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(delwedd F6554) (tudalen 00a)
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WELSH
PARSING AND ANALYSIS
BY
SAMUEL J. EVANS, M.A. (LOND.),
HEADMASTER OP THE COUNTY SCHOOL, LLANGEFNI,
AUTHOR OF Elements of Welsh Grammar, Welsh and English Exercises, &c.
NEWPORT: JOHN E. SOUTHALL, PRINTER AND PUBLISHER, DOCK ST.
1907.
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(delwedd F6555) (tudalen 00b)
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PREFACE.
Ever since the appearance of the Elements of Welsh Grammar, with its attempt
at evolving a system of Welsh parsing and analysis, the author has been urged
from various quarters to amplify what is given there, and to issue a separate
book devoted entirely to this branch of grammar. Hence the present essay.
No difficulty has been knowingly passed over, and it is hoped that students
will find the book useful in their preparation for the Welsh Matriculation,
King's Scholarship, and the Examinations of the Central Welsh Board.
The author has not trusted to his own rather wide experience as teacher of
Welsh. He has consulted several Welsh scholars who regularly prepare
candidates for the above examinations, and desires to thank them for
indicating the difficulties usually experienced by young students. To David
Samuel, Esq., M.A., Headmaster of the County School, Aberystwyth, he is
further indebted for reading through the proof-sheets and suggesting
improvements.
Any criticism likely to increase the usefulness of the book will be
thankfully received.
Llangefni,
Sept. 21st, 1907.
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(delwedd F6556) (tudalen 01)
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PARSING.
Formerly English Grammar, and therefore English Parsing, were approached from
a classical and especially Latin standpoint.
In the time of the Tudors and later, English Grammar was so neglected, that
when schools devoted to the study of Latin Grammar were founded, it was
deemed sufficient to call them "Grammar Schools," without more closely
defining their function. Latin Grammar, with to a less extent Greek Grammar,
was deemed the only language-analysis worthy of serious study. In course of
time the claims of English became more insistent, and a study of the ancient
classics ceased to be the only content of education. But the men that taught the
new Grammar approached it from a Latin standpoint and forced upon English a
terminology and system of Grammar little adapted to the genius or at least
the present day condition of the language. English is as essentially analytic
as Latin is synthetic: the latter expresses by means of inflections what the
former has long come to convey by means of prepositions, auxiliaries, and a
somewhat rigid word order. English Grammar is not rid of this incongruity
to-day. In Latin it is a rule that the adjective must agree with its noun in
gender, number and case, but in modern English to insist upon
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(delwedd F6557) (tudalen 02)
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2
WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS.
this rule is merely to mystify the child, who is irresistibly driven to
believe that what he learns in school is unreal, bearing no sort of relation
to facts and his daily experience. The intelligent child will have noticed
that in English, adjectives with the exception of the two demonstratives
'this' and 'that,' which are inflected for number are indeclinable,
possessing neither gender, number nor case.
Welsh Grammar and especially Parsing seem to have suffered much through their
having been treated from a similarly inappropriate standpoint. Students
accustomed to a careful analysis of Latin and of English Grammars not
unnaturally import into Welsh parsing a nomenclature or mixture of
nomenclatures often quite inapplicable to the case.
The following observations and specimens of Welsh Parsing are intended to
help the student over the difficulties usually experienced.
PARSING BASED ON FUNCTION.
Words are classified into Parts of Speech according to their function. Care
must be taken not to confuse function with meaning: thus the meanings of
llyfr, dyn, gardd, aderyn, are various, but their function is all one,
namely, to denote an object, and so they are all Nouns. Similarly du, gwyn,
coch, da, have not the same meaning, but the function of all these is to
qualify or limit the application of a noun or pronoun, and hence
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(delwedd F6558) (tudalen 03)
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WELSH
PARSING AND ANALYSIS. 3
they are all of one part of speech to which the name Adjective is applied.
Further, the function of a word may vary in the history of the language, or
even in different sentences. 'Gilydd' was originally a noun meaning
'companion,' like its cognate Irish 'cele,' but its function to-day is essentially
that of a reciprocal pronoun, and it should be parsed as such. 'Eiddo ' was
originally, and often is still, the third person, singular, masculine, of the
Possessive Pronoun, but in modern Welsh it is sometimes a pure noun as in
'Eiddo yr Arglwydd y ddaear.'
'Hun'
(self) was originally the numeral 'un.'
Examples might be multiplied of words passing from one part of speech to
another, and the fewer inflections in a language the easier this transition.
In English where inflections are so few, the same word is often used with
three or four separate functions.
Hence in parsing the student must concentrate his attention upon the use made
of the word in the sentence before him.
Not that a knowledge of the history of a word is valueless; on the contrary
it is frequently difficult to analyse a sentence in sufficient detail to
discover the particular function of a word without our knowing how the
sentence came to be so constructed. This is especially the case with the
relative pronoun. Before Welsh was studied historically and in
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(delwedd F6559) (tudalen 04)
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4 WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS.
its relation to other Celtic languages it was customary to regard 'a' in such
a sentence as
'Os yr Arglwydd a'm ceidw'
as a 'verbal affirmative particle,' and colour was lent to this conception by
the dropping of 'a' in a negative sentence thus:
'Os yr Arglwydd ni'm ceidw.'
But a study of historical Welsh has disclosed the true function of this 'a'
that of a Relative Pronoun. The above sentence is in origin complex and might
be rendered somewhat literally into English thus:
' If (it is) the Lord who will keep me.'
