http://www.theuniversityofjoandeserrallonga.com/kimro/amryw/1_glasbridd/minnesota_18_rhan_14_rhyfel_lakhota_ychwanegiad_0984e.htm

0984e Gwefan Cymru-Catalonia / Wales-Catalonia Website. The Welsh Settlement in Minnesota - online edition of the 1895 "History of the Welsh in Minnesota, Foreston and Lime Springs, Ia. Gathered by the Old Settlers. Edited by Revs. Thos. E. Hughes and David Edwards, and Messrs. Hugh G. Roberts and Thomas Hughes"

0001z Y Tudalen Blaen / Home Page

··········1864e Y Porth Saesneg / English Gateway

····················0010e Y Barthlen / Plan of the website

······························1804e Y Cymry Alltud / The Welsh in exile

···············································1927e Cyfeirddalen i Adran Gwladfa’r Glasbridd / Orientation page for the Welsh Blue Earth Settlement, Minnesota

····························································.y tudalen hwn / aquesta pàgina

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Gwefan Cymru-Catalonia La Web de Gal·les i Catalunya The Wales-Catalonia Website HANES Y CYMRY YM MINNESOTA (18) HISTORY OF THE WELSH IN MINNESOTA (18) (Fersiwn destun electronaidd o’r llyfr a gyhoeddwyn yn 1895) (Electronic Text version of the book published in 1895) Pages 297-301 56. Appendix 2: Additional Account of the Sioux War

Adolygiad diweddaraf / Latest update: 22 09 2001

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(56) APPENDIX 2: ADDITIONAL ACCOUNT OF THE SIOUX WAR. (RELEASE OF THE WHITE CAPTIVES. ARREST, TRIAL AND EXECUTION OF THE INDIANS, ETC. BY THOMAS HUGHES).

This is an account of the aftermath of the settlers' clashes with the Native American peoples taken from:
"The History of the Welsh in Minnesota, Foreston and Lime Springs, Iowa. Gathered by the Old Settlers". Edited by Revs. Thos. E. Hughes and David Edwards, and Messrs. Hugh G. Roberts and Thomas Hughes. Illustrated. 1895.

This account supplements another in the book which we have split into two parts.

"The Sioux Massacre" (Part 1 0859e )

Back to "The Sioux Massacre" (Part 2 0873e )


NOTE: Comments not in the original text are in brackets, in orange type

At the time of the Battle of Wood Lake Wood Lake (Monday September 23^rd 1862) mentioned on page 109, the Indians had over 100 white women and children held as captives. Maddened by their defeat the hostiles would have slaughtered all of these, had it not been for the wise and heroic efforts of the Christian Indians: By judicious management they secured possession of nearly all these captives and then, through one of their principal men; Paul Mazakootamane, whose oratory, wisdom and bravery made him a power in the Indian councils, they arranged to surrender the captives and themselves and all other Indians who were opposed to the outbreak, and had therefore taken but small part in it, to Gen. Sibley. In accordance with the arangement those friendly Indians separated themselves from the hostiles, and hoisting a white flag over their camp, they surrendered to Gen. Sibley on the afternoon of September 26. These were 29 pure whites and nearly 150 half-breeds released at this camp - called from this fact, "Camp Release". The whites were mostly comely young women and girls, whose lives had been spared only that they might minister to the lusts of the savages. For six weeks they had been subject to every outrage and indignity, which savage nature could conceive. Many had hardly any clothing, though the Christian Indian women had given them all they could spare from their own scanty wardrobe. Their pitiable condition and their joy at being released from their fiendish tormentors made a most affecting scene. More captives were soon brought in until by October 3, there were 107 whites and 162 half-breeds, making 269 in all released. The horrible treatment these white prisoners had received, and the terrible tortures and mutilations which had been inflicted on men, women and children, had made the whites desperate and they thirsted for vengeance and did not believe there was a good Indian in the country. Most of those who had surrendered were suspected of having been implicated inthe massacre. Gen. Sibley, therefore, caused 425 of those suspected to be arrested and placed in chains, and a military court created at once to try them. This court was composed of Col. Wm. Crooks, of the Sixth regiment, Col. Wm. R. Marshall, of the Seventh regiment, Captains Grant and Bailey of the Sixth regiment, and Lieut. Olin of the third regiment. Hon. Isaac V. D. Heard, an attorney from St. Paul, acted as recorder for the court.
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The court began its labors at Camp Release on September 30, and after convicting twenty-one adjourned until October 16, to allow the Indians time to come in and surrender themselves. After disposing of 120 cases the camp and commission moved to the Lower Agency on October 23. In all, 423 were arraigned and tried, and of these 321 were convicted. Three hundred and three were sentenced to be hung and the remaining eighteen to various terms of imprisonment.

