =
nod, what = whad [wod*], partner = pardner
[paaVdnuV], yery general, but the permutation of t to d does
not obtain in the district of Nbwpobt. Ct adland* and
adlanty* also d (2) above. 2 = ch in
team = chem [chem*], tone [choon], Tuesday [chooE'di*],
Com. See ue (1) {vowels^ ^c). 3— is
dropt at the end of some past tenses, as felt = f el', kept =
kep', &C.; Com. See Strong (and other) verbs. Also in
other instances, as frost = fros', &c. ; Com. See Souns (plurals
in es and s). Cf. d (3). Th.— 1 = O.E.
J) = [th], and « = [dh].
2 = f in thistle = fissle [fis'l], Wobthen ; Church Stbetton ; Cltjk ; Clbb Hills.
3 = d in farther = forder [fuur'-duV], farthest = fdrdest [faur'-du'st], Ludlow. Cf. d (5) above.
4 =r t in fifth = fift, sixth = sixt, twelfth = twelft. See Adjectives of Numeration {ordinals).
Tl = [kl] in some words ending in tile, as, brittle [br'iki], little [lik'l], rattle [r'ak'l], very general, but
not known about Nbw- pobt. v.— 1 — ^is omitted in over = o'er; Com.
Give (imperative) = gi'e; very general
See Indefinite Pronouns {some = ever^ &c.). 2 = f in vetches = fetches* [fechi'z],
Pulvbbbatch. Victual = fittle [fit-1],
Cobvb Dalb. Cf. f (3) above. W. — 1 —
^is omitted in ward when a last syllable, as backward =^ back'art, awkward = awk'art, &c., and
in always = al'ays ; Com. 2 — is
omitted when initial before its cognate vowel sound, as, woman = 55man, wood = 55d, worsted =
66sted, &c. ; Com- mon throughout
Mid. and South Shr, 3 — ^is added
initially to some words before and u sounds, as, hot = whot [wot*], oak = wuk [wuk*], oath =
wuth [wuth*], oat-
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(delwedd B3715) (tudalen 042)
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Xlii ORAKMAB OUTLINES.
m^ = wutmil [wut'mil], &c.; Shrewsbury; Pulverbatch* Qy. com. in Midi and South Shr. See oa (7)
(vovods^ ^c), 4 — ^is inserted after
some initial consonants, as, bone = bwun
[bwoen'], stone = stwnn [stwoen*], gone = gwun [gwoen*], &a ; very general Boy = bwoy [bwiauy],
Shkbwsburt ; Pulver- batoh; ohsola.
Boil = bwile [bwa'yl], Pulvbrbatoh. Post
= pwnst [pwus't], Shrewsbubt; Pulvbrbatoh. Qy. cobu in 8. Shr, Coin* = quine [kwa'yn*],
Pulvbrbatoh, o6*.1 Cord = querd
[kwur^'d], Church Strbtton; Clun. See
Cordwood.* ' X. — 1 — ^As in
received English ; Com.
2 = kth in axe [ak'sh], ' a couling aksh ;' * Ludlow.
T. — 1 — ^Wben initial is frequently dropt before the cognate vowel
sounds ee and i, as, yield = ild, yes = iss, yesterday =
isterd'y, yet = yit = it ; Com.
2 — ^is sometimes sounded initially before 8 and a sounds, as,
Edward* = Yedart, &c. ; Cobl Ale = yale [yael*]. See Ale.*
3 = th = [dh] in yonder = thander [dhaan'duV], Clun, Hereford Border,
Z — As in received English.
ETYMOLOGY.
NOUNS.
Plurals in en and n. — ^Examples of these endings are not numer- ous, but such as exist are for the most
part of everyday use in the localities
where they respectively obtain, as childeren,* childem * (a double plural), peasen,* rotten, neesen, housen,
eyen, flen, shoon, &c.
All known instances of these usages will be found in the body of the Glossary.
Plurals in es and s. — ^Nouns of the singular number ending in it mostly change the t to s and add as to
make the plural ; as, crust, crosses;
fist, fisses; post, posses: in the Newport district they sometimes reduplicate this plural, and say
crusses-es, &c.
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(delwedd B3716) (tudalen 043)
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GEAMXAR OUTLINES. xliii
Instances occur where the t is merely dropt to form the plural ; as, heast, beas, &c
Plural in er. — Only one instance known, yiz. childer.*
Plurals formed by Yowel-change. — ^The known examples corre- spond to the litenury English forms, thns —
^mon, men; 55man, women [wi'm'i'n],
tnth, tith; fat, fit; goose, or gas, gis; moose, mice; loose, lice.
Tooth, taith; fat, fait; goose, giuse; obtain in the Newport district.
Constant plurals, ftc — Many noons have no singular form, as, aigles, afteiings, crods, drippings,
fleetings, grains, &c., &c.
Some noons are treated as ploral withoot a ploral sign, as, broth, browis ; &c., Ac. : of which it is
said, ' they bin good,' or * saot,' or
what not.
Noons whose signification is that of a genuine ploral, while the form is distinctly singular, are
represented by em = ashes.
Noons of time, weight, measnre, or number, when osed col- lectively or with a nomeral ezpressiye of
plorality, remain for the most part
unchanged ; as, three 'ear, six wik, ten pond, five strike, two coople, &c, &c
Some noons are osed in the sii^^olar form only, as, battin, thrave, fowl, yittle, &c.
Posaesiiye Case. — ^When place-names are compoonded of two words, the first — ^being a proper noun —
^ib generally put into the pos-
seesive case; as Wenlock's Edge, Hayton's Bent, Bieton's Heath, Exford's Green, &c, &c
CoUeetiTe noons, expressive of large quantities, are — ^mort, vast, dje], dyel = deal, power, sight, &c. ;
the last three are of common osag&
Noons compoonded with fol in literary English, have in nomeroos instances the soffix fie or le = fnl ; as,
appam^/e * = apron-/u/, csjitle* =
can-fid; and so with hncketle, pocke/Ze, hanfZ^,* &c : most of these will be foond in the body of
the Glossary. In the Newport district
fol is fl: bocketf/ — sometimes backe/7« — can/*/, han'/*/; but not casiile, hsaitle.
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(delwedd B3717) (tudalen 044)
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Xliv GRAMMAR OUTLINES.
ADJECTIVES.
Adjectives of Quality. — Besides those that obtain in literary English — ^whether simple or derivative —
^with suffixes such as /wZ, 'fied^
-ish, 'le, -less, -some, -ous, -y : there are many others of both classes which form an exceptional category,
including old forms and remarkable
words ; as, bisson, brief, burrow, curst, dark, ebb, erne, gain, Unnow, nesh, oval, thone, unkit,
longful, succour/t^Z, maist&nfiedy
iwisiified, cedish, brickZg, SLYenless, dsaksome, hghisome,
tempexsome, lungeotM, nuvituot^^,
iemptaous, brood ^> fume^, &c, &c — these and Inore of like kind will be found in the
body of the Glossary.
Degrees of Comparison are, as in received English, formed regularly by er and est, but double
comparisons are frequent, as more
beauH/uller, most innocenfest ; examples of this are met with in the earlier writers, as — * moste
dennest flesch of bryddes,' Piera Pl.y
Text B., pass. xiv. L 43 ; 'the m^ost unkindest cut of all,' Jvliua CcBsar, ILL il 1. 187 ; *more better than
Prospero,' Tempest, L ii 19 ; *more
corrupter ends,' K, Lear, IL ii 108; 'm^ost straitest sect,' Acts xxvi 5.
The Superlative Absolute is formed by adverbial prefixes, such as mighty, right, despert, oncommon,
&c., &c.
It is also expressed by similes — ' as hard as brazil ' — than which nothing can be harder, — as * sour as
vargis,' * as linnow as a glove,' &c., &c, (xd infinitum.
Than after the comparative degree is expressed by nor In the southern part of Shropshire, and by till on
the N. and KE. borders of the county :
t'Crt = tiU is also used in some localities.
IRRBOULAR COMPARISONS.
Good
better + more^
better + most
Bad
worse + er
worst -f est
Much
more + er
most + est
Many
7>
»>
Little
little + er
Uttle + est^
1 Beitermore [baet'ur'mur'] obtains in the Newport district
2 * Where love is great, the littlest doubts are fear.'
2 Hamlet, IIL ii 181.
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(delwedd B3718) (tudalen 045)
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QRAHMAR OUTUNES. xlv
Oreat is used idiomatically to express intimacy, familiarity = * thick ' — a slang term.
IntunritJTes such, as 'ancient owd/ 'teeny little/ are often employed.
DISTINQUIBHINQ ADJECTIVES.
Ay an [the Indefinite Article]. See definite numeraLi (one). The [the Definite Article]. See
demonstratiye pro&oimA»
ADJECnVES OF NUMERATION.
Definite numerals are the received Cardinal and Ordinal nnmherSy with certain varieties of usage.
One [won*], Com. ; [won*], N. and KR borders of Salop.
An [the Indefinite Article] = one = A. S. an, is invariably heard as a, the n falling off alike before vowels
and consonants, or other- wise
prefixed to the following word : a egg ; a nour = an hour. See n (comonants).
Two = both ; Com. * I t8ok it i' my <iw 'onds ; ' 'Itwnzafiill wik aforo 'e conld stond on 'is two fit'
See both below.
The numerals 21, 22, 31, 32, and other like, are counted one and twenty, two and thirty, and so on, as a
common and general usage. In money
this is invariably the rule for sums under forty shillings — ' six an' thirty shUlin' for a
pig,' not one pound sixteen ; the term
pound being reserved till the denomination amounts to two or more, when it is ' two pund,' ' three
pun' ten,' &c In some localities —
as, for instance, Shrewsbury, Worthen, Pulverbatch, and Buiford — ^19, 29, 39, and so on, are expressed
by twenty ad! one, thirty «a' one,
forty so! one, &c. : a method of numeration limited to the number next below the multiples of ten
; ohaols.
In counting at cards —
One is ' the odd un.'
Two „ deuce [doos'J
Three „ trey [tr'ai*].
Nine „ 'rough nine.' Ludlow.
Score = 20 is generally employed as a reckoning of age — ' four 9C0re isterd'y.' C£ Ps. xc. 10.
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Xlvi GRAMMAR OUTLINES.
It is also used in counting sheep, as for sale — ' Them ship bin too thick 0* the groun' ; I'll draw a
couple o' score [= 40] to sen' to the
far nex' wik.*
Sheep are counted in the field by eouples.
The DistribntiTes — ' one by one/ as of persons walking in Indian file ; ' two by two/ as of two
abreast ; ' two apiece * = two to each
one, * two at onoe ' = two at a time.
Mnltiplicatiyes are double, two-double,* treble.
Both.— The usual form of this is the both— * I'll tak' the both J Cf. Fr. tous'les^eux. See Demonstrative
Pronouns {the).
Both = the two, — * I canna^i-afford the two ; ' Com.
Both = the pair on 'em, when speaking of persons or animate objects ; Com. See two (adjectives of
numeration).
The Ordinals exhibit few peculiarities : —
First is pronounced by children at play as firsses [f ur'si'z] ; * me firsses;* Shrewsbubt.
Second [sek-u'nt], Com. ; [si'k'u'nt], Newpobt.
Pifl * = fifth = A.S. fifta,
Sixt* == sixth = A.S. »a;^a.
TweUt = twelfth = A.S. twelf. Shrewsbury; Pulverbatch.
The tone = the one ; Newport, but rare. The tother = the other; Com. * Second has replaced the O.K
other = one of two ; thsst &n =
the first; thsst other = the second. In M.E. these became (1) that oon and that other, (2) the
tone (toon, tone) and the tother/ See
Dr. Morris's Historical English Grammar^
p. 99,
Indefinite Humerals. — All = whole == entire ; as all the lot on 'em = the entire number. All the village
was out = the whole of the
inhabitants.
Many. — ^Large indefinite numbers are expressed by a power, a sight,* a deal [dyel or djel], scores,
&c. ; Com.
Pew.* — ^A good feiOf a tidy good fete = a considerable number, a concourse of people ; a ' good tuthree '
[tuth-rT] = two or three, a ' tidy
tuthree,' a much smaller assemblage. These terms are also used to denote quantities, as of apples, &c.
Practions of Quantity are 'afe [aiif, Newport] = half, quarter,
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(delwedd B3720) (tudalen 047)
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ORAMMAB OUTLINES. xlvii
part ; as, a 'o/e pund, 'o/e a pund, quarter of a pnnd, &c Part is the fractional quantity mosUj in nae —
*part of a glass ' of beer ; ' best
part ' = tbe laigest portion, two parts = half, three parts = three fonrihsy as three parts of a glass of
beer ; but three pariSy as of an apple
cat into qnartezsy would be three seoeral parts.
PERSONAL PSONOUNS.
[Shbewsbubt; Pulyebbatch.]
Smgydar,
Plural.
1. I
1. We
2. Thee
2. Yo'
3. A,* 'e (masc.) ;
'er (/«m.) 3. A,* they
Siiigular.
1. [a'y] emph.
[f] unetnpk.
2. [dhK«] „
[dhuT „
3. [aa]
M "
n \}^ J »»
PI n
w [^]
•
P/iini/.
1. [w:ee-] „
[wi'l „
2. [y:oa] „
[y«'] ..
3. [dhai-] „
[dhae] „
[Xewpobt.]
Singular.
Plural
1. 11
1. We
2. Thou, thee *
2, To'
3. "E (masc), 'er (/«n.) 3. They
^ [ah*]. ' Thou and thee are alike pronounced as Fr. U, me, te, &c. [dhu*], but emphatic thee is
[dhai].
Goieral Observations. — ^'Em* = them; Com. It represents an old form.
The accusative 'er is invariably employed for the nominative she.
The substitution of the nominative we for the accusative us is general in the southern part of Shropshire
; Wobthjen ; Cbaven Abms; Bishop's
Castle; Clun; Cobve Dale; Clee Hills. 'It's
mighty bad for irc;' 'Miss Nellie's bringin* we some vittle.'
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(delwedd B3721) (tudalen 048)
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Xlviii GRAMMAR OUTLINES.
He and him ^ = it, which is used only in an abstract sense ; Bishop's Castlb; Clun; Cleb Hili^.
' The Maister gid me this piece o' garden instead o' the other, an' I mucked Hm well,' said John Mcholas, of
Clim Hospital [1875].
'This spittle's a mighty good im', — '« shoots me right well/ {Ahdon,) '
Me = I, him = he, them = they, are commonly used. ' *Im and me wenten — ' tliem as said it,' &c.