Experience proves, however, that much confusion is caused to young students
if one insists upon supplying the understood verb, and parsing (e.g.) 'Arglwydd'
as subject to it. It would seem fairly clear that functionally and this is
what counts in parsing 'Arglwydd' is the subject of 'ceidw,' and that, though
'a' is a Relative Pronoun in agreement with its antecedent ‘Arglwydd.' it
does not enter into the syntax of the sentence; that is, 'a' should be parsed
as -
Relative Pronoun, - masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person, agreeing
with its antecedent 'Arglwydd,' nominative case.
This view removes the serious difficulty that would otherwise be experienced
in parsing the negative: "Yr Arglwydd ni'm ceidw."
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(delwedd F6560) (tudalen 05)
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WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS. 5
The peculiarities and chief difficulties of Welsh Parsing will now be dealt
with in detail:
DEFINITE ARTICLE.
It seems hest to keep the Definite Article as a separate part of speech, and
not to merge it in the adjective as is now generally done in English.
The student of French will know that the Definite Article is kept apart in
that language. In much of its function the Welsh y, yr, bears a closer
resemblance to le, la, les, than to the English the. (See syntax in Elements
of Welsh Grammar,- and Introduction to Welsh and English Exercises}.
NOUNS.
Gender:
As in French, and different from Latin and English, there is no neuter gender
in Welsh. Abstract nouns and names of inanimate objects are either masculine,
as haearn, gwynt, llyfr, daioni, or feminine as Haw, allt, gardd, Cymraeg.
Furthei', the gender of the names of certain lower animals does not always
correspond to the sex of the object, thus eryr is always masculine, and is to
be parsed as such even in the phrase eryr beny w, for if it were feminine it
would govern the soft mutation in the adjective eryr fenyw. Similarly colomen
is always feminine, hence the soft mutation of ' g ' in gwryw colomen wryw
(not gwryw).
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(delwedd F6561) (tudalen 06)
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WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS.
The gender of two classes of words in many instances may be gathered from
their form:
() Most monosyllables containing the vowel 'w' or 'y' are masculine; eg.,
bwlch, pwn, bryn. Most monosyllables containing the vowel 'o' or 'e' are feminine,
e.g., ffon, gwe"n. The student must beware of thinking there are no
exceptions to these rules. Still the influence of the vowel in determining
gender is considerable: thus the North Wales word for * table' is 'bwrdd,'
inasc., while in South Wales it is ' bord,' fern., as ' Arthur a'r Ford
Gron.' This tendency to harmonise vowel and gender in monosyllables has led
to a change of gender in several Welsh nouns: the Latin masculine pont(em)
has become the Welsh feminine 'pont,' and mediaeval Welsh ' chwedl '
masculine is now feminine. So ' llys ' once feminine has become masculine on
account of its 'y.'
(b) Derivatives are another class of nouns the gender of which may be
inferred from their form: thus derivatives in ' -ni ' are masculine, as egni,
bryntni, while those in '-eg,' are feminine, as Eidaleg, Llydaweg. (See
chapter on Derivatives in Elements of Welsh Gramma/r).
NOTE. The gender cannot be ascertained of names of inanimate objects, if used
in the plural only, as ymysgaroedd, ysgyfaint, for, having no singular form,
they afford none of the usual tests. (See Grammar par. 1.32, 141 , ii). Parse
these words as common gender.
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(delwedd F6562) (tudalen 07)
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WELSH
PARSING AND ANALYSIS. 7
Case:
Welsh is singularly deficient in case-inflections, but it has three distinct
case relations: Nominative, Genitive, and Accusative.
The function of the Nominative is the same as it is in English.
The Genitive has a much wider range of use than the English Possessive: it
covers not only the latter, but also the function of English 'of with the
objective. There is nothing to show that a word is in the Genitive case
except its position and function.
RULE. The latter of two nouns is said to be in the Genitive case: Ty Dduw,
the Jtouse of God; pen y bryn, the top of the hill; tonnau'r mor, the waves.
of the sea.
N.B. The rule applies to verb-nouns as well, e.g.,
myned is genitive in oedi myned, delaying to go; gwerthu chwant gwerthu, a
desire to sell; gweithio esgus gweithio, a pretence of working.
Similarly the pronoun is in the Genitive case when added after a noun to
explain or emphasize a possessive adjective as 'i' in 'fy mhlanti'; 'ef in
'ei law ef; ' hun ' in ' dy ddwylaw dy hun.'
The Accusative covers all other case relations in
Welsh:
(a) Direct object to a transitive verb, personal and impersonal, e.g.,
'ffordd' in 'Dengys hwn y ffordd i'r
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(delwedd F6563) (tudalen 08)
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WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS.
dref '; 'gwlad' in ' Gwelir y wlad i gyd o ben y inynydd.'
NOTE i. Avoid the word 'after' when explaining the accusative case, for the
latter often precedes the governing verb. The phrase should always he
accusative case governed by ' the verb.'
ii. The verb-noun never governs the accusative case. (See above under
Genitive).
(h) Direct object of a preposition, as ' droed ' in ' Wrth droed y inynydd.'
(c) Adverbial accusative, as
' meddwl ' in ' Dyn treiddgar ei feddw!.'
' nos ' in ' Ctynhelir cyfarfod pregethu yina nos Fercher
' droion ' in ' Gwelais ef droion.'