(Dakota Conflict Trials Website: Contemporary sketches - the log courtroom -
http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/dakota/CTROOM.jpg)

With the terrible prejudice then existing in the minds of our best men against Indians and the summary haste of the trials (from twenty to forty-two being disposed of in a day), there was little opportunity for an Indian to escape. Our modern courts take as long to try one murderer as that court spent in trying 425. O November 7, the military commission having finished its work, those acquitted together with the squaws and papooses, were sent to Fort Snelling, where they were kept all winter. The convicted ones were chained together and loaded into wagons and carried to Camp Lincoln, which was located in the present fair grounds in West Mankato. A number of our Welsh people helped transport these convicted Indians. T. M. Pugh, with his fine team of grey horses, led the van, and David J. Williams, David Price, Hugh R. Williams and about half a dozen other Welshmen were in the procession. At New Ulm a mob rushed upon the Indians with clubs and stones and in spite of the efforts of the military to protect them, a number of the braves in Pugh's wagon were injured. The German women, whose relations had been murdered by the savages, were specially furious in this attack.

(Dakota Conflict Trials Website: Contemporary sketches - Attack on the prisoners by New Ulm residents - http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/dakota/citizen.GIF)
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The train, which, between the Indians and the military, reached over a mile and a half in length, passed through Cambria Sunday afternoon, November 9. The settlers lined the road to see them pass, and Mrs. David Price was not the only one who eased her mind by giving the dusky rascals a good lecture appropriately emphasised by a vigorous shaking of the fist and head.
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It was Gen. Sibley's intention to execute at once the 303 sentenced to be hung, but the religious sentiment of the east was so shocked by the hanging of so many human beings at once, especially in view of the provocation they had for the outbreak, that President Lincoln was induced to interfere and order that none be executed until he had approved their sentence, and that all the evidence upon which they had been convicted be sent to him, and though burdened then with other work, Pres. Linclon carefully and conscientiously examined each case personally and selected forty, whom the evidence tended to show had been guilty of individual murder or outrage, and sentenced them to be hung. The people of Minnesota, however, were greatly incensed at the president's interference and insisted on all being hung.
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There was much talk at Mankato, New Ulm and other places of lynching and companies of the citizens were formed once or twice for the purpose, but they were restrained by the military. When we reflect that two out of the forty selected by the president as the worst were proved to be wholly innocent and how the others were converted in the great revival, which had even then started in prison and nearly all became ture, noble, christian men, we must admit that the judgement of the president and of the good people of the east, was best after all. The fact is, as Dr. Riggs says, the most guilty fled with Little Crow to the British possessions and their survivors are there to this day. With few exceptions it was only the innocent and least guilty who voluntarily surrendered to Gen. Sibley. Among those sentenced to be hung was Robert Hopkins Chaskay, a young Indian thirty-two years old, an elder in Dr. Williamson's church, whose wife, Sarah, was also a devoted Chrisitian. He had at the risk of his own life, helped Dr. Williamson and his family and the other white people at the Upper Agency to escape. He then out of curiosity had gone down to see what the Indians were doing at Fort Ridgley and New Ulm and had shot an ox for food. To allay suspicion on the part of the hostile party that he was helping the whites he had said: "I have killed." (Without saying what). These words were repeated by some one against him in his absence, to the military commission, and they construed the words to mean that he had killed a human being nd sentenced him to be hung. Every effort to save him failing, Dr. Williamson's daughter, Miss Sarah J., wrote a personal letter on his behalf to President Lincoln and this alone saved him from the gallows. God, it seems, had great work yet for this man to do.
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On December 6, President Lincoln sent the names of the other thirty-nine doomed men with the order fixing the date of their execution for December 19. It was discovered that there was not sufficient rope at Mankato for the purpose, and the president, on request, postponed the execution to December 26. The Sunday before the execution an old man named "Round Wind", was converted in prison and baptised. He did not then know his name was on the list of those to be hung the following Friday. Next day when Dr. Riggs and Major Brown were sent onto the prison to identify the doomed men and inform them of the president's order "Round Wind" was found to be among them.