^ See D& Morris's HistariccU English Accidence, p. 120.
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS.
[Shrbwsbubt; Pulverbatgh.]
Singular. Plural.
Myself [mi'sael'f] Ourselves [uwu'r'saeWz]
Yoreselves [yu'r'sael'vz]
Theeself [dhi'sael-f] Yoreself
[yu'r'sael'f] 'Isself [izsael-f], not
com. Tharselves [dhaaVsaer'Tz]
'Imself [imsael*f] Themselves [dhaemsael*vz], not
com.
[Newport.]
Mysen [mi'saen*] Oursens [ — 1 saen-z]
Thysen [dhi'saen*] Yersens [yaer'saen'z]
Yersen [yaer'sen*]
'Issen [izsaen*] Theirsens [dhaer'saen'z]
Bel = sen is also occasionally heard — ^mysel, &c.
ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS.
[Shrewsburt; Pulverbatgh.]
Singular. Hural.
Mj [ma'y] emph., [mi'] unemph. Our [uwu' V]
1 Yore»[y:oa-h'r']
la [iz-], 'er [ur'], its « [it's] Thar [dhaaV]
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(delwedd B3722) (tudalen 049)
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ORAMICAR OUTLINES. xlix
[Nbwpobt.]
Singtdar, HuraL
My [rnahy] Our
Thy [dhah7] Yer [yaer^']
'Is [iz-l 'er [ur'], its * Their [dhaer' •]
^ Thy is not used.
' Its, though occasionally heard, as when addressing a yeiy yonng child, — ^thns, ' come an' warm its
fitties,' or ' little toeties,' is usually
represented by on it^ as well in speaking of the smaller animals
as of inanimate objects ; the track,
hole, or marks an it = its track,
hole, or marks ; the legs an it (chair, table, &c.), not its legs.
• Tore = A.S. e6wer.
^ See note (2) above.
absolute p08se8siyes.
[Shrewsbubt; Pulvebbatgh.]
Singular. FluraL
Mine [ma'yn«] Ours [uwu't'z]
1 Yores [y:oa"h'r'z]
Is [iz], 'era [ur'z*] Than [dhaa^z]
[Newport.]
Mine [mBh*yn] Oum
Thine [dhahTu] Youm [yoo-h'r'n]
'Xsn [izn], 'eran [ur'z'n], 'em Theim [dhaer'n] [ur'n*]
1 Thine is not used*
demonstrative pronouns.
The [dhu-]. Com. ; [dh'], Newport, before vowels^ not before eonsonantsL
The is used before the names of months and seasons when speaking of any particular circumstance
connected with the time, — as, ' I wuz
theer i' the June ; ' "E died 1' the Christmas.' Also before the adverb iirst^ as, ' It's a pity as 'e
adna done it at the first ;^ and
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(delwedd B3723) (tudalen 050)
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1 QRAMMAB OUTLINES.
the Ordinals, first, second, third, &c : as, ' Turn come in fJie
second an' Jack the thirdJ' It is
likewise prefixed to both and its equiva-
lents. See both {adjectives of numeration).
This [dhi's*], that [dhat*], have the emphatic form this 'ere and that there. CI Fr. ce-c^, ce4a.
These [dhee'z], them = those, have the emphatic forms these 'ere, them theer. Cf. Fr. ceuahci^ ceuaUa.
They = those ; Corvb Dale. ' They pasen ' [dhai* pai'zu'n] = those peas. Tkey is occasionally found in
Tudor English [1485 — 1600] as the
plural of the. See Dr. Morris's Historical Englisli Grammar, p. 115.
Such [si'ch-]. Com.
Yanter [yaan-tur'] = yonder ; Com.
Tander [yaan'dur'] = „ Newport.
Tbander [dhaan-dur'] = „ Clun, Hereford Border.
relative pronouns.
As * = who, which, that ; Com.
That = who ; Com. * A girl thai can milk.*
Whad* [wod*] = what. See t (1) (consonarUs),
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.
Who [:oa*], Com.; [oo-u'], Shrewsbury; Pulverbatch. Qy.com. Whosen = whose. ' Whosen housen bin 'em 1 '
Corve Dale. Which [wi'ch-]. Whad.]
INDEFINITB PRONOUNS.
Each = everyone ; * everyone took one ' = each took one. Cf . Spenser's F, Q.,Bk. I. c. ii s. viii. See
Distributives {two apiece).
Some; any = e'er-a [aeT'u'], refined usage, ever-a* [aevu'r'u'] ; the negative — ^not any, is ne'er-a
[naeVu*], with the correspouding
refined never-a [naev-u'r'u'] ; Com.
Enough [u'nuf*], sing, anow* [u'nuw], anew* [u'noo*], pt The distinctive use of the plural form is now
[1877] dying out; and anow, — anew =
enough, sing, are not unfrequently heard. See Dr. Morris's Historical English Accidence^ p.
147.
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(delwedd B3724) (tudalen 051)
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GRAMMAR OUTUNES. li
Sitliar = e*er-ii]| [aeyun], which has two degrees of refined usage, (1) e'er-arone [aeVifwim], aad (2)
erer-a-one* [aey-uVa'- wnn]; Com.
Vrifher :^ ne'er-un [naei'un] has its oorresponding degrees, ne'er-a^me and never-a^ne ; Com.
Else = or; ''£r said as 'ei^d mind the child awilde I wuz out tUe [= or] I u6dnar<L-a lef the 'onse ;'
Com.
Snmmat [samm't] = somewhat = something ; Com. Bomdhing has in a great measure replaced aomewhai*
This [latter] nsage is as earlj as the
thirteenth century. See Da Mobbis's Historical English Qrammar^ p. 123.
VERBS.
▼erbal Lifleziaiia. — ^Personal endings in the plural are formed r^ularly by en or n. A few examples of this
nsage are to be found in Spenser and
Shakespeare — F. Q*9 Bk. L c. It. b. xxxviL Mids, Nighfa Dream^ ILL 56 ; — ^but it was
Archaic in Spenser's time. See Db.
Mobbis's Historical English AccidencCy p. 176.
En and n are also occasionally used in the singular of the past ienscy as — I thooghten ; 'e comen.
Partieiples in numerous instances have the termination en or n. See List of Strong (and other) Verbs below.
Weak Verbs often have the ed and d of their preterite and past participle reduplicated as attack'^^ec?;
drown'c2e^, &c, — ^This is a mere
Tolgarism.
The present tense is frequently employed for the past^ as — ' 'e come out an' ran away, an' we send after
'im.'
The negation of Verbs is made by nad = not. The d falls away from nad and -na appears as an affix to the
yerb— can-Tza, shan-^ia, &c. — as
a general usage throughout the county ; but in many places the fall form nad is retained before
vowels, the final d being sounded in a
distinct kind of way, apart from the na. This peculiarity is represented by an intervening - (indicating
pause) in the examples of the
folk-speech, but it is omitted in the conjugations of the verbs in order to preserve the integrity of the
negation. There are some localities—
for instance Ludlow and ^ewfort — ^where -na stands
lii
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(delwedd B3725) (tudalen 052)
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RAMMAR OUTLINES-
alike before TOwelB and consonantSy and where also^ but quite excep- iionaUy, not is used for na before vowels,
as^ connot 'e) mnanot
II &C.
REMARKABLE FORM.
ff MM^ttLM \^A«*J»A»« \MK
Prts.
Pret.
". Part. Past.
Arrive
Arrove [Corvb Dalb]
Bear [bring forth]
bore
bore
Bear [carry]
bore
bore
Beat
beat
beat, beaten
Begin
begun
begun
Bid
bid
bid, bidden
Bind
bond,* bund *
bond,* bund *
Bite
bit
bit, bitten
Blow
blowed
blowed
Bost = burst
bost, hosted
bosten, bost, bested
Break
broke
broken, brusten *
Chide
chid
Choose, chose *
chose
chosen [choz'n]
Cleave [split]
clove, cleaved
cloven, cleaved
Cling
clung
clung
Climb
clomb *
clomb, clomben
Come
come, corned
comen
Creep
crope*
cropen
Crow
crowed
crowed
Delve*
delved
delved
Ding*
dinged
dinged
Do
did, done
done
Draw
drawed
drawed
Drink
drunk
drunk, drunken
Drive
druv
druv, druven
Eat
et, ete*
etten, ete
FaU
fell
fell, fellen, faun *
Feel
fer
fer
Fight
fought foughten •
fought, foughten *
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(delwedd B3726) (tudalen 053)
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GRAMMAR OUTI.TNES.. liii
Prt$.
Pr«r.
Part. PoMi.
Find
fund*
fund*
Fling
flung
flung
ny
fled
fled
Foi^t
forgot
forgot, forgotten
Forsake
forsook*
forsook,* forsooken
Freeze
froze [fe'oz*]
froze, frozen [fii^oz-n]
Get
got
got, gotten
Give
gi'ed, gid, guv, ^ved
§^d, gi'en, gived
Go
went
gwun
Grind
grond,* grnn'
grond, grun'
Grow
growed
growed
Heave * [ai'v]
hove,* heaved
hoven, heaved
Help
holp,* [oa-p] helped
holpen* [oa'pn] helped
Hew [jmiiw]
hewed
hewed
Hold [aw-t]
held
held
Keep
kep
kepen
Knead
knad,* kned
knad, kned
Know
knowed
knowed
Leap
lep*
lept
Let
let
letten
Ue
lied, lay
lain
Light*
lit
lit
Lock) [lioa-z]
lost
lost
Mistake
mistook *
mistook*
Mow
mowed
mowed
Pick
puck*
puck
Plead
plad,* pled
Qneak*
qnoke *
Beach
raught*
raught
Eeap
rope*
rope
Eide
pode, rid*
rode, rid
King
rung
rung
Biae
riz, TUZy rose
riz, ruz, rose
Bun
run
run
See
see, seed, sid
Bid, sin
liv
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(delwedd B3727) (tudalen 054)
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OBAMMAR OUTLINKS.
Pre$.
Pret.
PaH. Past,
Shake
shSok,* shSSkt
shSSk,* sh56kt
Shave
shaved
shaven, shoven, shaved
Sheed [to
shed or spill] shed, sheeded
shed, shedden, sheeded
Shear
shore,* sheared
shorn, sheared
Shine
shone, [shon*] (moon) shone
shined*
Shoot
shot
shotten, shot
Shrink =
slirink
s'runk
shrunken
Sing
sung
sung
Sink
sunk
sunk
Sit
sat, sot, sut
sat, sitten^ sot, sutten
Sleep
slop*
slepen
Sling
slung
slung
Sow
sowed
sowed
Speak
spoke
spoke, spoken
Spin
spun
spun
Spread
[spi'ai'd
sprad,* sprod
sprad, sprod
spr'ee'd *]
Spring
sprung
sprung
Squeeze
squoze, squedge *
squozen, squedge
Stack
stuck *
StAnd
stood
stood, stooden
Steal
stole
stole, stolen
Stick [to kill]
stuck
stucken *
Sting
stung
stung
Stink
stunk
stunk, stunken
Stride
strode
strode
Strike
struck
struck, stricken * struckan •
Strive
strove
strove
Swear
swore
sworn
Sweep
swep
swep, swepen
Swell
swollen [swoan], swelled
swollen, swelled
Swim
swum
swum
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(delwedd B3728) (tudalen 055)
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ORAMMAB OUTLINX&
Iv
Pres.
PreL
Pari, PatL
Swing
swung
awnng
Take, tae
taed, took
taed, ta'en,* took, tooken
Tear [taaV]
toTOy teaied [taaVd]
tore, teared
Teaze, toze*
(wool, toze*
toze
&a)
Think
thought, thonghten
thought, thoughten
Thrive
thniT
thruven
Throw
throwed
throwed
Tread
trod
trod, trodden
Waken
wakened
awaken
Weave
wove
woven
Weed
wed*
wed
Weep
wep*
wepen
Win
won
won
Wind
wannd [wiannd]
waund
Wring
wrong
wrung
Write
writ^* wrote
wrote
TO BR
[PULVEBBATCH.]
AFFIBMATIVB FOBM.
Part Prea. Bein'.
Singular,
1. I am
2. Thee hist
3. '£, or 'er is
1. Iwu2
2. Thee wust [wus-t]
3. A, 'e, or 'er wuz
Indicative Mood,
Part past Bin.*
Present Tense. PluraL
1. We bin
2. Yo' bin
3. A, or they bin
1. We wxm
2. Yo'wun.
3. A^ or they wun
Ivi
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(delwedd B3729) (tudalen 056)
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GRAMMAR OUTLINES.
Singular.
1. Fve bin
2. Thee'stbin
3. A, 'e, or 'er'a bin
1. I shall be
2. Thee sha't be
3. A, 'e, or 'efll be
Perfect. Plural*
1. We'n bin
2. Yo'n bin
3. They'nbin
Future.
1. We sha'n be
2. Yo'n be
3. They'n be
1. I amma, or amna
2. Thee bis'na [bisnu']
3. 'E, or 'er inna
1. I wmina
2. Thee wus'na [wns'nu*]
3. Ay 'e, or 'er wunna
NEGATIVB FORM.
Present Tense.
1. We binna
2. Yo' binna
3. A, or they binna
Preterite.
1. We wunna
2. Yo' wunna
3. A, or they wanna
Perfect.
1. I hanna bin 1. We hanna bin
2. Thee has'na [asuu'] bin 2. Yo' hanna bin
3. '£y or 'er hanna bin 3. They hanna bin«
Future.
1. I shanna or 6Snna be 1. We shanna or 8ona be
2. Thee sha'tna or 55tna be 2. Yo' shanna or SSna be
. ( Af 'e, or 'er shanna be i A, or they shanna be
( 'E, or 'cr 85nna be ' ( They o5na be
1. Am II
2. Bist, or hist 'ee ?
3. Is a, 'e, or'erl
1. Wuzll
2. Wust'eel [wus-ti'j
3. Wuz a, 'e> or 'eri
INTERROGATIVE FORM.
Present Tense.
1. Bin we?
2. Bin 'ee, or bin yo' t
3. Bin a, or they 1
Preterite.
1. Wun wel
2. Wunyo'1
3. Wun a, or they ?
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(delwedd B3730) (tudalen 057)
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GRAMMAK OUTUNES*
Ivii
Stngular,
1. Have I bint
2. Hast 'ee [asii'] bin
3. Has a, 'e, or *er bin 1
1. ShaUIbel
2. Shat'eebel
3. 081 a, 'e, or 'er bet
Perfect Plural.