'Hath' in 'Y mae'r ty gan Hath o'r 16n.'
NOTE. It would be quite correct to parse the examples in (c) as Accusatives
of Respect, Time, and Distance, but on the whole the term " Adverbial
Accusative" would seetn simpler, and it adequately defines the function.
(d) Cognate Accusative:
'Rhedvvn yr yrfa a osodwyd o'n blaen.'
RHEDWN: verb intransitive, regular, active voice, imperative mood 1st person,
plural number, agreeing with its subject ' ni ' understood.
YRFA: common noun, feminine gender, singular number, 3rd person, cognate
accusative used with ' rhedwn.'
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(delwedd F6564) (tudalen 09)
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WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS. 9
ADJECTIVES.
Many adjectives in the positive are inflected for Gender and for Number.
Hence these should be mentioned in parsing, for the sake of uniformity, even where
the adjective is indeclinable.
Note that Welsh adjectives have a Comparative of Equality, and in this
respect differ from English adjectives.
NUMERALS.
As in Old English, Welsh numerals are very often used as nouns; e.g., while
' bum ' in ' Yr oedd yno bum dyn ' is an adjective,
'bump' in 'Yr oedd yno bump o ddynion' is a numeral noun, masculine gender,
singular number, 3rd person nominative case, subject to ' oedd.'
'Pump,' 'chwech,' and 'cant' are usually nouns, while the shortened forms '
pum,' ' chwe,' and ' can ' are always adjectives.
The higher the numeral the more frequently it is used as a noun. ' Mil/ '
myrdd,' and ' myrddiwn ' are always nouns.
For the sake of simplicity compound numerals like ' un-ar-ddeg,' should be
parsed together even in such expressions as ' un dyn ar ddeg.'
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(delwedd F6565) (tudalen 10)
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10 WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS.
PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES.
As explained above, the Personal Pronoun, often added in Welsh to explain a
preceding Possessive Adjective, is in the Genitive Case, e.g.,
' i ' in ' fy Haw i.
'ef in 4 ei ewyllys ef.'
Beginners often confuse the Post Vocalic Possessive Adjective with the Post
Vocalic Personal Pronoun: if the word precedes a noun, including a verb-noun,
or a pronoun, it is an adjective, e.g.,
"rn ' in ' Ysgrifennais y llythyr a'm Haw fy hun.' ' 'i ' in ' Bu
trailed mawr o'i golli.' "u ' in ' Ymgomient a'u gilydd.'
It is a pronoun if a finite verb follows as ' 'm ' in " Efe a'm
gwelodd."
N.B. The Post Vocalic Personal Pronoun is always in the accusative case
governed by the verb.
Carant y naill y Hall. Y: definite article qualifying ' naill.'
Y NAILL: indefinite pronoun, common gender, singular number, 3rd person
nominative case in apposition to ' hwy ' understood.
Y: definite article qualifying ' Hall.'
Y LLALL: indefinite pronoun, common gender, singular number, 3rd person
accusative case governed
by 'carant.' BB
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(delwedd F6566) (tudalen 11)
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WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS. 1J
Gyda'n gilydd. t .
'N: post-vocalic possessive adjective qualifying 'gilydd.'
'N GILYDD: reciprocal pronoun, common gender, plural number, 1st person,
accusative case governed by ' gyda-'
Ymwaded ag ef ei hun.
Ei: possessive adjective qualifying 'him.'
El HUN: empliatic pronoun, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person,
accusative case in apposition to 'ef.'
RELATIVE PRONOUN.
' a ': subject or direct object of a verb.
Y neb a'm gwelodd i a welodd y Tad (subject). Derbyniais bob peth a nodasoch
(object).
' y,' 'yr ' are used for all other case relations:
Yn y ty hwn y'm ganesid adverbial accusative. Pa fodd y'th arbedaf? adverbial
accusative.
Dyma'r gwaith y carwn ei wneud.
Y: relative pronoun, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person, agreeing
with its antecedent ' gwaith,' genitive case dependent on ' vvneud.'
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(delwedd F6567) (tudalen 12)
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12 WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS.
In such sentences as
' Hwy a'i gwatwarasant ef.' ' Fe a'm cipiodd i ymhell bell.'
the Relative does not enter into the syntax of the sentence. It is noteworthy
that the Relative is never used in this kind of sentence in colloquial Welsh.
Thus, we say:
' Mi ddysgaf ' not ' Mi a ddysgaf.' ' Fe ddysg ' not ' Fe a ddysg.' Even in
sentences like
' Myfi a wnaeth hyn,'
though historically ' myfi ' is the subject of ' ys ' understood, it seems
more correct to treat it now as subject of ' wnaeth ' leaving the Relative '
a ' without syntactical function.
Like the Relative Pronoun 'that' in English, 'a' cannot be preceded by the
verb that governs it, but unlike ' that,' the Relative ' a ' cannot be
governed by a preposition.
'Y,' 'yr' cannot be governed by either transitive verb or preposition.
' Bynnag ' should not be parsed separately from ' pwy ' or ' pa,' e.g. in
" Pwy bynnag a ddel, iris bwriaf ef allan ddim," 'pwy bynnag ' is
an Indefinite Relative Pronoun.
THE VERB.