(Dakota Conflict Trials Website: Contemporary sketches - Jail Interior
http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/dakota/JAILINT.jpg)

He had been convicted on the testimony of a German boy who had pointed him out as the Indian who had killed his mother. An investigation soon proved beyond a doubt that the boy was mistaken. Round Wind was miles away when his mother was killed. To a stranger Indians are very much alike in appearance. Round Wind's pardon was only received a few hours before the execution. The old man always attributed his rescue to the direct intervention of Providence.

(Dakota Conflict Trials Website: Contemporary sketches - Boy accuser at trial - http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/dakota/accuser.GIF)
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On the approach of winter the Indians had been removed from Camp Lincoln to a three story stone building, known as the Leach building, in Mankato. Its capacity had been increased by the erection of a large log shanty beside it. The doomed men were put into a room by themselves on Monday.

(Dakota Conflict Trials Website: Contemporary sketches - Condemned prisoners in Mankato Prison - http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/dakota/PRISON~1.jpg)

About three fourths selected, on the advice of the half-breed, Cambell, who was a Catholic, Father Ravaux, of St. Paul, as their spiritual adviser. The rest chose Dr. Williamson. They were not permitted to select Dr. Riggs as he was government interpreter. The scaffold was erected across the street from the prison, about where now stands the Northwestern depot. An immense concourse of people gathered to witness the execution. The military formed in a square about the scaffold and two lines were drawn from the prison door to the scaffold steps, between which the Indians passed onto the scaffold. With savage bravado they danced and sung (sic) their death song, until the drop fell. David J. Davis and W.J. Duly had both applied for the privilege of cutting the rope which held the drop. It was accorded to Mr. Duly, whose three children had been foully murdered at Lake Shetek, and whose wife and two other children had suffered the horrors of Indian captivity. At three taps of the drum the drop fell and thirty-eight human beings dangled in the air on one scaffold.

(There is an illustration of the scene in the book, facing page 299. Below appears the explanation: "The execution of thirty-eight Sioux Indians at Mankato, Minn., December 26^th, 1862. The three story building in left front with the low shed lying between it and the next building on the right, formed the prison where the three hundred condemned Indians were confined during the winter of 1862-3". The same illustration can be seen on the Website of "Famous American Trials - The Dakota Conflict Trials 1862" http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/dakota/dakota.html)
(Dakota Conflict Trials Website: Sketches of the Condemned on Execution Day JOSEPH GODFREY, RED LEAF, WHITE DOG, MAKATANAJIN, HDAINYANKA, BAPTISTE CAMPBELL http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/dakota/CONDEM~1.jpg)

In half an hour they were cut down and buried in one large grave dug in the sand on the river bank. Before the next morning most of the bodies had been exhumed and carried off by medical men. The following Sunday Dr. Riggs preached to the remaining prisoners out in the prison yard.