1. Han we bint
2. Han yo' bint
3. Han a, or they bin t
Fature.
1. Sha'n we bet 2 r Sha'n yo' be, or
shan 'ee bet ( 6on yo' be, or 85n *ee
bet 3. OSna, or they bet
I Ammad-I t (Aninad-It 2. Bis'na theet finnad-at
\ Innad-'e, or 'ert
INTBRBOOATIVB NBQATIVB.
Present Tenae.
I. Binna wet
3.
1. Wunnad-It
2. Wus'na theet Wunnad-at Wunnad-'e, or *ert
■•{
1. Hannad-I bint
2. Has 'na thee bin t « ( Hannad-a bin
t
2. Binna yo't
(Binnad-at Binna they t
Preterite*
1, Wunna wet
2. Wnnnayo't
I Wunnad-at 1 Wunna they t
Perfect
1. Hanna webint
2. Hanna yo' bin t ' ( Hannad-abint
( Hannad-'e, or 'er bint \ Hanna they bin t
Future.
1. Shanna we bet
/ Shannad-Ibet iOSnnad-Ibet
2. Sha't na thee be t
3. O^nnad-abet
Shanna yo' be t onna yo' be t Shanna they bet O^nna they bet
Iviii
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(delwedd B3731) (tudalen 058)
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GHAMHAB OUTLINSS.
TO HAYE.
[PULVBRBATCH.] AFFIRMATIVE FORM.
Infirdtive Mood, To have, To A.* Part past, had [ad-].
IndicaJtive Mood.
SingvXaf.
1. rye, or I han
2. Thee'8t
3. A,* 'e, or ei^s
!• rd
2. Thee had'st [ad-»t]
3. A*d, Vd, or Vd
1. Tve had [ad]
2. Thee'sthad
3. A, 'e, or 'er's had
1. I shall a
2. Thee aha't a
3. A, 'e, or Vll a
1 . I hanna [ami']
2. Thee has'na [asuu*]
3. A, 'e, or 'er hanna
1. I hadna [aduu']
2. Thee hadsna [ad'snu']
3. A| 'e, or 'er hadna
1. I hanna had
2» Thee has'na had
3* A, 'e, or 'er hanna had
Present Tense. Plural.
1. We han [an-], or we'n
2. Yo' han, or yo'n
3. They han, or a'n, or they'n
Preterite.
1. We hadden [ad-n]
2. Yo'hadden
3. A, or they hadden
Perfect
1. We'nhad
2. Yo'n had
3. The^nhad
Future.
1. We Rha'n a
2. Yo'sha'na
3. A sha'n a, or they sha'n a
HBGATIVB FORM.
Present Tense.
1. We hanna
2. Yo' hanna
3. They hanna
Preterite.
1. We hadna
2. Yo' hadna
3. A, or they hadna
Perfect
1. We hanna had
2. Yo' hanna had
3. 'A, or they hanna had
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(delwedd B3732) (tudalen 059)
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CtKAMMAR OTTTLtHBL
Ux
Sifigular.
1. I sbannad-a
2. Thee sha'tna a
3. Ay 'e, or 'er ahaimad-4fc
Future. Plural.
1. We shannad-a
2. Yo' shannad-a
3. A, 01 they shannad-a
1. HaTelf [av-i']
2. Hasfeel [as-ti']
3. Has a, 'e, or 'er?
1. Had I? [adil
2. Had'st'eel [ad-sti']
3. Had a, 'e, or 'erf
1. Havelhadl
2. Hast 'ee had! 3u Has a, 'e, or 'er
hadt
1. ShaUIat
2. Sha't'eea,orm'eeat
(Shalla, 'e, or'eral
\ dSl a, 'e, or 'er a 1
INTBBB06ATIYB FORIT,
Preseat Tense.
1. Han wel
2. Han 'ee, or han jo'i
3. Han a» or theyt
Freteiite.
1. Haddenwel [ad*n]
2. Hadden yo' 1
3. Hadden a, or they t
Perfect
1. Hanwehadi
2. Han yo' had or han 'ee h|d!
3. Han a, or they had!
Fntuie.
1. Sha'n we at
2. Sha'n yo' a, or sha'n 'ee at ( Sha'n
a» or they at
( OSn. a, or they a t
niTBRBOGATIYB NBOATIVE.
Present Tense.
1. Hannad-It 1. Hannawet
2. Has'natheet [asuu'dhi*] 2. Hannayo't
3w Hannad^ 'e, or ert 3. Hannad-a, or theyt
PieteritSi
1. Hadna we t
1. Hadnad-It
2. Had'snatheet
3. Hadnad-a, 'e, or 'ert
1. Hannad-I hadt
2. Has'na thee hadt
3. Hannad-a, 'e^ or 'er hadt
2. Hadna yo't
3. Hadnad-a, or hadna they t
Perfect
1. Hanna we hadt
2. Hannayo' hadt
3. Hannad-a, or hanna they hadt
c2
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(delwedd B3733) (tudalen 060)
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IX QEAMMAB OUTLINES/
Singular. Future. Plural,
1. Shannad-Ia? 1. Shannaweaf
f Sha't na thee a 1 r Shanna yo* a, or shan 'ee a t
( OStna thee a1 * ( d^nna yo' a, oi 88n 'ee at
( Shannad-a, 'e, or 'er a? ^ ( Shannad-a,or8hamiatlieya?
\ OSimad-a, 'e, or W at ' ( OSimad-a, or oonna they a1
TO DO.
[PULVBRBATCH.] AFFIRMATIVE FORM.
Indicative Mood.
Singular. Present Tense. Plural.
1. I do 1. We dun
2. Thee does [dus-] 2. Yo' dun
3. A, 'e, or 'er does [duz-] 3. A, or they dun
Preterite.
1. I did 1. We didden [did-n]
2. Thee did'st 2. Yo' didden
3. A, 'e, or 'er did 3. A, or they didden
VEGATIVB FORM.
Present Tense.
1. I dunna 1. We dunna
2. Thee doesna [dus-nuQ 2. Yo' dunna
3. A| 'e» or 'er dunna 3. A, or they dunna
Preterite.
1. I didna [did-nu*] 1. We didna
2. Thee didsna [did'snu'] 2. Yo' didna
3. A, 'e, or 'er didna 3. A, or they didna
INTERROQATIVE FORM.
Present Tense.
1. Do I? 1. Dunna we?
2. Dost 'ee 1 [dusti'] 2. Dun 'ee, or dunna yo' i
3. Does a, 'e, or 'ert 3. Dunnad-a, or dunna they!
Preterite.
1. Did II 1. Didden we 1
2. Did'st 'ee 1 2. Didden 'ee, or didden yo' f
3. Did a, 'e, or 'er J 3. Pidden a, or they ?
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(delwedd B3734) (tudalen 061)
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ORAMICAB 0T;TLIK£S«.
UL
INTERROOATIVE NBGATIVK
Singular, Present Tenae. Plural,
1. Dunnad-If 1. Duimawet
2. Doe8iiathee1[diis'na'dhi'] 2. Dunnayo'l
3. Dnmuul-ay 'e, or 'ert 3. Dunnftd-ay or dunna they f
Preteiifte. L Didnad-I! 1. Didnawef
2« Didsna thee f 2. Didna yo' 1
3. Didnad-a, 'e, or 'erf 3. Didnad-a, or didna theyl-
CAN.
[PULVEBBATCH.] AFFIRMATiyB FORH.
Preaeat Tensa Plural.
m
1. We can
2. Yo'can
3. Af or they can
PxBterite.
1. We conlden [kiid'n]
2. Yo'coulden
3. Ay or they conlden
NEGATIVE FORM.
Present Tense.
1. We canna
2. To' canna
3. A, or they canna
Singular.
1. I can
2. Thee ca'st [kna*t]
3. A, 'e, or 'er can
1. I conld [ktid]
2. Thee con'0t [kiist-J
3. Ay 'e, or 'er conld
1. I canna
2. Thee ca'sna [kasnu']
3. A, 'e, or 'er canna
Preterite,
1. I conldna [kiidnn'] 1. We conldna
2. Thee conldsna [kiid'sna'] 2. Yo' conldna
3. A, 'e, or 'er conldna 3. A, or they conldna
IVTEBBOOATIVE FORM.
Present Tense.
1. Canlipcanf] 1. Canna wel
2. Ca'at 'eel [knati'] 2. Can 'ee, or can yo' 1
3. Can
'e, or 'er! 3. Cannad-a, or canna
theyl
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(delwedd B3735) (tudalen 062)
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bdi GRAMMAR OUTLINES.
Sinffutar. FntarilBb PImtoI.
1. Could II 1. Couldflnlf
2. Cou'rt 'eel [kiis-ti'] 2. Couldea yo'1
3. Could a» 'e, or 'eif 3. Couldeu a, oi fheyl
INTKBBOGATIYB NBOATIVS.
Pieaent Teose.
1. Caimad^If 1. Cannawel
2. Ca'sna ihee t [kasnu'dlii'] 2. Canna yo' f
3. Cannad-Ay 'e, ox 'ert 3. Caiii)ad-
or canna iheyt
Pteterite.
1. Couldnad-It 1. Couldnawe!
2. Couldsnaiheet 2. Couldnayo't
3. Couldnad-a, 'e, or *eit
3. Couldnad-a, or couldna they t
DAEE [daa-r'].
[PULYERBATOH.] AFFIBMATIYK FORIT.
Part. Past. Dai'd [daaVd]. Indicative
Mood. Singukar^ Present Tenae. PhiraL
1. Idar* 1. We dar'ny or darden
2. Thee darst 2. Yo' dai^n, or darden
3. A, 'e, or 'er dar ^ 3. A, or they dai^n, or^datden
Ffeterite.
1. I daist 1. We dais'en [daaVsn}
2. Thee darst 2. Yo' dan'en
3. A| 'e, or 'er daist 3. A, or they dan'en
NBOATIVB FOBM.
Present Tense.
1. I dama* 1. We dama, or dar'dna
2. Thee dais'na 2. Yo' dama, or dar'dna
3. A| 'e, or 'er dama 3. A, or they dam
or dar^dna
Preterite.
1. I dais'na !• We dars'na
2. Thee dais'na 2. Yo' dais'na
3. A, 'e, or 'er dai8*na 3. A, or they dais'na
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(delwedd B3736) (tudalen 063)
|
GEAIIMAE OCTUKS&
IKTSBBOeATIVB TOBJL
Singular. PraBent Teue. PluraL
1. Dar II [daai^i*] L Dazen, or daiden wet
2. Daist 'ee t 2. Daien, ot daiden yo' f
3. Dara» 'e^ or 'erl 3. Daien, or daiden a, oi they t
Preterite.
1. Darat If 1. Dan'en we ?
2. Dant'eet 2. Dara'enyo't
3. Dant a» 'e, or 'er! 3. Dara'en a» or they!
INTBBBOOATIVS NBOATIVB.
PteMDlTeoM.
1. Damad-It 1. Dainay or dai^dna wef
iDamWeel ^^ |D«n., ord-x-dnayol
( Damad-'ee, or dar'dnad- eet 3.
Damad-Ay 'e^ or 'erf 3. Dama, or dai^dna ihey f
Preterite. L Ban'nad-If 1. Dai^nawef
2. Dara'nat 'eef 2. Dan'na yoM
3. Dais'nad-a^ 'e, or *ert 3. Dara'nad-at dai8*na ihey f
1 Dr. Mobbis says — 'The third person dare (OJE. dor) is strictly eozrect' See Hidarieal Englith Aeddenee, p.
184.
SHALL.
[PULVEBBATCH.] AFFIBlfATIVB FOBK.
Singydar. Ftmeat Tease. FlurdU
1. I shall 1. We sha'n
2. Thee sha't [shaet*] 2. Yo* aha'n
3. A, 'e, or 'er shall 3. They dia'n
Preterite.
1. I should [shud'] 1. We shonlden [shnd-n]
2. Thee shonld'st [shnd-st*] 2. To* shonlden
3. Ay 'e, or 'er should 3. A, or ihey shonlden
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(delwedd B3737) (tudalen 064)
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iv. GRAMMAR OUTLINES.
JTEGATIVB FORM.
Singular. Present Tense. Plwral.
1. I shanna 1. We shanna
2. Thee eha'tna [shaet'na'] 2. Yo' shanna
3. A, 'e, or 'er shanna 3. A, or they shanna
I^terite.
1. I shouldna [shud'nu'] 1. We shouldna
2. Thee shooldsna [shud'snu'] 2. Yo' shouldna
3. Af 'e, or 'er shouldna 3. A, or they shouldna
INTEBROOATIYE FORM.
Present Tense.
1. Shall II 1. Sha'nwel
Sha't 'ee ? [shaet-i'] 2. Sha'n 'ee,
or sha'n yo* 1
3. Shall a^ 'e, or 'er? 3. Sha'n a, or they!
Preterite.
1. Should I) 1. Shouldenwef
2. Should'st 'ee 1 [shud'sti'] 2. Shoulden yo'
3. Should a, 'e, or 'er 1 3. Shoulden a, or they 1
INTERROGATIVE NEQATIYE,
Present Tense.
1. Shannad-It 1. Shanna we 1
2. Shatna thee
2. Shanna yo', or shan 'ee 1
3. Shannad-a, 'e, or 'er ) 3. Shannad-a, or shanna they
Preterite.
1. Shouldnad-I1 1. Shouldna we?
2. Shouldsna thee ? 2. Shouldna yo'?
3. Shouldnad-a, 'e, or 'er? 3. Shouldnad-a, ox shouldna
they?
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(delwedd B3738) (tudalen 065)
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RAMMAR OUTLINES.
Ixv
Singular.
1. ril, or I 661
2. Thee't
.!'
'E'U, or VU E 661, or 'er 861
1. I68d
2. T]iee66dst
3. 'E, or 'er 68d
1. I66ima
2. Thee 66tna
3.
01 'er 66ima
1. I66diia
2. Iliee66dsiia
3.
01 'er 66diia
1.
2. 66t,» or 86t 'ee I
3. 06t
'e^ or 'er )
1. 08dI1
2. 06d'Bt'ee?
3. 06da»'e, or'er?
WILL.
[PULVBRBATCH.] AFFIRMATIYB FOBM.
Present Tense. Plural.
1. We'n, or we 86ii
2. Yo'n, or yo' 66ii
3. They'll, or they 66n
Preterite.
1. We 66den [88d-n]
2. Yo' 66den
3. They66deii
NBGATIYE FORM.
Present Tense.
1. We 66ima
2. Yo' 66ima
3. They 66ima
Preterite.