There is no Infinitive Mood in Welsh. The Verb noun, which most nearly
resembles the English Infinitive, though essential to the complete
conjugation of a verb, is
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(delwedd F6568) (tudalen 13)
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WELSH
PARSING AND ANALYSIS. 13
to be
parsed as a verb-noun and the ' yn,' ' wedi,' 'ar,' &c., which usually
precede the verb-noun, govern it in the accusative case. The verbal element
in the verb-noun is often completely subordinated to the substantival factor
(see Elements of Welsh Grammar, 180), but in certain constructions the verbal
function is sufficiently prominent to allow of the word being modified by an
adverb,
e.g., in
' Siarad yn ynfyd '
' ynfyd ' is an adverb of manner, positive degree, modifying ' siarad '; in
' Rhedeg yn gyflym
' gyflym ' is an adverb of manner, positive degree, modifying 'rhedeg.'
NOTE. The verb-noun is always masculine gender and singular number.
PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION.
The student should parse the words in a periphrastic tense separately, thus
Yr wyf yn dysgu.
YR: introductory adverb modifying ' wyf.'
WYF: verb, irregular, intransitive, active voice, indicative mood, present
tense 1st person, singular number agreeing with its subject ' i ' understood.
YN: preposition governing ' dysgu ' in the accusative case.
DYSGU: verb-noun, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person accusative
case governed by
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(delwedd F6569) (tudalen 14)
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14 WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS.
' Regular ' and ' Irregular ' are used instead of the ' weak ' and ' strong '
of English parsing.
A verb is regular if the principal parts, i.e., the present and the aorist,
are formed on the model of dysgaf clysgais, rhedaf rhedais, gwelaf gwelais.
The mutation of 'a' into 'e' as in 'cerais' from 'caraf/ ' cenais ' from
'canaf,' 'bernais' from 'barnaf.' is not an irregularity.
IMPERSONAL FORMS.
EXAMPLES: dysgir, dysgid, dysgwyd, dysgasid or dysgesid, dysger.
Although 'dysgir fi ' (e.g.) is equivalent to the English Passive, ' I am
taught,' it is simpler and more correct to parse the verb as active voice,
impersonal form; thus
Fe'm dysgir i
should be parsed:
FE: introductory adverb modifying 'dysgir.'
[Compare 'yr' in 'yr wyf yn dysgu," above, and the English introductory
adverb ' there ' which is pronominal in origin in such sentences as ' There
is no place like home.']
'M: personal pronoun, post-vocalic form, common gender, singular number, 1st
person accusative case governed by ' dysgir.'
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(delwedd F6570) (tudalen 15)
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WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS. 15
DYSQin: verb transitive, regular, active voice, indicative mood, present
tense, impersonal.
I: simple personal pronoun, common gender, singular number, 1 st person
accusative case in apposition to "in.'
Yr ydys yn ei ddisgwyl.
YDYS: verb, , intransitive, irregular, active voice, indicative mood, present
tense, impersonal.
DDISGWYL: verb-noun, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person accusative
case governed by 'yn.'
CONCORD OF VERB AND SUBJECT.
In English the verb is said to agree with its subject in number and person
Avithout exception, and so it does in Latin and in French.
In Welsh the verb does not agree with its subject unless the latter be
either (a) a personal pronoun coming after the verb, e.g., gwelaf fi, gwel
efe, gwel yntau, gwelant hwythau;
or (b) a simple personal pronoun, in any position (i.e., before or after the
verb), e.g., mi welaf, fe wel, gweli di, hwy a welsant.
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(delwedd F6571) (tudalen 16)
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16 WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS.
It does not agree in
i. Myfi sy'n magu'r babari.
ii. Llwyddodd yr ymgeiswyr.
iii. Rhed yr afon i'r mor.
iv. Gwelais y bechgyn a fu yii eich dosbarth.
In all these the verb is in the 3rd person singular and though the subject
may chance to be 3rd person singular too, care must be exercised not to state
that the verb is in the 3rd singular in order to agree with the subject.
Yw, oes, mae, sydd or sy.
Some difficulty is experienced by many students in knowing the Subject. In
the Elements of Welsh Grammar 197, the use of the above forms is explained.
The identification of the subject and of the complement of the predicate is
easy if the underlying principle is understood: the subject is present in the
mind, it is that about which we give, seek, or receive the information contained
in the predicate; e.g., in 'pwy yw efeT and its English equivalent ' who is
he? ' the subject is clearly ' efe ' ' he,' while in ' pwy yw,' ' who is,' we
are seeking further information about him. 'Pwy,' like 'who,' is nominative
case complement to the verb. In the following sentences the Subject is
printed in bolder type; the nouns and pronouns in italics are parsed "
nominative case complement to the verb ":
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(delwedd F6572) (tudalen 17)
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WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS. 17
"Y mae'n sicr gennyf nad oes dim aflan ohono ei him."
MAE: verb intransitive, irregular, active voice, indicative mood, present
tense, 3rd person, singular number, subject, ' nad . . . hun.' NOTE. Every
word in the subject should be parsed separately. The relation of the sentence
to ' mae ' has been sufficiently indicated in the parsing of the verb.
Mae ei dad yn Llydaw. Pwy sydd yno 1 Ei dad sydd yno. Pwy yw fy mrawd. Hwn yw
dy frawd. A oes arnoch awydd myned 1 Oes. Cariad nid yw yn cenfigennu.
Dichon:
" Dichon y daw efe."
DICHON: defective verb, intransitive,
active voice, indicative mood, present tense, 3rd person, singular number,
subject ' y daw efe.'
" A ddichon ffydd ei gadw ef? " DDICHON: defective verb,
transitive, active voice, indicative mood, present tense, 3rd person, singular
number, subject 'ffydd.'