(The Website of KTCA-TV advertises a video of a programme of interviews with Dakotas who talk of the aftermath of the uprising.
Quote from the website: "DAKOTA EXILE (1996) traces the paths of Dakota prisoners and refugees. Through the words of Dakota Elders and tribal historians, DAKOTA EXILE tells of the struggle to remain Dakota in the face of government efforts to destroy their language and culture." http://www.ktca.org/dakota)
(The Dakota (Sioux) Uprising - Streets of Old Mankato Website
http://www.anthro.mankato.msus.edu/history/oldmankato/1852-1900/siouxuprising.html "The execution took place in front of what is now the Minnesota Valley Regional Library in Mankato. A monument has been raised in memorial to the thirty-eight killed that day")
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Three hundred dusky warriors , heavily laden with chains, standing in that court yard in the freshly fallen snow listening intently to the preacher's words, is a picture worthy an artist's skill. Through the efforts of Robert Hopkins and Peter Big Fire, another elder in Dr. Williamson's church, the religious revival continued to grow until in February it culminated in a regular Pentecostal time, and Dr. Williamson and Rev. Hicks, the Presbyterian minister at Makato, baptised and received into the church nearly 300 of them in one day. That their conversion was genuine, their after lives fully demonstrated. The prison was transformed into a school room and books were in great demand. Before spring most of these condemned men had learned to read and write. The revival spread to the camp at Ft. Snelling, and many were ther converted. ."

(Photo of 'Circular Cloud', a Dakota man imprisoned at Fort Snelling, 1862; on the Website of KTCA-TV ("Dakota Exile" (1996) page) http://www.ktca.org/dakota/stills.htm)

Dr. Williamson walked through the snow almost every Sunday from his home in St. Peter to preach to the Mankato prisoners.
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In the spring of 1863 these prisoners were taken down the river in one boat to Davenport, Iowa. As they were passing St. Paul they sung one of their favorite hymns to then tune "Old Hundred:"
"Jehovah, have mercy upon me
For thy own mercy sake
Thy loving kindness is very great
Therefore place me in the heart." Etc.
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They were confined in a military prison in Davenport until the spring of 1866, when the survivors were sent to their new agency in a barren district of Nebraska, where a small remnant still survive.
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In the spring of 1863 the Winnebagos were removed from their Reservation in Blue Earth county to Dakota and thence to eastern Nebraska where they now reside There were 1,856 of them and they were taken down the Minnesota in boats - the last of them embarking May 18, 1863. In March, 1863, Congress made an appropriation of $200,000 towards paying the losses sustained by the citizens of Minnesota in property confiscated and otherwise lost by reason of the Sioux war. A commission consisting of Aldrich of Minnesota, Potter of Wisconsin, and White of Indiana, was appointed to receive and determine the claims. They meet during the summer at St. Peter, Mankato and South Bend. In all 2940 claims were filed amounting to $2,600,000, of these $1,350,000 were allowed. It was impossible with the money appropriated to pay the amount in full, so the people had to content themselves with a small per cent.