1. We66dna
2. Yo' 66<iiia
3. They 66diia
INTEBBOGATIVB FORM.
Present Tense.
1.
2. 06n'ee1
3. 06n a, or they t
Preterite.
1. 68denwe1
2. 06denyo'?
3. 08den a, or they ]
1.
INTERBOGATIYB NBGATIYB.
Present Tense.
1.
2. d6tna thee ?
3. OSnuad-a^ 'e, or 'eri
2. 06imayo'?
3. d6niiad-a, or 88iiiia theyl
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(delwedd B3739) (tudalen 066)
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^vi G&AMMAB OUTLINJBS.
Sinffuhr, Preterite. PluraL
1. OSdnad-II 1. Oddnawel
2. dSdsna thee» or feet 2. 66dmk yo't
3. 05dnad-a, 'e, 'erf 3. d8dnad-a» or SSdna thejt
MAY.
[PULVSBBATOH.[ AFFXRMATIVB FORM.
Sinftdar, Present and Past Tenses.^ Plural.
1. I met 1. We met'n
2. 2. Yo' met'n
3. A, 'e, or 'er met 3. A, or they met'n
Past Tense.*
1. I may 1. We may
2. 2. Yo' may
3. A, 'e, or 'er may 3. A, or they may
KROATiyB FOKK.
1. I metna 1. We metna
2. 2. Yo' metna
3. A, 'e, or 'er metna 3. A, or they metna
INTERBOaATIYB FORM.
1. Met It 1. Met'n wet
2. 2. Met'n yo't
3. Met a, 'e^ or 'ert 3. Met'n a, or they t
INTEKROOATiyB NBOATIVB.
1. Metnad-It 1. Metna wet
2. 2. Metna yo' t
3. Metnad-dy 'e, or 'ert 3. Metnad-a» or metna they t
1 'MlssiSy met [= may] I goo wham to-nightt' 'Well, yo' me^n [= may] g58 after milkm', on'y yo' mus'n be
sharp back to pttt the men's enpper.'
^ May for migJU is of general nsage — ^people considerably higher in rank than the peasantry employ it. ''I
may have known what was going to
happen.' * I may a done it^ if I'd on'y thought*
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(delwedd B3740) (tudalen 067)
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CHAMMAR OUTLINK& Ixvii
MlTSr (Conmioii Hange). [Pdltbbbatcel]
affibmativb fobm.
Singutar. PhstaL
1. I mmi* 1. We mnn
2- 2. Yo'mmi
3, A, 'e^ 01 'er mun 3. A, or they iniixi
KSOATIYB FOBX.
!• I munna 1. We mmina
2. 2. Yo' mnnim.
3. Ay 'e, or 'er maima 3. A, or they munna
INTBBBOGATIYB FOBM.
1. Mnn It 1. Mnn we?
2. 2. Mnn 'ee, or mnn yo't
3. Mnn
'e, or 'er t 3. Mnn a^ or iheyt
INTBBBOCLLTl V JB NBGATrVB*
1. Mnnnad-It 1. Mnnnawe?
2. 2. Mnnnayo'f .
3. Mnnnadrd, 'e, or 'er ? 3. Mnnnad-
or mnnna they 1
MUST (Befined Usage).
[PULTXBBATOH.] AFFIBlfATITB FOBX.
Singular. Plural.
1. I mna' 1. We mne'n
2. Thee mns' 2. Yo' mns'n
3. Ay 'e, or 'er mns' 3. A, or they mns'n
KBGATIVB FOBX.
!• Imnsna 1. Wemnsna
2. Thee mnsna 2. Yo' mnsna
3. A, 'e, or 'er mnsna 3. A, or they mnsna
Ixviii
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(delwedd B3741) (tudalen 068)
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GRAMMAR OUTLINES;
INTftBBOGATIVB FORM*
Singular. Plural.
1. Mus'II 1. Mufl'nwel
2. Must 'eel 2. Mus'nyo'1
3. Mub' a, 'e, or 'er 1 3. Mus'n a, or they t
INTBRBOGATIVB NEGATIYS.
1. MuBnad-I1 1. Musnawe?
2. Musnatheet 2. Musnayo'?
3. Muanad-a, 'e, or 'er] 3, Musnad-a, or musna they?
»
TO BK [WoRTHBN, Clierhury.]
AFFIRMATIVB FORM.
Part. Prea. Bein'. PaH. Past, Biil*
Indicative Mood. Preseut Tense.
Plural.
1. We bin V
2. Yo'bin
3. They bin
Preterite.
1. "We wun
2. Yo* wun
3. They -wnn
Perfect.
1. We'nbin 2^ Yo'n bin 3. The/nbin
Future.
1. We881, or«5n
2. Yo' 581, or 55n
3. They 5S1, or oon
NBGATIVB FOBM.
Present Tense.
1. We binna
2. Yo* binna
3. They binna
Singular.
1. Ibini
2. TheebiBt
3. 'E is'
1. I wuz >2. Theewnst 3. 'Ewuz
1. I a bin
2. Thee'stbin
3. 'E'sbin
1. 1881
2. Thee 88t
3. 'E 881
1. I binna
2. Theebis'na
3. 'E inna
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(delwedd B3742) (tudalen 069)
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OUAMMAR OUTLINES. IxtX
SingtdoT, PieUsite. Plural.
1. I wuima 1. We wuniia
2. Thee wnstna 2. Yo' wunna
3. '£ muma 3. They wnima
Perfect
1. I haima bin 1. We haana bin
2. Thee hastna bin 2. To' hanna bin
3. 'E hanna bin 3. They hanna bin
FulmeL [ShaU or will]
1. I shanna, oi oSnna be 1. We ahanna, or ^nna be
2. Thee shatna, or o5tna be 2. To* shanna^ or 5($nna be
3. '£ ahanna, or 'e oStna be 3. They ahanna, or 5$nna be
INTEBBOOATIVB FOBK.
Present Tense.
1. Bin II 1. Binwel
2. Biat'eef 2. Binyo't
3. la'et 3. Binthe^t
Preterite.
1. Wnzlt 1. Wunwel
2. Wnat'eet 2. WnnyoM
3. Wuz'el 3. Won they!
Perfect
1. Han I bin? L Han we bin 1
2. Hast 'ee bint 2. Han yo' bini
3. Haa 'e bin t 3. Han they bin)
Fulure.
1. Shan I be, or SSI I be t 1. Shan we be t
2. Shat thee be, or Sol thee bet 2. Shan yo' be, or SSI yo' bet
3. OSl 'e bet 3. 6S1 they be, or SSn they be!
INTBBBOOATIYB NBOATIYS.
Present Tense.
1. Ammad-I! .1. Binnawe!
2. Biatnaihee! 2. Binnayo't
3. Innad-'e! 3. Binnatheyt
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IXX GRAHICAR OUTLINES.
Singular^ Preterite. Plural.
1. Wimnad-I ? 1. Wanna wet
3. Wnstnatheet 2. Wminayo'f
3. Wunnad-'el 3. Wunnatheyt
Perfect
1. Hannad-Ibin 1. Hannawebinf
2. Hast'na tliee bin f 2. Hanna yd' binf
3. Hannad-'ebinf 3. Hanna they bint
Future*
1. Shannad-^ or 8onnad-I be t 1. Shanna we^ or 88nna we be t
2. Sbatna thee, or ootna thee bet 2. Shanna yo', or 88nna yo' bet
3. Shannad-'e, or S8dnad-'e bet 3. Shanna they, or 88nna (hey
bet
^ The form be instead of bin obtains about Clun.
TO BE.
[Ludlow.]
affibicatiyb fobil
Part. Pres, Bein'. Part, Past^ Bin.*
Indicaiive Mood. Sinfitdar. Present
Tense. PlwraL
1. I be,^ or I am 1. We bin, or we be
2. To' be, or thon bist 2. Yo' bin, or yo* be
3. *£ be, or 'e bin. 3. They bin, or they be
Preterite.
1. I was 1. We wun, or wujb
2. Thon wust 2. To' wnn, or wns
3. 'E WUB, or wnn, or were 3. They wun, or wuz
Perfect
1. I a bin 1. We a bin
2. To' a bin 2. To' a bin
3. 'E a bin 3. They a bin
Future (Trill).
1. Oi'lP be, or 1 881 be 1. We'U be, or we 881 be
2. Toll be, or Thou 88st be 2. Toll be, or yo' 881 be
3. 'E'U be, or 'e 881 be 3. They'll be, or they 881 be
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ORAMMAR OUTLINES. Ixxi
Singular. Fatme (ahaO). Titiral.
1. I ahall be 1. We ahan be
2. Thou 8ha
or aha'si be 2. Yo' ahan be
3. 'E ahSi' be 3. They ahan be
NSOATIYS FOBM .
Preaetit Tensa
1. I binna, or I amna 1» We binna
2. Yo' binna, or thou bistna 2. Yo' binna
a 'E inna 3. They inna, or binna
Fteifliiie. !• I wanna 1» We wnnna
2nd and 3id pen. the same.
Perfect 1. I hanna bin 1. We hanna bin
2nd and 3id peis. the aame,
Fataie. 1. I 6onnay or shanna be 1. We
SSnna or shanna be
2nd and 3rd pen. the same*
INTEBBOOATiyB FOBM.
Preseot Tense.
1. Be I, or bin I? 1. Bin we, or be yrB
2. Biat 'eel 2. Bin yo', or be yo'f
3. Be 'e, or bin 'el 3. Bin they, or be theyt
Preterite.
1. Wnzlf 1. Wnn we, orwuz wet
2. Wuflt 'eel 2. Wnn yo', or wuz yo'1
3. Wnz 'e, or wnn 'et 3. Wun they, or wnz theyt
Perfect L Albinf 1. A we bin?
2. Aatow,* or ast 'ee bin t 2. A yo' bin?
3. A'ebinf 3. A they bin?
Future (Tfill).
1. OSn, or 8S1 1 be t 1. 0<$n, or 881 we be?
2. 6m, 'ee be? 2. OSn, or 881 yo' be?
3. 08n, or 881 'e be? 3. 08n, or 881 they be?
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Ixxii GtlAMMAR OUTLINES.
Singular, Future (shall). PluraL
1. Shalllbel 1. Shanwebel
2. Sba't 'ee, or slia'st *ee be? 2. Shan yo' bel
3. Shall 'e be? 3. Shan they be?
INTEBBOOITIVB NBGATIYE.
Present Tense.
1. BinnaI18 1. Binnawel
2. Binna yo', or bistna thee 1 2. Binna yo'
3. Binna 'et 3. Binna they?
Preterite. 1. Hannalbint 1.
Hannawebin?
2nd and 3rd peis. the eame.
Future (will not).
1. 65nalbe? 1. 65nnawebe?
2. OSstna thee, or 88st'n 'ee be T 2. 65nna yo' be ?
3. 68nna 'e be ? 3. 65nna they be ?
Future (shall not).
1. Shanna I be?! 1. Shanna we be?
2. Sha'tna thee be ? 2. Shanna yo* be?
3. Shanna 'e be? 3. Shanna they be ?
1 The root be was conjugated throughout the present of the indi- cative as late as Milton's time—* I he,' *
Thou heest,' &c. Bin = O.E. hm=^he
'\-n, plural sufl&Xi See Dr Morris's Historical English Accidence^ p. 182.
* Oi 'U [au'yl], an exceptional pronunciation of L
8 See p. 1l on the legation of Verbs.
TO BE. {Bridgnorth.]
AFFIRHATTVB FORM..
PaH. Pres, Bein^ Pari. Past, Bin*
Singvlan Present Tense. Plural.
1. I bin 1. We bin
2. Thee bist 2. Yo' bin
3.
or 'er is, or bin 3. A, or tiiey bin
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GRAMMAR OUTLINES.
Ixxiii
Singular,
1. I wuz
2. Thee wust
3. A, 'e, or *er "wuz
1. I've bin
2. Thee'st bin
3. 'Es, or 'el's bin
1. I shall, or wull be
Preterite. Plural.
1. We wun
2. Yo' wun
3. A, or they wun
Perfect.
1. We'nbin
2. Yo'nbin
. 3. They'n bin
Future.
1. We sha'n, or wull be
2. Thee 8ha
or shan, or wull be 2. Yo*n, or yo'll be
3. ETl, or 'e wull, or 'er'U, or 'er 3. They'n, or they'll, or they
wull be wull be
TO BE.
[Nbwport.]
affirmative form.
PaH, Pres. Bein'. Part. Past, Bin .♦
Indicatioe Mood,
Singular,
1. I'm
2. Thou art, or thou'rt «
3. 'E's
1. I were
2. Thou, or thee were
3. 'Ewere
Present Tense. Plural.
1. We*n,* or ^^ ^i^i
2. Yo*n, or yo' bin
3. They'n, or they bin
Preterite.
1. We wun
2. Yo', or ye * wun
3. They wun
NEGATIVE FORM.
1. I amna, or ar'na
2. Thou artna, or th'artna
3. 'Einna
Present
1. We amna, or binna
2. Y'amna, or yo* binna
3. They amna, or binna
/
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(delwedd B3747) (tudalen 074)
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Ixxiv GRAMMAR OUTLINES.
Singular. Preterite. Plural.
1. I wer*na, or wimna 1, We wer'na, or wunna
2. Thou, or tliee wer'na, wunna 2. Yo', or ye wer'na, or wunna
3. 'E wer'na, or wunna 3. They wer'na, or wunna
* The * n ' of * We*n/ &c. in this tense = am = ar-on — old Northern English forms, of Scandinavian
origin. * They'» ' is less often used
than they bin,
Ex. — * The peens [pains] 'U tek 'er . . . an' 'er'll croy [cry] out, fur the peens a^n loike to goo through *er
— an' that's w'en the witch 'as gotten
'is grip on 'er' — so said an Edgmond woman [1870].
^ Ye — ^pronounced as French me, te, le, &c. — ^is often used in the affirmative ; but always in the
interrogative.
Ex. — * Yd wunna gooin' to tek it off *im, wun yeV * Ay, ah were.' ' Eh ! thou'rt a bad 'un, thou art'
3 One authority gives in addition Thee hist, with its negative TTiee Ustna — ^stating that these forms are
superseding the older * Thou art,'
&c.
Wuz obtains in the preterite throughout, as a — would be — * re6nod usage ; ' so also the negative imizna. See
p. li on the If egation of Verbs.
TO HAVE.
[Newport.]
affirmative form.
Part. Pres, Havin*. Part. Past, Had [ad].
Indicative Mood.