Rhaid:
' Pthaid ' may be a noun or a verb.
(1) " Y mae yn rliaid iti fyned." RHAID: abstract noun, masculine
gender, singular number nominative case complement to 'mae.' N.B. Avoid |the
term ' after ' as ' nominative ease after mae,' for the complement often precedes
the verb, as in the following sentence:
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(delwedd F6573) (tudalen 18)
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18 WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS.
" Rhaid yw iti fyned."
RHAID: abstract noun nominative case complement to ' yw.'
FYNED: verb-noun, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person nominative
case, subject to ' y\v.
(2) When the subject precedes, ' rhaid' is a verb: "Pwy raid
fyned."
RAID: defective verb, transitive, active voice, indicative mood, present
tense, 3rd person, singular number subject 'pwy.'
FYNED: verb-noun, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person accusative
case, governed by ' raid.'
Atolwg:
" Dywed, atolwg, mai fy chwaer wyt ti." Gen. &ii, 13. "Atolwg,
Ian gyn'lleidfa, a gymerech chwi fardd i'ch plith."
[Here ' atolwg ' is short for ' Yr wyf yn atolwg ' or 'Gan atolwg.']
ATOLWG: verb-noun, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person accusative
case, governed by ' gaii ' understood.
PRONOMINAL PREPOSITIONS.
Many prepositions in Welsh when governing simple personal pronouns, take the
latter in the form of suffixes as 'gennyf from 'gan + fi,' ' wrtho' from
Svrth+fo ' ('fo r
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(delwedd F6574) (tudalen 19)
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WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS. 19
being another form of 'fe,' ' ef ') The number, gender, and person should
always be given in the parsing of these pronominal prepositions; e.g.:
GBNNYF: pronominal preposition, common gender, singular number, 1st person.
WHTHO: pronominal preposition, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person.
It is clear that if the pronoun, instead of being a suffix, was a separate
word, as { gyda mi,' it would be in the accusative case. Similarly a pronoun
in apposition to the pronominal suffix is in the accusative case, e.g.,
" Geimyf innau."
INNAU: conjunctive personal pronoun, common gender, singular number, 1st
person accusative case in apposition to the pronoun in ' gennyf.'
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
as 'er mwyn,' 'ar hyd,' -ynghylch.'
Each word should be parsed separately; even 'ynghylch' should be analysed,
for to borrow a term from natural science it is an unstable compound, and the
two words have to be kept apart when governing a personal pronoun, as ' Yn ei
gylch ef," which should be parsed thus:
YN: preposition governing ' gylch ' in the accusative case.
EI: possessive adjective, masculina gender, singular number, 3rd person
qualifying 'gylch.'
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(delwedd F6575) (tudalen 20)
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20 WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS.
GYLCH: common noun, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person accusative
case governed by ' yn.'
EF: personal pronoun, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person genitive
case dependent on 'gylch.'
"0 herwydd paham nid cywilydd ganddo eu galw hwynt yn frodyr.'
: preposition governing ' herwydd ' in the accusative case.
HERWYDD: common noun, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person
accusative case governed by 'o.'
PAHAM: adverb of cause modifying ' nid.'
NID: adverb of negation modifying ' yw ' understood.
CYWILYDD: abstract noun, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person
nominative case complement to ' yw.'
GANDDO: pronominal preposition, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd
person,
EU: possessive adjective, masculine gender, plural number, 3rd person,
qualifying ' galw.'
GALW: verb-noun, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person nominative
case subject to ' yw.'
YN: predicative 'yn ' introducing 'frodyr.'
FRODYR: common noun, masculine gender, plural number, 3rd person genitive
case in apposition to 'hwynt.'
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(delwedd F6576) (tudalen 21)
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WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS. 21
"Y neb a'm gwelodd i a welodd y Tad."
Y: definite article qualifying ' neb.'
Y NEB: indefinite pronoun, common gender, singular number, 3rd person
nominative case subject to 'welodd.'
A: relative pronoun common gender, singular number, 3rd person, agreeing with
its antecedent ' y neb' nominative case subject to 'gwelodd.'
'M: simple personal pronoun, post-vocalic form, masculine gender, singular
number, 1st person accusative case governed by 'gwelodd.'
GWELODD: verb, regular, transitive, active voice, indicative mood, aorist
tense, 3rd person, singular number subject ' a.'
i: simple personal pronoun, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person
accusative case in apposition to '; m.'
A: relative pronoun common gender, singular number, 3rd person, agreeing with
its antecedent ' y neb' nominative case. (This 'a' does not enter further
into the syntax of the sentence, see paragraph on Relative Pronoun above).
WELODD: verb, regular, transitive, active voice, indicative mood, aorist
tense, 3rd person, singular number subject ' y neb.'
Y: definite article qualifying 'Tad.'
TAD: singular noun, masculine gender, 3rd person accusative case governed by
' welodd.'
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(delwedd F6577) (tudalen 22)
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2 WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS.
" Glan y gwel yr afr ei myn, Boed ef ddu, boed ef wyn."
This is short for " Yn fyn glan y gwel, &c."
GLAN: qualitative adjective, positive degree, masculine gender, singular
number, qualifying ' fyn ' understood.
Y: relative pronoun masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person, agreeing
with its antecedent ' fyn ' adverbial accusative.
GAVEL: verb, regular, transitive, active voice, indicative mood, present
tense, 3rd person, singular number subject 'afr.'