(Dakotas exiled in Canada 'Little Crow's Savages' - Photo on the Website of KTCA-TV ("Dakota Exile" (1996) page) http://www.ktca.org/dakota/stills.htm)
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During 1863 military posts were erected all over the frontier and expeditions were sent after the hostile bands under Little Crow. In the fall of 1862 Dane's company was removed from Camp Crisp to Judson village, where they remained until spring. Traces of the fort they built are still visible. Thirty men of Company K, of Ninth Minnesota, were quartered in Horeb church, Butternut Valley, from February to May, 1863. The church not being large enough, a long shed was erected in the rear and John Rees' residence moved and joined to it for a kitchen. All the men in the western counties were organized into a state militia and provided with military guns, equipment and ammunition.
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South Bend and the east half of Judson formed Company E, Twentieth regiment, Third brigade, First division, Minnesota State Militia, and the west half of Judson and Butternut Valley were Company F of the same regiment. The officers, commissioned February 7, 1863, were Company E - Capt., B. Y. Coffin; First Lieutenant, D. D. Evans; Second Lieutenant, Edward Jones. Company F - Captain, Jenkin Williams; First Lieutenant, David J. Williams; Second Lieutenant, David J. Davis, Jr. In the fall, David J. Williams resigned his commission to go to Illinois, and R. H. Hughes was elected to fill the vacancy. Evan Jones (Indiana) was also commissioned Second Lieutenant in the Twenty second regiment in Brown county, on February 3, 1863. September 23, 1863, Hon. D. C. Evans was comissioned Brigadier General on the staff of Major General Stephen Miller.
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In spite of every precaution, Indians in small squads would make frequent raids into the settlements to steal horses, killing whoever they met, during 1863-4 and 5. When on one of these raids Little Crow was killed July 3, 1863, by a settler, named Lampson, three miles north of Hutchinson.
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The chief and one of his sons had come down to the settlements with a horse stealing party. They had become separated from the others and were picking raspberries in a small clearing in the timber when Mr. Lampson and his son came upon them. Mr. Lampson fired first and hit Little Crow in the shoulder.. Mr. Lampson's son then fired and gave the chief his mortal wound. Little Crow's son fled into the timber. Mr. Lampson ran towards Hutchinson, while his son tarried a moment to load his gun and get closer to where the Indian fell to see if he was dead. Just then Little Crow's son returned to where his father lay and gopt some water for him and ministered to him for about half an hour, when he died. Young Lamson was hid in the brush close by and might have shot the son, but in his excitement he had put two loads into his gun at once and did not dare fire it. A squad of Dane's Company then stationed at Hutchinson went out after Little Crow's body and buried it. John Edwards, of Judson, John J. Jones (cooper) and two or three other Welsh boys were in the sqaud. Little Crow's son was captured about ten days later by some scouts on the Dakota lone.
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September 23, 1863, William J. Williams, of Cambria, claimed he saw an Indian in the woods on his farm as he was going after cattle in the evening. The militia were called out and scoured the woods next morning but found nothing. There were rumors of Indians at Buffalo Grove, at Geo. Owens' house and divers other places during 1864 and 1865.