Singrdar. Present Tense. Plural.
1. I've, or I have [av] 1. "We'n, or we han
2. Thou, or thee hast [as*t] 2. Yo'n, or yo' han
3. 'E's 3. They'n, or they han
Preterite.
1. I had 1. We hadden
2. Thou, or thee hadst 2. Yo' hadden
3. 'E had 3. They hadden
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(delwedd B3748) (tudalen 075)
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GRAMMAR OUTLINES.
Ixxv
Singular.
1. I hanna
2. Thon, or thee hasna
3. IE, hanna
NEOATIVE FORM.
Present Tense. PluraL
1. We hanna
2. Yo' hanna
3. They hanna
Preterite.
1. I hadna 1. We hadna
2. Thou^ or thee hadsna [?] 2. Yo' hadna
3. 'E hadna 3. They hadna
TO DO.
[Newport.]
AFFIRMATIVB FORM.
Indicative Mood,
Sirujular,
Present Tense. Plural*
1.
I do
1. We dun
2.
2. Yo', or ye dun
3.
Tdoes
3. They dun Preterite.
1.
I did
1. We didden
2.
2. Yo', or ye didden
3.
'Edid
3. Thny didden
NEGATIVE FORM.
Present Tense.
1. I dunna 1. We dunna
2. Thouorthee^dunnaordoesna 2. Yo', or ye dunna
3. '£ dnnna 3. They dunna
Preterite.
1. I didna 1. We didna
2. Thou, or thee didna 2. Yo', or ye didna
3. 'E didna 3. They didna
f'2
Ixxvi
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(delwedd B3749) (tudalen 076)
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GRAMMAR OUTLINES.
CAN.
[Newport.]
AFFIRMATIVE FORM.
Singular.
1. I con, or can
2. Thou, or thee con^
3. *E con, or can
1. I could [ah cud]
2. 1
3. 'E could
1. I conna, or canna
2. Thou, or thee conna
3. 'E conna, or canna
1 . I couldna
2. 1
3. 'E couldna
Present Tense. PluraL
1. We con, or can
2. Yo', or ye con, or can
3. They con, or can
Preterite.
1. We coulden
2. Yo', or ye coulden
3. They coulden
NEGATIVE FORM.
Present Tense.
1. We conna, or canna
2. Yo', or ye conna or canna
3. They conna, or canna
Preterite.
1. We couldna
2. Yo*, or ye couldna
3. They couldna
^ Ex, — * Dosta think thou con do itl* ' Ay, to be shu-er ah con* * If Turn conna do it, it inna loikely as a
chap loike thay [thee] con,*
Singular,
1. I shall
2. 1
3. 'E shaU
SHALL.
[Newport.]
affirmative form.
Present Tense. Plural,
1. We shan
2. Yo' shan
3. They shan
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(delwedd B3750) (tudalen 077)
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GRAMMAR OUTLINES. Ixxvii
Singular, Preterite. Plural.
1. I should [8h-h*d] 1. We shoulden [shud-n]
2. 1 2. Yo*, or ye shoulden
3. 'E should 3. They shoulden
NBGATIVE FORM.
Present.
1. Sharnia 1. We shanna
2. Thou, or thee shanna 2. Yo*, or ye shanna
3. '£ shanna 3. They shanna
Preterite.
1. I shouldna [shud-nu'] 1. We shouldna
2.
2. Yo', or ye shouldna
3. '£ shouldna 3. They shouldna
WILL.
[Newport.] affirmative form.
SingtUar, Present Tense. Plural.
1. I will, or I'll 1. We win
2. Thou, or thee will [?], or 2. Yo' win
thou'll, or thecM
3. 'E will, or 'ell 3. They win
Preterite.
1. I would [wud, or wuo'd] 1. We woulden
2. 1 - 2. Yo', or ye woulden
3. He would 3. They woulden
NEGATIVE FORM.
Present Tense.
1. I winna, or wunna 1. AVe winna, or wunna
2. Thou or thee winna, or wunna 2. Yo', or ye winna or wunna
3. He winna, or wunna 3. They winna, or wunna
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(delwedd B3751) (tudalen 078)
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Ixxviii GRAMMAR OUTLINES.
Singular. Preterite. Plvrtd.
1. I wouldua 1. "We wouldna
2. Thou, or thee wouldna 2. Yo*, or ye wouldna
3. '£ wouldua 3. They wouldna
JSx. — *Win ye goo to Noopert fur me, Johnny T 'Shan ye soon a done them tatersT 'They wunna mind
annythin' as I say to 'em.*
MUST.
[Newport.]
affirmative form.
SingtUar, Plural,
1. I mun 1. We mun
2. Thou, or thee niun^ 2. Yo*, or ye mun
3. *E mun 3. They mun
NEGATIVE FORM.
1. I munna 1. We munna
2. Thou, or thee munna 2. Yo', or ye munna
3. 'E munna 3. They munna
1 Ex. — * Moother, T arnna gooin* to skyule never no more.' * Eh, my lad, but tlia mun /' 'I shanna. The
mester says we munna goo to the Mee
Fear (= May Fair — but this is very broad), so I shanna goo anigh 'im no more.'
May is used for might , both among the poor and among persons of some education.
Ex, — 'Well, she may have given the girl leave to stop over Sunday.' See p. Ixiii, note (2).
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(delwedd B3752) (tudalen 079)
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GRAMMAR OUTLINES. Ixxlx
FRAGMENTS OP VERBS.
TO BE.
[CoLLiBRT, Oakengates,^
Singtdar, Present Tense. Plural.
1. I are 1. We are
2. Thoo biBt 2. Yo' be
3. 'E are [or is ?] 3. They be
* I saw a letter not long ago [1878] from a Shropshire carpenter (Colliery district) about the death of his
wife, a young woman. He said, '' The
night befour she died, her said to me, Jim, I are very bad, my Lad, I are only waiting the Lord's
time." * — A. J. M.
TO BE. [Ellesmbre.] Present Tenae.
AFFIRMATIVE. NEQATIVB.
SingyJar, Singular.
1. Fm 1. I amma
2. lliee'st 2. Thee beestna
3. 'E's, or *er's 3. 'E, or *er inna
In the Future Tense the auxiliary will = wull, and will not = wunna. In all particulars save the
foregoing this usage accords with that
of Pulvbrbatch.
TO BE.
ft
[Oswestry.]
affirmative form.
PuH. Prea. Biin'. Part, />a^r<, Bin.*
Indicative.
Singular. Present Tense. Plural.
1. I be, or bin, or are 1. We be, or bin, or *m = am*
2. Thee beest, or bin* 2. Yo' be, or bin, or bun*
3. 'E be, or bin, or are 3, They be, or bin
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(delwedd B3753) (tudalen 080)
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IXXX GRAMMAR OUTLINES.
NBOATIVB FORM.
Singvlar, Plural,
1. I binna, or bunna 1. We binna, or bimna
2. Thee beestna, or binna 2. Yo' binna, or bunna.*
3. '£ baint 3. They binna, or bunna, or
baint
^ The 2nd pera. sing, in use at Oswestry is not heard at Whittinoton, 2J miles E. from tliat town.
^ A little boy on being asked in school why God was called ^ Oar Father/ answered ' Because wp^m His*n.'
* A woman said to a boy one day, * Bun yo* in yore senses \ I think yo' bunna,*
* It inna ' is very common, so is ' Be it ?' as an interrogative. Sometimes these two go together thus : — '
It inna, be UV The interrogative * Bin
'ee 1 ' is not uncommon. "Wunna = was not, and will not, is used in the Pa^t and Future
Tenses respectively.
Yo'm [yoa'm] = you am = you are, is a vulgar form ; Shrews- bury ; Wbm. Qy. com. * Yo^m a bad un ! '
Cf. we*m in the fore- going verb.
Con = can ; very general.
Cannot = cosna [kus-nu*], 2nd pers, sing., Shrewsbury; [k:aus*nu'], Colliery ; Ellesmerb.
Dare not = dorna [drauVnu*], Wellington.
Will = ool [Sol-] ; general throughout Mid, and SotUh 8kr.
WiU not = oSnna [oon-u'], ibid. (We) 66a = O.E. wolen.
Will = wull [wM], Bridgnorth ; Wbm ; Ellesmere ; Oswestry 1
Will not = wunna [wun*u*], ibid. ; Oswestry.
Will = win [win], = O.E. mien, pL, Newport ; Whitchurcjh. * I conna keep the cows from gettin* o'er
the fence, they win do it.'
Will not = winna * [win*u*], pL, ibid.
Must = maun * [m:aun*], \V[hitchurch ; Ellesmerb.
Must not = raaunna* [m:aun*u'], ibid.
Must = mun, must not = munna ; Com.
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(delwedd B3754) (tudalen 081)
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GRAMMAR OUTLINES. Ixxxi
To go [goo], Com. Pres. Part going [gwi* i'n], Shrewsbury ; PuLVBRBATCH. [gwa'yn], Church Stretton.
[gwaa*yn], Bishop's Castle ; Clun ;
Corvb Dale ; Ludlow. [goo-i*n], Newport.
[g5<Si'ii], Ellesherb.
A-going — ^according to these various pronunciations is sometimes heard. See A (3) {Glossary),
The Past Part is [gwun corr. gwoen*] ; commonly.
Lukka = look you ! see that ! Colliert ; used interjVctionally to express surprise, or to call attention
to anything being done.
Shewn * = shew, Com. * I'll sheton yo'.'
Sist =: seest, 2nd pers, sing;, Colliery.
Sithee = dost thee see 9 Colliery.
ADVERBS.
.The subjoined classified list of adverbs comprises most of those in common use.
In the folk-speech Adverbs of Manner are often expressed by ofljectiveSj as ' yo*n do it easy,^ * That
thrustle does sing sweet,* and 80
forth The usage of dropping the adverbial -ly obtained, according to Dr. Morris, amongst the Elizabethan
writers — * grief Jotis sick,'
* miserable poor.' See Historical English Accidence, p. 196.
The adverb like is frequently employed as a redundant form —
* 'er couldna walk like,' * that's whad a toud me like.*
Adverbs of Kegation are commonly reduplicated to express force or determination, as — * I'll never goo
nigh that 'ouse, never no mare*
Adverbs of Place. — Abroad,* agate,* along,* anigh, a-one-side, aside, asiden,* athin, a-whara,*
endways-on,* miles-end-ways,* pretty
nigh
Adverbs of Time. — Afore,* agen,* at-afler,* arly,* awilde, by now, by-times, by-whiles, edge-o'neet,
edge-o'-night,* justly,* just now,*
nex'-to-nex',* now just^* now-a-days, sence,* to-morrow day, once [wuu'st] , Com. ; [won-st], Newport ;
Ellbsmere ; twice [twei'z]. Com.;
[twei'st, co^r. twahyst], Newport.
Adverbs of Manner or duality. — Above-a-bit, aneend, anind, athatn, athatns, athisn, athisns,atwo,*
backsi'fore, behappen,* belike,*
caterwiff,* collywest, happen, inchmeal,* in lieu,* intum, lather and
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(delwedd B3755) (tudalen 082)
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IxXXii GRAMMAR OUTLINES.
lother = rather, lief,* lieve,* liever,* mayliappen, mebbo, most ia generallj, most like = very likely, on,*
scatter-comer,* skewways,
top-o'er-tail,* top-fiide-bottomoat^ upsi'down.*
Adverbs of Measure, duality, Degree, &c.— Aumust, better,* despert, full,* leastways,* mighty,*
ne*er-a, and never-a * =^ not one,
nod, oucoramon,* ondeniable,* onhuman,* onmerciful,* that,^
than,' verra [vae*r'u*] (Newport),
welly.*
1 That = so. * 'E inna that owd.' ^
Than = tilL See Coi^'nnctions.
PREPOSITIONS.
The following is a list of the prepositions most commonly employed, though a few of rarer usage are
included in it ; — afore,* agon,*
all-along-on,* along-on,* anunst,* anungst, as, at,^ at-after,* atliout, athwart, a-top,* atter, atween,*
atwixt,* bet^vix,* by,* frommet * =
fromward, i' = in,^ o* ^ of and o«, o'er, o'er anunst, oflF = from, on * = of, oerts * and toerts
^ in comparison to, right-
forp-nungst, sence,* to* = of, totirt = toward.
^ at = to and of. * 'Ark at the dog ! * * 'Er thought nuthin at it.' The former usage is noted in the
Glossary, the latter was brought under
notice after that was in type. Cf. with this the Fr. penser cL
' in = to in the idiomatic phrase, belongs in = belongs, or pertains to. *That tub helniigs H the brew-hus.*
» to = of after the verb know. * I know to a book.'
CONJUNCTIONS.
This class of words exhibits few divergences from literary English, but the following are of frequent
us© — agen,* atliout ^ = unless, as* =
that, 'cause ■=- because, nor* =
than, on^ess* = except, still on =
nevertheless, notwithstanding ; till * and tin = than, than^ = till.
^ Than = till, Wem. * I run than I thought I'd a dropt* See Adverbs of degree.
* * Yo'n never scrat a grey yed aihont yo' tak'n better car' o' yoresolt* Recorded as a preposition only in
the body of the Glossary.
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RAMMAR OUTLINES. IxXxUi
INTERJECTIONS.
Interjectionfl and words of inteijectional character — expletives and slight forms of oath — ^are constantly
used, and these last often withoat a
suspicion of ' swearing ' being attached to them ; of aU elasaes of exclamation the commonest and
most characteristic are — Aje^ Bygom,
By jings,^ By Jove, By leddy, Chow-wow,
Consam it> Danger,* Danker, Daze my 'ounds,* Dear 'eart, Dear 'eart alive. Dear Sirs, Dear Sores,* Delp,
Eh,* Eh gonies,* Gad, 'eart alive,
Hoosack,* Lukka, My go6'niss, My *eart alive. My cons,* Nan,* No danger,* Sam it. Sores alive.
^ By jings * = By St. Gingoulph.
s Eh is the indispensable interjection used by all ranks in the Nbwpobt district, it = O.E. ey.
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(delwedd
B3756) (tudalen 083)
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WEIGHTS, MEASURES, &c.
The * affixed to a word refers it to the body of the Glossary for further exemplificatioiL
There is great diversity in the weights and measures throughout the county. The (London) Standard, Oct.
16th, 1878, says : — 'WHien the Act to
consolidate the law relating to weights and
measures comes into operation in January next it will be found
that in the county of Salop some
extraordinary discrepancies still exist.