YR,: definite article qualifying 'afr.'
AFR: common noun, feminine gender, singular number, 3rd person nominative
case subject to 'gwel.'
El: possessive adjective, feminine gender, singular number, 3rd person,
qualifying 'myn.'
MYN: common noun, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person accusative
case governed by 'gwel.'
BOED: verb irregular, intransitive, active voice, imperative mood, present
tense, 3rd person, singular, agreeing with its subject ' ef.'
EF: simple personal pronoun, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person
nominative case, subject to ' boed.'
UDU: qualitative adjective, positive degree, singular number, masculine
gender, qualifying ' ef.'
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(delwedd F6578) (tudalen 23)
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WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS. 23
1< A laddo a leddir.''
.V: relative pronoun common gender, singular number, 3rd person, agreeing
with its antecedent 'yneb' understood, nominative case subject to ' laddo.'
LADDO: verb, regular, transitive, active voice, subjunctive mood, present
tense, 3rd person, singular number subject ' a.'
A: relative pronoun, common gender, singular number, 3rd person, agreeing
with its antecedent ' y neb ' accusative case. (Compare above ' Y neb a'm
gwelodd i a welodd y Tad ').
LEDDIR: verb, regular, transitive, active voice, indicative mood, present
tense, impersonal.
"A wado hyn, aed a hi, A g waded i'r haul godi."
A: relative pronoun common gender, singular number, 3rd person, agreeing with
its antecedent ' y neb ' understood nominative case subject to 'wado.'
WADO: verb, regular, transitive, active voice, subjunctive mood, present
tense, 3rd person, singular number subject 'a.'
HYN: demonstrative pronoun, common gender, singular number, 3rd person
accusative case governed by ' wado.'
AED: verb, irregular, intransitive, active voice, imperative mood, present
tense, 3rd i person, singular number subject 'y neb.'
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(delwedd F6579) (tudalen 24)
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24 WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS.
A: preposition governing ' hi ' in the accusative case.
HI: personal pronoun, feminine gender, singular number, 3rd person accusative
case governed by 'a.'
A: conjunction joining 'aed a hi' and 'gwaded . . . godi.'
GWADED: verb, regular, transitive, active voice, imperative mood, present
tense, 3rd person, singular number, agreeing with 'ef or 'hi' understood.
i: preposition governing ' haul ' in the accusative
case. 'R: definite article, post-vocalic form, qualifying
' haul.'
HAUL: common noun, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person accusative
case governed by 'i.'
GODI: verb-noun, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person accusative
case governed by ' gwaded.'
" Pam na ddywedi di dy feddwl yn hyf, a minnau yn rhoi cennad i ti?
"
PAM: adverb of cause modifying ' na.'
NA: adverb of negation modifying ' ddywedi.'
DDYWEDI: verb, regular, transitive, active voice, indicative mood, present
tense, 2nd person, singular number, agreeing with its subject 'di.'
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(delwedd F6580) (tudalen 25)
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WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS. 25
DI: simple personal pronoun, common gender, singular number, 2nd person
nominative case subject to ' ddywedi.'
DY: possessive adjective, common gender, singular number, 2nd person,
qualifying ' feddwl.'
FEDDWL: common noun, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person accusative
case governed by ' ddywedi.'
YN: predicative ' yn ' introducing ' hyf.'
HYF: adverb of manner, positive degree, qualifying ' ddywedi.'
A: conjunction joining 'pan . . . hyf and 'ninnau . . . iti.'
MINNAU: conjunctive personal pronoun, common gender, singular number, 1st
person nominative absolute.
YN: preposition governing ' rhoi ' in the accusative case.
KHOI: verb-noun, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person accusative
case governed by 'yn.'
CENNAD: common noun, feminine gender, singular number, 3rd person genitive
case dependent on ' rhoi.'
i: preposition governing ' ti ' in the accusative case.
TI: simple personal pronoun, common gender, singular number, 2nd person - -
accusative case governed by ' i.'
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(delwedd F6581) (tudalen 26)
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26 WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS.
"Nis gwyddys fod dim wedi ei ysgrifennu ar y pwnc."
Nis: adverb of negation modifying ' gwyddys.'
GWYDDYS: verb, irregular, transitive, active voice, indicative mood, present
tense, impersonal.
FOD: verb-noun, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person -- accusative
case governed by 1 gwyddys.'
DIM: common noun, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person genitive
case, dependent on 'fod.'
WEDI: preposition governing ' ysgrifennu ' in the
accusative case. EI: possessive adjective masculine gender, singular
number, 3rd person qualifying ' ysgrifennu." YSGiiiFENNU: verb-noun,
masculine gender, singular
number, 3rd person - accusative case governed
by ' wedi.' AR: preposition governing 'pwnc' in the accusative
case.
Y: definite article,(qualifying '.pwnc.' PWNC: common noun, masculine gender,
singular
number, 3rd person accusative case governed
by'ar.'
"Son oeddid laned, gryfed gwr oedd efe."
SON: verb-noun, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person accusative case
governed by ' yn ' understood.
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(delwedd F6582) (tudalen 27)
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WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS. 27
OEDDID: verb, intransitive, irregular, active voice, indicative mood,
past-imperfect tense impersonal form.
LANED: qualitative adjective, comparative of equality, qualifying ' gwr.'
GRYFED: qualitative adjective, comparative of equality, qualifying ' gwr.'