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May 2, 1865, the whole country was thrown into the wildest excitement by the murder of the Jewett family on section 33 of Rapidan. About six o' clock that morning while the family were at breakfast six or seven Indians entered the cabin and killed the entire family consisting of A. J. Jewett and wife, his father and mother, and a hired man named Chas. Taylor. Mr. and Mrs. Jewett's child was tomahwked and left for dead but afterwards recovered. The house was ransacked and $400 in money and some clothing taken. That afternoon a half breed named John L. Campbell called at the house of John A. Jones (Ford) in South Bend for a glass of water. His actions were so peculiar that Jones at once suspected him and called the attention of a Mr. Dodge to him and they at once arrested Campbell in the road as he was leaving and took him to Mankato and lodged him in jail. He told contradictory statements about himself and the people were soon satisfied that he was one of the murderers. A pair of lady's hose was found on his feet and a lady's pocket handkerchief, with the corner where the name had been stamped cut off, was found in his pocket. These articles with the rest of the clothing were taken out that night to where the Jewetts had lived and identified as their clothing by friends. Next morning, when these facts were known, a mob of 400 to 500 people surrounded the jail, the prisoner taken out, a court martial convened with S. F. Barney as judge and John A: Willard as prosecuting attorney, a jury of 12 men was impanelled and a trial had in the open air just where the present court house now stands. The trial was a farce, however, for the mob had the rope ready and were determined to hang him anyway. The jury could not agree and finally brought in a verdict recommending that he be held to the next term of court. The mob was wild. They got a rope about his neck and against the protests of the few dragged him to the southeast corner of the court house square where was a convenient tree, hustled him into a wagon, tied a rope to a limb of the tree and pulled the wagon from under him but they had neglected to tie his hands. The wagon was shoved back and he was let down into it. The Catholic priest managed to have a few words with him, while his hands were being tied. He sent a message to his mother, a mixed Sioux and Menomonie squaw who then lived in Traverse. He, also, told where he had hid in his cell $200 in money, which probably was part of the Jewett plunder. Campbell was 32 years old, of very dissolute habits and had a bad record. He had been a soldier and had deserted. His brother, Baptiste Campbell, was one of the thirty-two (sic: in fact 38) Indians executed at Mankato in 1862. But, while this half-breed was being hung, another Indian half-breed, John B. Renville by name, was being ordained to the work of the ministry by the Presbyterian Synod, just then in session at the Presbyterian church a block and a half away. Dr. Williamson had preached the opening sermon of the Synod the evening before the Jewett murder and had dwelt somewhat at length on the wrongs done to the Indians. His words were true and well meant but as it happened, inopportune. The mob now wanted to hang him and a committee of Mankato's prominent men went to the church, called the good old man to the door, explained the situation and advised him to leave town at once. The grand, kindhearted old missionary, thanked the committee, left the meeting, mounted his pony and hurried to his home in St. Peter.The rest of the Indians connected with the Jewett murder skulked around the timber of the Blue Earth and LeSueur for over a week. A squad of soldiers came upon them once and a skirmish ensued in which one of the soldiers was killed. A young boy, named Bennett, accidentally met them and was mortally wounded. They eluded all the military, however, but along the Dakota frontier Maj. Brown had a line of Indian scouts. These discovered the rascals as they were returning and killed them all.This raid caused the commissioner of Blue Earth county to offer a reward of $200 for every Indian scalp. At the suggestion of Major E.P. Evans of Garden City, a pack of thirteen blood hounds were brought in the southern states to track Indians with. They cost $1070.50 but there came no occasion to use them for the Indian war was now over.