It may hardly be credited, but is nevertheless a fact, that wheat alone is sold by no less than six different
weights ; barley by nine weights and
measures different from each other ; oats by four ; peas, three ; and beans by two. The growers of
grain on one side of the county do not
actually know the prices their fellow-agriculturists are receiving on the other side, and when the
quotations for imperial quajters are
given in the reports of Birmingham or Gloucester markets they are read [by numbers of
farmers] in Shropshire as if written
in an unknown tongue.'
The following Kotes, and the Tables shewing the usage of eleven representative markets, will serve to
illustrate some of the 'dis-
crepancies ' alluded to in the Standard,
Score * = 20 lbs. is the denomination of weight which obtains most commonly ; grain, bran, gurgeons,
pulse, butcher's meat in the carcase,
bacon-pigs, &c., are all calculated by the score. Of. score, a definite numeral {Grammar Outlines). See N,
^ Q. (5th S. x. 283).
The Stone is not much used, but reference to the subjoined Tables will show how and where.
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(delwedd B3757) (tudalen 084)
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WEIGHTS, MEASURES, ETC IXXXV % %A paek* (of flour) = 20 stones, each
stone =14 lbs. ; Market Drayton,
Chesfdre Border. % %Strike,* Bushel,
Keaanre, are synonymous tenns, but sirike is
giving place as a general usage to busliel, whilst measure is
employed chiefly in the northern
borders of the county. The quantities sold
under these respective denominations are not, however, uniformly equal
% %A [local] bushel of grain is commonly = 38 qts. % %„ „ „ at Bishop's Castle = 38 — 40 qts. % %„ „ „ at Ludlow = 40 qt«. % %„ „ „ at Wellington = 39 qts. % %„ „ ,, at Newport = 38 and 39 qU?. % %A quarter is the 16th part of a bushel ;
Shrewsbury. Qy. com. % %A pot [basket]
= 5 pecks ; Bridgnorth. „ „ =5 „ CoRVB
Dale. „ „ =5 pecks, sometimes 6 ;
Ludlow. % %Two pots = one bag ;
ibid. % %A kype * [basket] is often
used as a measure for potatoes, apples,
&c. ; Shrewsbury. When filled level with the top it equals a
half- strike heaped. % %Hoop * is a name formerly given to a
peck measure, but now nearly obsolete
; Shrewsbury. % %TABLE OF WEIGHTS AND
MEASURES. % %[In use Nov. 1878.] % %Home Pro(fttC(f.— WHEAT. % %Meature. Weight. Market. % %Bushel or strike, 38 quarts = 75
lbs. % %-^ . « ?*v u I
^Sheewsbury % %Per bag of 3 bushels or % %strikes = 225 lbs. + 5 lbs. for bag % %Per sack = 11 'score' + 10 lbs. = % %or 230 lbs. % %Per bag of 3 bushels of 75 VCuuroh
Stbbtton % %lbs. each = 225 lbs. + 5
lbs. for bag % %= 230 lbs. % % % %Ixxxvi % %
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(delwedd B3758) (tudalen 085)
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WEIGHTS, MEASURES, ETC % % % %Meature. % %Per bushel % %Per bushel or strike % %Per bushel % %or
Per sack % %Per bushel of 39
quarts, or idem = 75 lbs. % %Per bag of 3 bushels % % % %WW&AT—lamtintied}. % %JFeiffht, = 76 lbs.
= 75 lbs. = 72 lbs. % %= 11 * score ' + 1 lb. = 221 ^
Beidgnorth lbs. % % % %Market, .Bishop's Gastlb Ludlow
% % % %} WsLLmOTOS % % % %= 11
* score' + 4 lbs. for ) xr-^^^™-. bag
= 224 lbs. I Newport % % % %Per
bushel, strike, or measure = 75
lbs. % %or Per bag of 3 ditto % % % %Per bushel or measure Per measure
% % % %or % % % %Per sack of 3
measures Per bushel % % % %= 11 'score' + 5 lbs. + 5 lbs. for bag = 230 lbs. % %= 75 lbs. % %= 75 lbs. % %= 225 lbs. + 5 lbs. for bag = 230 lbs.
% %= 75 lbs. % % % %1 J %
% % %Market Drattoh % % % % Per bushel
of 38 and of 40 quarts % %Idem
% %Per 4 bushels to a sack %
%Per 4 bushels of 40 quarts % %Per sack % %Per bushel of 38 and 32 quarts [malting] or
Per bag [grinding] % %Per
bushel of 39 quarts % %Per bag of 3
bushels of 39 % %quarts each Per bag [grinding] % %Per bushel, strike, or % %measure
% %or Per bag of 4 bushels of
38 % %quarts each % %Per measure % % % %BABLEY. % % % %= 38 quarts % %= 270 lbs. with bag = 14 'score ' = 280 lbs. % % % %I
% % % %10 'score' = 200 lbs.
(including % % %
%Shrewsbury % %Church Stretton Bishop's Castle Ludlow
% %Bridgnorth Wellington % % % %10 'score' + 4 lbs. for[N*^PO»^ bag = 204 lbs. % % % %= 70 lbs. % % % %14 'score' = 280 lbs. (including bag) % %70 lbs., sometimes 65 lbs.
Whitchurch % % % %Market Dratton % %
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(delwedd B3759) (tudalen 086)
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WEIGHTS, MEASURES, ETC. BAJSU^BY— [continued]. % % % %Ixxxvii % % % %MMuure. % % % %WeigJU, % % % %Per meastu^ of 38 quarts or per sack of 4 measures % %Per bushel of 38 quarts % % % %Market.
Ellesmere %
% % %
OSVESTRT % %
% %Per sack % % % %
OATS. % %=
11 ^score' + 10 lbs. (in- % % %
%cr % % % %duding bag) = 230 (
q^^^^^^ % % % %Per sack of 9 half
-strikes % %Per sack = 13 -score' + 10
lbs.
Chueoh Stretton
% %Per sack of 4 large bushels = 11 'score' + 10 lbs. = ) n >
/^ % %230 lbs. 1
J^isiio^ 8 Castle
% % % %Idem Per bag Per sack
% %Per bag of 4 bushels Per
bushel, strike, or % % % %measure % % % %or
% % % %Per sack of 4 ditto %
%or Per sack % %Per measure % %Idem
% %Idem % % % %Per bag % %Per bag of 3 bushels Per sack
% % % %Idem Per sack % %Per bag
% %Per bag of 3 bushels % %Per
bag % % % %Idem
Ludlow % %=
8 'score' = 160 lbs. gross
Bridgnorth %
%= 11 'score' + 10 lbs. (in- ) %
%eluding sack) = 230 }
Wellington
lbs. ) % %= 10 'score' + 4 lbs.
for) vt„„_ % %bag = 204 lbs. 1
Newport % %=
50lbs. % %= 225 lbs. (including
bag) % % % %= 10 'score* = 200
lbs. = 50 lbs. % %Idem
% %Idem % %
% % % %-Mabket Drayton % %"Whitchurch % %Ellesmere % %Oswestry
% % % %= 12 'score'= 240 lbs. (in- ) q„„„„„„^ eluding bag) 1
BEANa Shrewsbury
% %Idem Chubch Stretton % %= 12
'score' = 240 lbs. ) ti,„„^„,„ ri.„-.
(seldom grown) ) ^^^^^^^ ^^^'^''^
% % % %gross % % % %Idem % % % %Ludlow % % % %= 10 -score' and 11 ditto |
bbidqnoeth gross ) % %= 12 * score ' + 10 lbs. = % % % %250 lbs. % % % %} Wellington % % % %= 235 lbs. (including bag) Markbt
Drayton
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(delwedd B3760) (tudalen 087)
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% % % %Ixxxviii
% % WEIGHTS, MEASURES, ETC % %
% %Metuure. % % % %Per sack Idem
Per bushel % %Per sack Per bushel
% % % %BEANS — [^continued]. %
%Weight. Market. % %= 12 'score' = 240
lbs. Whitohujich % %Idem
Ellesmere % %= 60 lbs. Oswestry % % % %11 'score' + 10 lbs. =) 230 lbs. (including bag) } % %4 'score' = 80 lbs. % % % %or
% % % %Shrewsbury % % % %Church
Stretton % % % %Per bag of 3
bushels Per bag Idem
Per sack % %Per sack % %Per bag of 3 bushels % %Per bag
Per sack % %Per bag Per — ?
% % % %Per imperial bushel of 32
quarts % % % %Per bushel or
strike % %Idem % %Per sack of 5 bushels % %Per bushel % %or
Per sack of 5 bushels % %Per
bushel or strike % % % %12 ' score ' =
240 lbs. 12 'score* = 240 lbs. % %Idem
% %10 'score' = 200 lbs. (in- )
eluding bag) / % %200 lbs.
(including bag)
Wellington %
% % %
Bishop's Castle
Ludlow % %
Bridgnorth %
% % %ir'score' + 4lbs. for bag ) = 224
lbs. i % % % %
Newport % %
% %= 225 lbs. (including bag)
Market Drayton
% % % %11 'score' + 10 lbs. =
230 lbs. % %12 'score* + 6 lbs.
for bag 60 lbs. % %MALT.
% % % %} % % % %Whitchurch % %Ellesmere Oswestry
% % % %> Common % % %
%FL0T7B. % %66 lbs. (without bag) Idem
280 lbs. 66 lbs. % %280 lbs.
56 lbs. % % % %1 % % % %Shrewsbury Church Strbtton Bishop's Castlb % %Ludlow
% % % %Bridgnorth % % % %Per
sack of 4 bushels of 56 % %lbs. each
= % %Per sack - % %Idem
% % % %\ Wellington % % % %Per
pack • % % % %or % % % %224 lbs. % %16 stones of 14 lbs. each Newport % %Idem
% %20 stones = 280 lbs. % % %
%Market Drayton % %
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(delwedd B3761) (tudalen 088)
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WEIGHTS, MEASURES, ETC % % % %Metuure. % % % %Per sack Idem
Per bushel % %Per sack Per bushel
% % % %BEANS — [^continued]. %
%Weight. Market. % %= 12 'score' = 240
lbs. Whitohujich % %Idem
Ellesmere % %= 60 lbs. Oswestry % % % %11 'score' + 10 lbs. =) 230 lbs. (including bag) } % %4 'score' = 80 lbs. % % % %or
% % % %Shrewsbury % % % %Church
Stretton % % % %Per bag of 3
bushels Per bag Idem
Per sack % %Per sack % %Per bag of 3 bushels % %Per bag
Per sack % %Per bag Per — ?
% % % %Per imperial bushel of 32
quarts % % % %Per bushel or
strike % %Idem % %Per sack of 5 bushels % %Per bushel % %or
Per sack of 5 bushels % %Per bushel
or strike % % % %12 ' score ' = 240
lbs. 12 'score* = 240 lbs. % %Idem
% %10 'score' = 200 lbs. (in- )
eluding bag) / % %200 lbs.
(including bag)
Wellington %
% % %
Bishop's Castle
Ludlow % %
Bridgnorth %
% % %ir'score' + 4lbs. for bag ) = 224
lbs. i % % % %
Newport % %
% %= 225 lbs. (including bag)
Market Drayton
% % % %11 'score' + 10 lbs. =
230 lbs. % %12 'score* + 6 lbs.
for bag 60 lbs. % %MALT.
% % % %} % % % %Whitchurch % %Ellesmere Oswestry
% % % %> Common % % %
%FL0T7B. % %66 lbs. (without bag) Idem
280 lbs. 66 lbs. % %280 lbs.
56 lbs. % % % %1 % % % %Shrewsbury Church Strbtton Bishop's Castlb % %Ludlow
% % % %Bridgnorth % % % %Per
sack of 4 bushels of 56 % %lbs. each
= % %Per sack - % %Idem
% % % %\ Wellington % % % %Per
pack • % % % %or % % % %224 lbs. % %16 stones of 14 lbs. each Newport % %Idem
% %20 stones = 280 lbs. % % %
%Market Drayton % %
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(delwedd B3762) (tudalen 089)
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WEIGHTS, MEASURES, ETC FL0T7B— [con^nttecq. % % % %Ixxxix % % % %M0aaur9. % % Weiffht. % % Market,
% % Per flack of 5 basheb % % =
14 'score' = 280 lbs.' % %
Whitohvroh % % Per buflhfti % % = 66 lbs. % % )
% % Per sack of 5 boflhelti % %
= 280 lbs. % % > Ellesmsbb % % Per sack % % = 280 lbs. % % OSWISTBT % % BBANj
% % , GTJBGEONS,* SHABP8.« % %
Per bag % % 1 cwt = 112 lbs.
(with- out bag) % % Shbewsbubt % % Id^
% % lcwt. = 1121b8. % % Ghitboh
Stbetton % % Per sack [ftntm] Idemlgurgeons aad thorps] % % = 112 lbs. = 168 lbs.
% % 1 Bishop's Castle % %
Idem % % Idem % % Ludlow
% % Per bushel % % = 66
lbs. % % \ % % cr
Per sack % % li cwt. = 168 lbs.
(with- out bag) % % > Bbidonobth % % Per aack [bran] % % = 1 cwt.= 1121b8. % % Wellington % % Perbag
% % Idem % % Newpobt % % 7(^0911
% % Idem % % \ % % or
% %Per % %Per Igurgeant and
tAoiTw] % % short cwt. = 100 lbs. •score ' = 20 lbs. % % > Mabket Dbatton % % Per bag [bran] % % = 6 * score/ or 6 'score' + 12 lbs.
% % 1 Whitohuboh % % Per
sack % % = 6 'score* % % Ellesmebb % % Per
% % 'score ' = 20 lbs. % %
OSWESTBT % % % %Per bushel or strike,
which from 'getting up time' toChnsUnas
% %After that time or % %Per bag of 2 bushels % %Per heaped bushel at ' get- ting up time ' In the q;>iing time % %or
Per bag of 2 bushels % %Per bag
at 'getting u^ % %time' InthespiiDg
% % % %POTATOES. % % % %95
lbs. 90 lbs. % % % %= 96 lbs. = 90 lbs.
% %= 180 lbs. % % % %90
lbs. 80 lbs. % % % %Shbewsbubt % % % %- Chuboh Stbetton % % % %Bishop's Castle % % % %xc
% %
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(delwedd B3763) (tudalen 090)
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WEIGHTS, MEASURES, ETC POTATOES— [co9ietnue(f]. % % •
% % Meatur$, % % % % % %
H^eiyht, % % Market. % % Per btwhfti % % % % :=;
% % 80 lbs. % % Ludlow % % Per bag of 9 pecks % % % % =
% % 180 lbs. % % Bbidoitobth] % % Per bag
% % % % = % % 10 score =200;
lbs. (in- cluding bag) % % 1 WKLLIHOTOir. % % Per pot
% % % % = % % 90 lbs. % % Newport
% % Per measure % %or Per bag of 2 measures % % % % -—
% % 90 lbs. % % 1 % %Mabkbt Dbattoh % %1
% % Per measure % % % % =: % % 80 lbs.