G\VR: common noun, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person genitive
case dependent on ' son.'
OEDD: verb, intransitive, irregular, indicative mood, past-imperfect tense,
3rd person, singular number, agreeing with its subject ' efe.'
EFE: reduplicated personal pronoun, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd
person nominative case subject to ' oedd.'
"Dowch i hedd, a da'ch haddef Ddily slant anwylblant nef."
A: conjunction joining 'Dowch i hedd ddilysiant anwylblant nef and ' da'ch
haddef.'
DA: qualitative adjective, positive degree, masculine gender, singular
number, qualifying 'haddef.'
'CH: possessive adjective, post-vocalic form masculine gender, plural number,
2nd person qualifying 'haddef.'
HADDEF: verb-noun, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person nominative
case subject to ' yw ' understood.
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(delwedd F6583) (tudalen 28)
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28 WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS.
DDILYSIANT: qualitative adjective, positive degree, masculine gender, plural
number, qualifying 'anwylblant.'
ANWYLBLANT: common noun, masculine gender, plural number, 2nd person
nominative case in apposition to ' chwi ' understood.
NEF: common noun, feminine gender, singular number, 3rd person genitive case
dependent on 'anwylblaut.'
" Ynfyd y'th glywaf, Ddafydd, Yn 1 awr yn 2 siarad, dan wydd."
YNFYD: adverb of manner modifying ' siarad.'
Y: relative pronoun, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person, agreeing
with its antecedent ' siarad (yn) ynfyd ' adverbial accusative.
'TH: post-vocalic personal pronoun, masculine gender, singular number, 2nd
person accusative case governed by 'glywaf.'
DDAFYDD: proper noun, masculine gender, singular number, 2nd person,
accusative case in apposition to "tb.'
YN 1: preposition governing 'awr' in the accusative case.
SIARAD: verb-noun, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person accusative
case governed by 'yn 2 .'
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(delwedd F6584) (tudalen 29)
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WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS. 29
"A chofia, ddyn* iach, ofer Nad oesf i ddyn ond oes fer."
*DDYN: common noun, masculine gender, singular number, 2nd person nominative
case in apposition to ' di ' understood.
f OES: verb, irregular, intransitive, active voice, indicative mood, present
tense, 3rd person, singular number subject 'oes.'
OND: adverb of degree, modifying ' fer.'
FER: quantitative adjective, positive degree, feminine gender, singular
number, qualifying ' oes.'
"Gwell i chwi ddyfod, a gore po gyntaf."
GWELL: adjective of quality, comparative degree, qualifying 'ddyfod.'
DDYFOD: verb-noun, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person nominative
case subject to ' y w r understood.
GORE: adjective of quality, superlative degree, qualifying ' dyfod !
understood.
PO: adverb of degree modifying 'gyntaf.'
GYNTAF: adjective, superlative degree, qualifying 'dyfod' understood.
N.B. The construction is virtually this: ' A'r dyfod cyntaf yw'r dyfod gore.'
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(delwedd F6585) (tudalen 30)
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30 WELSH PAUSING AND ANALYSIS.
" Ys truan o ddyn wyf fi."
Ys: verb, intransitive, irregular, active voice, indicative mood, present
tense, impersonal form; verb-noun 'bod.'
TRUAN: attributive noun, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person
nominative case complement to 'ys.'
[NOTK. Adjectives are much more freely used as nouns in Welsh than they are
in English. Compare note on Numerals above.]
" Ymadawodd yr ymwelwyr bob yn un ac un."
BOB: indefinite pronoun, masculine gender, plural number, 3rd person
nominative case in apposition to ' ymwelwyr.'
YN: predicative ' yn ' introducing ' un.'
UN: cardinal numeral, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person --
nominative case in apposition to ' bob.'
yn; yr, y.
The words occur so frequently and their functions and government are so
various that it seems best to explain and illustrate them here.
Government: Initial ' 11-' and ' rh-' in words following the above are never
mutated, notwithstanding the rules given below.
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(delwedd F6586) (tudalen 31)
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AVELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS. 31
yn.
A Preposition
(i) With a verb-noun. No mutation, e.g.,
' Yr oeddynt yno yn prynu ac yn gwerthu.'
YN: preposition governing ' prynu ' in the 'accusative case.
PRYNU: verb-noun, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person, accusative
case governed by 'yn.'
YN: preposition governing ' gwerthu ' in the accusative case.
GWERTHU: verb-noun, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person accusative
case governed by ' yn.'
NOTE. (a) Though the verb-noun governed by ' yn ' is equivalent to the
present participle in English, the two words should always be parsed
separately in Welsh as above.
(ft) The verb-noun is always masculine and singular.
(ii) With any other noun. Governs the nasal mutation: e.g., yi\g Nghaer,
y'Nghaer (from yn + Caer); yng ngardd (yn+gardd); ym Mhenfro (yn + Penfro);
ym mywyd (yn+bywyd); yn nherfyn (yn + terfyn); yn niwedd (yn + diwedd).
Parse thus:
YN: preposition governing 'niwedd' in the accusative
case. NIWEDD: common noun, masculine gender, singular
number, 3rd person accusative case governed
by ' yn.'
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(delwedd F6587) (tudalen 32)
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32 WELSH PARSING AND ANALYH-.
B Predicative 'yn,' merely serving to introduce the predicate.
Governs the soft mutation:
' Y mae hi yn chwaer i mi ' {' ch ' i.s not a mutable consonant, see
Grammar).