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0878e On to the next section - "Early reminiscences"

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OTHER LINKS TO PAGES IN THE "WALES-CATALONIA" WEBSITE:
1920e Geirfa Lakota (Dakota)-Cymraeg-Saesneg / Lakota (Dakota)-Welsh-English vocabulary
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LINKS TO OTHER WEBSITES:
LAKOTA-DAKOTA-NAKOTA
(1) http://www.lakotaoyate.com/welcome.html Lakota Oyate
"To defend and preserve Lakota culture from exploitation."
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(2) http://www.enter.net/~drutzler/intro.htm Welcome to Spirit's Place
"So yeah, I am Native American. Lakota actually. I do "Indian stuff", but I am a human being first and foremost. I created this set of pages for many reasons. First, to help keep Native information easily available for all... The Lakota Language Page will be updated monthly with a new subject. This month's lesson: "Animals". Check it out for basic grammar and phonetics. There is no charge for these lessons, no club to join or anything else to "buy". This is for you, the curious, the seeking and the informed"
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(3) http://207.254.63.58/language1.htm Introduction to Lakota
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(4) Hau! Tima hiyu wo! 'Greetings! Come inside!' Hokahe, hel iyotaka. 'Welcome' to the Lodge of šung'manitu-Išna, ' Lone Wolf '. The intent of these pages is to honor a proud and noble people, the Oglala Lakota, of Pine Ridge, South Dakota. http://207.254.63.58/i-welcome.htm#sitemap
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(5) Sisseton Wahpeton Sioux Tribe's Homepage http://swcc.cc.sd.us/homepage.htm
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(6) Sota Iya Ye Yapi - http://www.earthskyweb.com/news.htm - bringing news of the Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribe / Dakota Nation and Lake Traverse Reservation to the World Wide Web. Weekly, with updates when appropriate during the week.
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(7) KILI Radio, the Voice of the Lakota Nation. http://www.lakotamall.com/kili/schedule.htm
KILI Radio (pronounced "KEE-lee") is the largest Indian-owned and operated public radio station in America. We broadcast in English and Lakota 22 hours each day to homes on three reservations in the Black Hills. Our listeners are spread out over 10,000 square miles, an area larger than the state of Delaware. KILI means "cool" or "awesome" in the Lakota language. KILI Radio is cool, but it's much more than that. It's a vital force of preservation for Lakota people and our culture.
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(8) Lakota newspaper. EYAPAHA - allies of the Lakota. http://www.lakotamall.com/allies/Eyapaha/99F/
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(9) Links to Lakota-Dakota-Nakota (Sioux) Indians Sites http://members.tripod.com/~PHILKON/links12lakota.html
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(10) http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/dakota/Dakota_excerpts.html
In Their Own Words: Excerpts from Speeches & Letters Concerning the Dakota Conflict
SPEECH OF HDAINYANKA IN FAVOR OF CONTINUING WAR
LETTER FROM GENERAL POPE DECLARING HIS GOAL OF EXTERMINATING SIOUX
LETTER FROM BISHOP WHIPPLE CONCERNING DEGREES OF GUILT
ADDRESS TO CONDEMNED PRISONERS BEFORE THEIR EXECUTIONS
STATEMENT OF TAZOO AT THE TIME OF HIS EXECUTION
LETTER OF HDAINYANKA WRITTEN SHORTLY BEFORE HIS EXECUTION
LETTER FROM REV. THOMAS WILLIAMSON TO REV. STEPHEN RIGGS
LETTER FROM COL. HENRY SIBLEY
LETTER FROM REV. STEPHEN RIGGS
LETTER FROM COL. HENRY SIBLEY TO HIS WIFE
GEORGE CROOK'S (WAKANAJAJA'S) ACCOUNT OF JOURNEY TO PRISON CAMP
CALL OF JACOB NIX, COMMANDANT OF NEW ULM, FOR DAKOTA BLOOD
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The above is a section form
(11) The Dakota Indian Conflict http://www.ic.mankato.mn.us/reg9/nul/tour/dakota.html
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(12) http://www.nara.gov/exhall/originals/sioux.html "The Black Hills of Dakota are sacred to the Sioux Indians. In the 1868 treaty, signed at Fort Laramie and other military posts in Sioux country, the United States recognized the Black Hills as part of the Great Sioux Reservation, set aside for exclusive use by the Sioux people. However, after the discovery of gold there in 1874, the United States confiscated the land in 1877. To this day, ownership of the Black Hills remains the subject of a legal dispute between the U.S. government and the Sioux..."
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HO-CHUÑK
(9) The Ho-Chunk ('Winnebago') Nation http://www.ho-chunk.com/index.htm
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(10) (Ho-Chunk History - http://www.ho-chunk.com/culture_history_page.htm For example, 1856 Winnebago mission founded at Blue Earth and is attended by diocesan priest residing at Saints Peter & Paul Church in Mankato).
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(11) Ho-Chunk newspaper http://www.ho-chunk.com/dept_newspaper_page.htm
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(16) Indian Circle Web Ring, maintained by the Seminole Tribe of Florida. List of websites of federally acknowledged tribes in the contiguous 48 states and in Alaska. http://www.indiancircle.com/links.shtml
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INDIAN COUNTRY
(1) http://indiancountry.com Indian Country - America's Leading Indian News Source. Weekly online edtion
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(2) http://airos.org/grid.html Programme Schedule for AIROS (American Indian Radio On Satellite)
"The AIROS network is a national distribution system for Native programming to Tribal communities and to general audiences through Native American and other public radio stations as well as the Internet. Alter*Native Voices / California Indian Radio Project / Different Drums / Earthsongs / National Native News / Native America Calling / Native Sounds-Native Voices National / New Letters on Air / Voices from the Circle / Wellness Edition
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(3) Minnesota Indian Affairs Council http://www.indians.state.mn.us/stats.htm
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Ble'r wÿf i? Yr ÿch chi'n ymwéld ag un o dudalennau'r Gwefan "CYMRU-CATALONIA"
On sóc? Esteu visitant una pàgina of the Web "CYMRU-CATALONIA" (= Galles-Catalunya)
Where am I? You are visiting a page from the "CYMRU-CATALONIA" (= Wales-Catalonia) Website
Weø(r) àm ai? Yùu àa(r) víziting ø peij fròm dhø "CYMRU-CATALONIA" (= Weilz-Katølóuniø) Wébsait

CYMRU-CATALUNYA