% % Whitohubgh % % Per strike
which i 'getting up time' Christmas
% %After that time % %
brom till % % =
% % • % %95 lbs. 90 lbs.
% % > ELT.VRinSRK % % Per
strike % % % % — % % 90 or 95 lbs. APPTiTO
% % OSWBSTBT % % Per heaped
bushel or strike, or parts
thereof % % % % % % 1 % %Shbewbbitbt % % Per heaped imperial biLshel, or by quarter, or peck
% % % % - % % [Chuboh
Stbettoit % % Per pot % % % % =
% % 90 lbs. , % % Bishop's
Cabtle % % Per bushel for cider % %Per pot
% %Per pot [choice fruit] % % %
% = % % 80 lbs. 20 lbs.
% % > Ludlow % % Per pot of
6 pecks % % % % = % % 63 lbs.
% % BBn>ON0BTH % % Per peck
of 8 quarts, generally heaped % % % % % % > Wbllinotoit % %) ..a a
% % Per pot % % % % — % % 90 lbs.
% % Newport % % Per
measure % % % % =: % % 80 lbs.
% % Market Drattoe % %
Idem % % % % i^ % % 84 lbs.
% % Whitohuboh % % Idem % % % % =:
% % 90 lbs. % % Ellesmebe % % Idem^
% % % % ^^^ % % 95 lbs. % % Oswbstbt % % % %Same as apples, excepting that
'summer fruit* is sold per 'measure'
90 lbs. , and ' winter fruit ' per ' measure * = 80 lbs. ;
Ellesmebe. % % % %DAMSONa % % % %Per quart* % % % %or
% % % %Per heaped bushel, or
strike, or parts thereof % % %
%Shrewsbury % %
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(delwedd B3764) (tudalen 091)
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WEIGHTS, MEASURES, ETC. XCl
DAMSONS— [con^tnu^d].
Meamre, Weight. Market.
Per quart 1
or , > Chitroh Strettom
Per pot of 2 pecks )
Per pot = 90 Ibfi. Bishop's Castlb
Idem Idem^ Ludlow
Idem Idem Bridonorth
Idem Idem Welluvoton
Idem Idem Newport
Per measure = 90 lbs. Market Drattoii
Per measure of 38 quarts = 90 lbs. Whitohuroh
Per measure = 90 lbs. Ellesmere
Idem = 95 lbs. Oswestry
^ Apples are sold retail in Oswestry market— per hundred — ^the method
of counting them is a simple and
expeditious one. The seller takes three apples in each hand, and throws the six into the
buyer's basket— repeating this process
20 times, until the ' six score the hundred ' is completed.
' Danuons were sold in Shrewsbury market in 1877, for the
extraordinarily high price of Is. 2d.
per quart ; in 1845, a year of great scarcity, they fetched Is. per quart
CHEESE.
Percwt. = 1201bs« Shrewsbury
Idem Idem Newport
Per * long' cwt. = 121 lbs. Market Drayton
Idem Idem Whitohuroh
FRESH BUTTER.
Os. to the lb. Market.
16, IS Shrewsbury
16, 18, 20 Ohuroh Stretton
16 ' Bi8HOP*8 Castle
16 Ludlow
17 Bridonorth
18, 22 . ' Wellington
18 Newport
20, 22 Market Drayton
24 [dish] Whitohuroh
Idem Ellesmere
16,20 Oswestry
g2
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(delwedd B3765) (tudalen 092)
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XCll WEIGHTS, MEASURES, ETC
SALT BUTTER.
Ot. to th$ lb. Market.
16 C0XM05
EGOS.
So many for Is. or 6cL . . Ooxxo5
BUTCHERS' MEAT.
The weight of ' beasts ' and pigs is estimated to the batcher b j the score — beef so many ^ score* per side
or quarter, pigs so manj * score ' the
whole carcase. Calves and sheep so many lbs. per quarter. But the butcher sella by the lb. Weight by
the stone is recognixed, but rarely
employed.
A stone of beef =12 lbs.; Ludlow. „ „
= 14 lbs.; Bridqnorth.
„ „ = 8 lbs. ; Ellesmere.
LAND MEASUREMENTS, ETC.
Acre statute, usual acreage.
Acre of Hops, about half a statute acre, being as much land as is required for 1000 hop plants; Ludlow.
Bood = rody is a measure of 8 yds. lineal^ employed for hedging, ditching, draining, &c.; Com.
The rood is also employed as the basis of denomination for Square Measure — a ' digging rood,' as for
cottage gardens, potatoe ground,
&c., is 64 square yards, L e. 8 x 8 ; Com. Gt N. ^ Q. [5th S. X. 284].
Perch [paer'-k], fencing or ditching, 8 yds. Lineal; Clee HniTii. „ „ „ 7 „ ,, Ludlow.
„ walling 16| ft. Ludlow.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Lugg, a term in wood measurement =149 sq. yds. of coppice wood; Ludlow.
A Cord of Wood* measures 8 ft long, 3 ft 1 inch wide, and 5 ft 1 inch high ; Com.
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(delwedd B3766) (tudalen 093)
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WEIOHTS, MKASURKS, ETC. XCIU
10 Cords of Wood to one Charcoal-fiie.
A laek of oharcoal = 14 bushels.
Faggotiy 120 per hundred = 6 ' score ' ; Clun ; Ludlow.
Coal, a ton = 20 cwt. of 112 lbs. each at some pits. 19 ^ idem „ 120 lbs. (called 'long weight')
at
othen.
Hay, a ton = 20 cwt. of 112 lbs. each; Qj. com.
Hand-breadth * = 3 inches — sometimes used for Hand — a rather loose expression, signifying approximately
rather than exactly; Ludlow.
Swafh * of Hay-grass = 39 inches ; Ludlow.
Shock of com = 6 sheaves ; Wobthen, Minsterley,
Idem =12 „ Ludlow.
Thrave* of com = 24 ,, Com.
Boltin* of (thatching) straw = 14 lbs.; Worthen, Minsterley, Qy. com.
Battin * „ ,, = 2 sheaves ; Ellbsmerb.
Thrave „ „ = 24 * boltin ' = 336 lbs. ;
WoBTHSN, Miruterley. Qy. com.
Idem idern'= 12 'battin'; Ellbsmere.
Idem idem = 24 sheaves ; Market Dratton.
Baker's Dozen = 13 ; Com.
Cider lu^^shead = 100 galls.; Ludlow; Bbidonobth.
II
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(delwedd B3767) (tudalen 094)
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SPECIMENS OF THE FOLK-SPEECH.
[PULVBRBATCH.]
The following is literatim et verbatim what Betty Andrews — a Church Pulverbatch woman — said when
relating the account of how her little
boy had fallen into the brook at Cruck Meole, where she was then living [1873]. But no written
characters of any kind — no * want of
stops ' — can convey an idea of the stoiy as poured forth by good Betty's voluble tongue — it took
away one's breath to listen to it ; —
** I 'eard a scrike ma'am an' I run an theer I sid Frank ad pecked i' the bruck an* douked under an' wuz
drowndin' an' I jumped after 'im an'
got out on 'im an' lugged 'im on to the bonk all sludge an' I got *im wham afore our Sam comen in — a
good job it wuz for Sam as 'e wunna
theer an* as Frank wunna drownded for if 'e 'ad bin I should *a' tore our Sam all to winder-rags
an* then 'e'd a bin djed an' Frank
drownded an' I should a bin 'anged. I toud Sam wen 'e t5ok the 'ouse as I didna like it. — * Bless the
wench,' 'e sed, * whad'n'ee want]
Theer's a tidy 'ouse an* a good garden an* a run for the pig.' * Aye/ I sed, * an* a good bruck for the
childem to peck in,' so if Frank *ad
bin drownded I should a bin the djeth uv our Sam. I wuz that frittened ma'am that I didna spake for a
nour after I got wham an' Sam sed as
'e adna sid me quiet so lung sence we wun married an' that wuz eighteen 'ear."
COMPROMISB QLOSSIC VERSION.
" Ei* ee*r'd u skr'ei'k mum un ei r'un* un dhee'r' ei sid* Frang'k ud pek't i dhu br'uk* un dou'kt un'dur* un
wuz dr'ou'ndin un ei jum'pt af'tur' im
un got* ou't on im un lug'd im on* tu dhu bong-k aul slej* un ei got* im wum* u'foa'r' our '
Sam* kum*un in* u
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(delwedd B3768) (tudalen 095)
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SPBCIlflNS OF THE VOLK-SPEECH. XCV
good- job it WQZ' fra' Sam* uz ee* wmm' dheeT* nn nz Fr'ang-k wun-a' dr'oiindid fur* if- ee ad* bin ei
shud n toaV our' Sam* aul- tu
win'dur'-r'ag-z un dhen* ee'd u bin jednin Frang'k dr'ouTidid un
ei* ahud a bin ang*d. Ei* tou'd Sam*
wen ee took* dbu ous* ut ei* didnu
lei'k it * Bles* dhu wen-sh,' ee sed*, * wod*ni waant 1 — dheer'z n tei'di oos* un n good* gaa*r'din un u
r'un* fur* dhu pig-.* * Ay, ei sed,
'un u good br'uk* fur* dhu childur'n tu pek* in*/ soa* if Fr*ang-k ad* bin dr*ou-ndid ei shud u bin dhu jeth*u
our* Sam*— ei vruz dhat* fr'it*nd mum
dhut ei did*nu spai-k fur* u nou*r' af'tur' ei got* wum* un Sam* sed* uz ee ad* nu aid* mi kwei*h't*
soa* lung* sen's wee wun mar'-id un
dhat* wuz •eit*tee*n eei'."
ANALYTIC GLOSSIC VERSION. " A'y
•-:ee*uYd-u'-flkr^a'j*k-mu'm u'n-a'y-p'un* u'n-dh:ee*uY a'y-«i*d' Fi'a'ng'k-u'd-pek't-i'-dhu'-br'uk*
u*n-duw*kt-un*duY u'n-wu'z-dr*uwn di'n
u'n-a'y-jum*pt a'f*tu'r'-i'm u'n got* uw*t-:on-i'm u*n-lug-d-i'm on ta'-dhu'bK>ng*k
:aul"-alaej*u*n-a'y-got-i'm-woem* u'fioaTiY-uwuY-Sa'm* kumTi'n-i*n' — ^u' g:oo*d-job
i't-wuz*-fuY-Sa'm* u'z-ee-wun*u*-dh:ee'uY
u*n-u'z-Fr'a'ngk wun'u'-dr'uwndi'd fu'r-i'f*-ee-a*d*-bi*n
a*y-shu*d-u'- t:oa*uY uwuY-Sa'm*
:aul*tu'-win*du*r'-rVg*z u'n-dhen*:ee*d-u'-bi*n- jae*d* u'n-Fi'a'ng*k-dr^uwndi'd
u*n-a*y-fihu'd-u'-bi'n-a'ng*d. A'y-tuw*d-
Sam* wen-ee-t66k*-dhu'-uw88' u'z-a'y-did'nu'-la'yk-i't. — *
Bles'-dhu'- wen'sh/ ee-aed*,
*wod*ni'-wawi-t1 — dh:ee*uYz-u'-ta'y*di'-uws8* u*n-u' g:oo*d-g-Aa*r^di'n u'n-u'-r'un*
fnY-dhu'-pig*.' * A'y*, a'y-sed*, * u*n-u'
groo-d-br'uk* fuY-dhu'-chil-duYn tu'-pek*-in', 8:oa-rf-Fr'a'ng*k
a'd-bin- di'uw*n-drd a'y-shu*d-u'-bin
dhu'-jae"th* u*-uwuY-Sa'm* — a'y-wu'z-
dha't'-frit*nd-mu'm dhu't-a*y-didnu'-8pai*k fuY-u'-nuw*uY-a*ftu'r'
a'y- got'-woem* u'n-Sa'm-sed* u'z
ee-a'd*nu' si*d*-mi*-kwa*yh't 8:oa-lung*
8en"s-wee-wun-maYi'd u*n-dha't*-wu'z 'a'yt'tee'n :ee-hY.**
The same Betty Andrews was telling how she had washed the pig^s entrails at the * prill ' [stream] —
and here in order to understand her
story, the Glossary must be anticipated, by explaining that the pig's puddings are called respectively, the
< Eager,* the ' Nancy,* and the '
chitterlings * — said Betty, ' I wuz weshin' the bally at the prill jest by the stile w'en Dick comen up —
awilde I wuz talkin to 'im my Boger
went, I run down the prill after it, an' afore I could get
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(delwedd B3769) (tudalen 096)
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XCVl SPECIMENS OP THE FOLK-SPEECH.
back the Nancy wuz gwun — ^an' I thought the very Owd Nick wuz r the puddins.'
COMPROMISE GLOSSIC VERSION. ' Ei* wuz
wesh'in dhu bal*i ut dhu pi'il jea*t hei* dhu stei'l wen Dik* kum'un up — uweiid ei wuz tau'kin tu
im* mi Rojnir' wen*t, ei r'un dou-n
dhu pr'il* af tur* it un ufoaV ei kud get bak* dhu Nan'si wuz gwun* un ei thaut* uz dhu ver'i ou'd
Kik* wuz i dhu pudinz.'
ANALYTIC GLOSSIC VERSION.
"A'y-wu*z-wae8h*i*n-dhu'-bal*i'-u't-dhu'-pr'i'l'jaes-t-ba'y-dhu'-«ta'yl wen-Dik- kum'u'n-up — ^u'wa'yid-a'y-wu'z-tiau'ki'n-tu'-im*
m'i-Roj'uY- won't,
a*y-r*un-duwn-dhu*-pr*il* a*HuY-i't u'n-u'f:oa*uV-a'y-ku*d- g(yet-ba'k' dhu'-Na'nsi'-wu'z^fwoen'
u'n-a'y-thaut'-u'z-dhu'-VAeYi'
uwd-Nik* wu*z-r-dhu'-pud*i'nz."
Another anecdote of Betty Andrews — as related by heiself — ^will conclude these ' Specimens/ which being the
genuine utterances of a good
representative spokeswoman of the peasant class, in a pretty central part of the Coimty, may be taken as
typical of the Shiopehire folk-speech.
Betty was going in a Market-train from Hanwood to Shrewsbury, and while talking with her usual rapidity,
was thus addressed by a man who was
her fellow-traveller : — * Wy Missis, I should think as yo' mun a 'ad yore tongue iled [oiled] this
momin' afore yo' started.' ' No,
indeed. Sir,' said Betty, ' I hanna, fur if it 'ad a bin iled it 5od never a stopped. No danger 1 '
COMPROMISE GLOSSIC VERSION. 'Wi Mis
is, ei shud thing'k uz yoa mun u ad* yoaT* tung*g ei*ld dhis maur'*nin ufoaY yoa staa'r'tid.' 'Noa
indee'd Sur,* sed Beti, 'ei an'u fur*
if it ad* u bin erld it ood nevur' u 8top*t. Noa* •dei'njur' ! '
ANALYTIC GLOSSIC VERSION.
' Wi'-Mis'i's, a'y-shu'd-thing'k u'z-y:oa mun-u'a'd* yroa'uY-tung-g a'yid-dhia-maur'Tii'n u'f
:oa*u'r'-y:oa-st:aaT'ti'd.* * N:oa indee"d-Su'r,' sed Be-ti', 'a'y-a'nni'
fu'r-if-i't-a'd'-u'-bin-a'yld i*t-85d-naevu*r-u'-8top*t. N:oa 'da'ynju'r' ! '
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(delwedd B3770) (tudalen 097)
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DICTIONARIES CONSULTED AND QUOTED.
Ash, John, New and Complete Dictionary of the English Language. 2Yola. London: 1775.
Bailet, N., Universal Etymological English Dictionary, London : 1727; id. 1782.
Blount, Thomas, Glossographia : * a Dictionary interpreting the Hard Words . . . now used in our refined English
Tongue.' London : 1674.
BoswoBTHy Bsv. Db., Compendious Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. London : 1876.
BuBeuT, Or. Y.y Glossaire Etymologique, Auz zii* et xiii* siecles. Berlin: 1870.
Chambaud, Louis M., Didionnaire fran^ois-anglois, corrig6 et augment^ par lui et par M. J. R Eobinet.
Paris : 1776.
Ck>LKBiDGEy Hebbebt, Dictionary of the Oldest Words in the English Language, AuD. 1250—1300. London: 1872.
Dictionarium Efymologicvm Latinvm. See ftuerco helow.
Halliwbll^ James Obghabd, F.RS., Archaic and Provincial Dictionary. Svo. 3rd ed 1855, and 8th ed
1874.
HoTTKN, JoHir Camden, Slang Dictionary. London : 1864.
Jamibson, John, D.D., Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language. Edinburgh: 1818.
Mbadows, F. C, New Italian and English Dictionary. London : 1852.
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(delwedd B3771) (tudalen 098)
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XCviii DICTIONARIES CONSULTED AND QUOTED.
Pick, Dr. Edwabd, French Etymological Dictionary, London : 1869
Pramptorium Parvulorum, Dictionarius Anglo-LatinnB Princeps, circa A.D. 1440. Albert Wat, M.A. London : Camden
Society, 1865.
QuEBOO, Thomas, db Sacra, Dictionarium Etymologicvm Laiinvm, 4to. London : Imprinted by Felix Kingston
for Andrew Crooke, 1648. This
dictionary is useful for the old English words in its definitions.
EiGHARDS, W., LL.D., Welsh Pocket Dictionary, London and Wrexham.
/ Stratman, Dr. Francis Henry, Old English Dictionary, xiii., xiv., and XY. cent. Krefeld : 1867.
Way, Albert, M.A, See Promptorium Parvuiorum,
Wedgwood, Hbnbleioh, English Etymology, London : 1872.
Worcester, Joseph E., LL.D., English Dictionary, ito. London and Boston (U.S.) : 1859.
Wright, Thomas, F.S.A., Obsolete and Promnclal English, London : 1869.
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(delwedd B3772) (tudalen 099)
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CHIEF AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
The f shows that the work to which it is prefixed is either Salopian or near akin to the Salopian
Dialect, See Introduction^ pp. zvi,
xviL
t Alexander and Dindimua, See Skeat
t Alisaunder, K, See ibid,
t AuDELAT, John, The Poems of, A specimen of the Shropshire Dialecty zv. cent. ed. J. 0. Halliwell. Sm.
8vo. London : Percy Society, 1844.
BiUe Word Book. See Eastwood and Wright (W. Aldis).
t BoTBLER, Sir Thomas, Register of, * This Kegister embraces about eight years of the reign of Henry YIII.,
goes through that of Edward YI., takes
in the whole of Queen Mary's, and four years
of Queen Elizabeth's. . . . The Eegister was written in a clear, bold hand. It contained numerous entries of
christenings and burials, commencing
26th November, 1538, and ending 20th
September, 1562. It is believed that this valuable and
interesting Register was destroyed in
the calamitous fire that consumed the
mansion of Sir Watkin Williams Wynn, at Wynnstay, in the year 1859.' The Rev. Charles Henry
Hartshome made extracts from the
Register for private reference in 1840, but unfortunately 'in many instances modernized the spelling.'
See below, SEarta- home.
Burns, Robert, Works of. Globe edition. London : 1873.
t Byegones : a Reprint from the columns of the Oswestry Advertizer, containing a good many notes on the
Shropshire dialect. 1872 — 1878.
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(delwedd B3773) (tudalen 100)
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C CHIEF AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
Chaucer, Gbofprbt, Canterbury Tale$ (Text of Thomas Tyrwhitt). London : Boutledge ^^ona.
Man of Lama Tale. See Skeat
— Prioresses Tale, See ibid.
Prologue^ ^c. See Horris.
t Churchtabd, Thomas, Poems of (temp. Eliz., 1587). Ed. 1776, reprinted from ed. 1587 for Thos. Evans in
the Strand.
Eablb, JoHifT, M.A., Philology of the English Tongue, Orford : 1871.
Eastwood, J., M.A., and Wright, W. Aldis, M.A., Bible Word Book : a Glossary of Old English Bible
Words. London and Cambridge: 1866.
English Dialect Societt, Works of the
t Farquhar, Gborob, The Recruiting Ofjicer: a Comedy. Second Edition. Corrected. London: Printed for Bernard
Lintoth at the Cross Keys next Nando's
Cofifee House near Temple Bar
[1705—6].
Gairdnbr, Jahbs (of the Public Eecord Office). See Paston Letters,
Gbrardb, John, Herball, London, 1633, Adam Joice Norton and Bichard Whitakers.
t GouoH, EiCHARD, History of Myddle. 1700 — 1701. (Facsimile reprint.) Shrewsbury : Adnitt and Naunton,
1875.
Grose, Francis, Esq., F.A.S., Provincial IHctionary, with a Collec- tion.of Local Proverbs and Popular
Superstitions. London : 1787. See
Fegge.
t Hartshorns, Bbv. Charles Henrt, Salopia Antiqu^a, &c. ; with a Glossary of Words used in the county of
Salop. 8w., pp. xxii. and 640. London
: J. W. Parker, 1841. The Glossary occupies
pp. 299—622.
t Extracts from the Register of Sir Thomas Butler [Boteler],
Yicar of Much Wenlock. Made for private reference, a.d. 1840. Tenby : R Mason, printer, 1861.
Havdok the. Dane. See Skeat. *
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(delwedd
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CHIEF AUTHORITIES QUOTED. CI
Houfs, Kavdlb, Academy of Armory, Folio. PriBted for the Author, Chester, 1688.
HooKEB, Sm William Jackson, British Flora, 5th ed. London : 1842.
t Inventarye. "Edm* Waring of Lea, Esq., deceased; taken and apprized in May 1* Caroli [1625]. At his
howse called Ouldbnry in the Parish of
Bishop's Gastla — Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London. Second Series, YoL
vi. No. iv., pp. 363 —75.
Joseph of Arimathie, See Skeat
Lancelot of the Laik. See Skeat.
t Langland, William, Piers the Plovmian (1377 a.d.). See Skeat; also Wright.
Latimbr, Bishop Hugh, Seven Sermons before Edward VL (1549), and the Sermon on the Ploughers (18th Jan.,
1549). London : Arher^s Keprints, 1868—69.
l^IiLTON, John, Poetical Works of. London : W. Smith, 1840.
Morris, Rbv. Dr. R, Chaucer's The Prologue, The Knightes Tale, The Nonnes Prestes Tale. 6th edition.
Clarendon Press : 1875.
Specimens of Early Eiiglish (a.d. 1298 — 1393) [Morris and
Skeat]. Historical Outlines of English
Accidence, 5th edition.
London: 1876.
Historical English Grammar. 3rd edition. London : 1877.
Karbs, Kobkrt, M.A., F.RS. (Ven. Archdeacon), Glossary, ito. London: 1822.
Natural History. See Wood.
Oliphant, T. L. Kington, M.A, Sources of Standard English.
London: 1873. Owl and Nightingale. See
Stratmann. t Paleme, William of See
Skeat
Paston Letters (a.d. 1422 — 1509). ed. Grairdner. 3 vols. London : Arbei's Reprints, 1872—74—75.
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(delwedd B3775) (tudalen 102)
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CU CHIEF AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
Peoge, Samuel, Esq., F.S.A., Supplement to the Provincial Glossary of Francis Grose, Esq. London : 1814. See
Grose.
Pierce the PlaiighmarCs Crede. See Skeat ; also Wright.
t Piers the Plowman, Ibid.
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries. See Inventorye above.
Eamsat, Allax, T7te Gentle Shepherd (1725). ed. J. R Edin- buigh: 1875.
Ray, Ebv. John, F.RS., Collection of English Proverbs, and a Collection of English Words, &c. 4th
edition. London : 1768.
Roister Doister. See TJdall.
t Salopia Antiqua. See Hartshome.
t Salopian Shreds and Patches (uniform with Notes and Queries) ; reprinted from Eddowei^ Shrewsbury Journal,
Contains a number of notes on the
Shropshire dialect. 1874 — 78.
Shakbspeabb, William, Worlcs of Globe Edition. London : 1864.
Skeat, Rev. Walter W., M.A., Edited by —
t AXefxander and Dindimus (a.d. 1340 — 50, circa). E.E.T. S.
Chaucer. The Prioresses Tale and the Man of Latoes
Taley &c. [Six-text ed.] Clarendon Press : 1874 and 1878.
Havdok the Dam (a.d. 1280, circa). E. E. T. S.
Joseph of Arimathie (a.d. 1350, drca). E. E. T. S.
t K, Alisaunder (a.d. 1340, circa). See bebw, William of
Paleme.
Lancelot of the Laik (a.d. 1490—1500, circa). E. E. T. S.
Pierce the Ploughman's Crede (a.d. 1394, circa) ; to which
is appended God Spede the Plough (a.d. 1500, circa). E. E. T. S. t Piers the Plowman, Text A. (a.d. 1362), and
(ft7to,Text B.
(a.d. 1377). E. E. T. S.
Specimens of Early English (a.d. 1298—1393). See Hoiris.
Specimms of English Literature (a.d. 1394—1579). Claren-
don Press: 1871.
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(delwedd
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CHIEF AUTHORITIES QUOTED. CUl
Skbat, Rbv. Waltkb W., M.A.y Edited by —
t WiUiam of Paleme (a.d. 1350, eirca) ; to which is '
appended K, Alisaunder. See above. E. E. T. S.
Sfesd, John, Theatre of the Empire of Great Britain, London : Printed for Thomas Basset at the George in
Fleet Street, and Bichard Chiswel at
the Bose and Crown in St. Paul's Churchyard.
MDCLXXVI. The Maps of this work, pt. L, are of older date than the 'Tables of Towns,' &&;
they are of the year 1610.
Sfbnssb, Edmund, Complete Works of. Globe Edition. London : 1877.
Stratmann, Dr. Franoib Hbnbt, Owl and Nightingale (xiii. cent). ■* Erefeld:
1868.
Tbsnch, Archbishop, The Study of Words, 4th edition. London : : 1853. *
English Past and Present. London : 1855.
Seleet Glossary of English Words used Formerly in senses
different from their Present. 2nd edition. London : 1859.
Udall, Nicholas, Roister Doister (before a.d. 1553). London : Arber^s Heprmts^ 1869.
Wood, Rbv. J. G., M.A., F.L.S., Illustrated Natural History, 3 vols. London: 1863.
Wright, Thomas, M.A., F.E.S., Early Vocabularies (x. — xv. cent) 2 vols. Privately printed for Joseph Mater,
Esq., F.S.A., &c., 1857 and 1873.
t Vision and Creed qf Piers Ploughman. 2 vols. ' London :
1856.
Wright, W. Aldis. See Eastwood.
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(delwedd
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TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS.
» ^
adj.y adjective. adv.^ adverb. A.S.9 Anglo-Saxon. Bur., Buigujr's Olossaire, Cf., confer = compare. Chamb., Chambaud's French
Dictionary. Col., Coleridge's
Dictionary, eonj,, conjunction. corr. , correct = (Analytic Glossic). Dan., Danish. Diet. Etym. Lat., Dictionarium
Etymologicvm Latinvnu Du., Dutch. '
E. D. S., English Dialect Society. E.
E. T. S., Early English Text
Society. emph,, emphatic. expLy expletive. Fr., French. Germ., German. Hal., Halliwell's Dictionary, Icel., Icelandic. interf., interjection. M. K, Middle English. M. T., Miners* term. N., Norse.
N. & Q., Notes and Queries, obs.,
obsolete. obsols.f obsolescent. O.Du., Old Dutch. O.E., Old English.
O.Fr., Old French.
O.K., Germ., Old High German.
O.K, Old Norse.
part, adj.f participial adjective.
part, pasty participle past.
pee., peculiar [use].
phr., phrase.
Pick, Pick's French Dictionary.
Piers PI., Piers the Plowman,
pi., plural.
P. PI, Cr., Pierce the Ploughman* s
Orede. prep., preposition. jrret, preterite. Prompt. Parv., Promptorium
Parvulorum. pron., pronoun. sh., substantive. si., slang.
sl.'i slangish.
Strat., Stratman's Dictionary,
unemph., uliemphatic. V. a.,
verb activa var. pr., variety of
pronunciation. V. n., verb
neuter. W., WelsL
Wat, Notes in Prompt Parv. Wbdg.,
Wedgwood's English
Etymx>logies. Wr , Wright's
Provincial Diet. Wa vocab&,
Wright's Early
Vocabularies.
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B5237: 