YN: predicative ' yn ' introducing ' chwaer.'
CHWAER: common noun, feminine gender, singular number, 3rd person nominative
case complement to ' inae.'
Adwaen ef yn dda.
YN: predicativ| ' yn ' introducing ' dda.'
DDA: adverb of manner, positive degree, modifying ' adwaen.'
Yr oedd y ffordd yn faith.
YN: predicative 'yn' introducing 'faith.'
FAITH: adjective, positive degree, feminine gender, singular number,
qualifying ' fTordd.'
Mi a'i cefais yn ddyn o'r mwynaf,
'i: post-vocalic personal pronoun, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd
person accusative case governed by ' cefais.'
YN: predicative ' yn ' introducing 'ddyn '
DDYN: common noun, masculine gender, singular
number, 3rd person accusative case in
apposition to ' 'i.'
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(delwedd F6588) (tudalen 33)
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WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS. 3$
The difference of mutations in a verb-noun and in a word used predicatively
is well illustrated in the words ' byw ' and ' marw: ' in
Y mae efe yn byw, Y mae efe yn marw,
' byw ' and ' marw ' are verb-nouns in the accusative case governed by ' yn,'
while in
Y mae efe yn fyw Y mae efe yn farw
'fyw' and 'farw' are predicative adjectives qualifying 'efe.'
y. yr.
i. Yr Arglwydd yw fy mugail.
YR: definite article qualifying 'Arglwydd.' ii. Yr oeddwn i yno.
YR: introductory adverb modifying ' oeddwn.' iii. Gwn y bydd efe yno.
Y: conjunction joining ' gwn ' and 'bydd efe yno.' iv. Dyma'r fan y 'i
gwelais gyntaf.
Y: relative pronoun, feminine gender, singular number, 3rd person, agreeing
with its antecedent ' fan ' adverbial accusative.
NOTE. Just as the English adverbs 'when,' 'where/ &c., are in origin
oblique cases of the pronoun ' who,' so the Welsh relative pronoun ' y '
tends in certain contexts to pass imperceptibly into a pronominal adverb
merely
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(delwedd F6589) (tudalen 34)
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34 WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS
summing up and repeating the preceding word or phrase;
thus in
' Prin y gwelwn y llwybr '
the ' y,' though pronominal in origin, may justly be regarded as an adverb.
In origin the ' y ' of (u). (iii), and (iv) is one and the same, and it is
interesting to note that similarly the English neuter demonstrative ' that '
has now acquired other functions such as that of a relative pronoun and conjunction.
Compare also the Latin conjunction 'quod ' which was originally the neuter
relative pronoun 4 quod.'
NOTE.
The dash, if used intelligently, may be of great .service in parsing. It is a
common experience to find pupils who will glibly parse a Relative Pronoun as agreeing
with its antecedent without realising what this means or in what parts it
does agree. Similarly "agreeing with" a subject, and "governed
by" are phrases continually used, but the scope of the agreement and
government is not always known.
The dash, as may be seen in the above scheme, may be used to detach the parts
to which the terms apply.
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(delwedd F6590) (tudalen 35)
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ANALYSIS.
The difficulties are not numerous, but they .require careful attention.
Perhaps the first difficulty for the beginner is that, as in Latin, the Welsh
verb often contains its own subject: thus 'gwelwch ' ( = ' you see') is both
subject and predicate in one. The subject, however, may always be separately
expressed thus: ' gwelwch chwi,' and that without any violation to the idiom
of the language. Hence it would seem simpler on the whole to supply the
subject thus
i
Predicate gwelwch Subject (chwi)
inserting in brackets the word or words understood.:
Analysis is essentially a question of syntax, just as on the other hand,
parsing is in the main a matter of accidence. Hence interjections like ' ffei
! ' ' aha ! ' have no place in analysis. Even the Relative Pronoun in Welsh
does not always enter into the syntax of the sentence and then it is to be
left out in the analysis. (See scheme below).
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(delwedd F6591) (tudalen 36)
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WELSH PAUSING AND ANALYSIS.
An English noun clause is in Welsh (a) Sometimes a clause, and (6) Sometimes
a phrase x J Dywed i mi - - f pa bryd yr ymedy'r nos. \ Princ. sentence.!
Noun clause object to '
dywed.' (6) Gwelais ei fod ar ymadael.
Simple sentence,
though the English equivalent would be complex: J 1 saw f that he was about
to leave. \ Princ. sent. 1 Noun clause object to 'saw.'
The Welsh sentence should be analysed . Predicate: gwelais Subject: (i)
Object: ei fod ar ymadael.
The substitution of the verb-noun for finite tenses constitutes a difficulty
not met with in English. Thus ' Aeth y gwr adref yn llawn digofaint || a
gosod
ei synnwyr ar waith '
contains only one finite verb, but there are two independent statements. It
is clear that it must not be analysed as a simple sentence unless we do it
violence. and regard ' a gosod ei synnwyr ar waith ' as a part of the
predicate with ' aeth.'
On the other hand there seems to be no valid argument against supplying a
finite verb thus: ' Aeth y gwr . . . ei synnwyr ar waith ' (a wnaeth).
N.B. The student is warned against recasting a sentence in order to eliminate
his difficulties. Examiners are justly severe on such evasion of problems
submitted to the candidate.
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(delwedd F6592) (tudalen 37)
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WELSH
PAKSING AND ANALYSIS. 37
Sentences fully analysed:
(1) Rhedwn yr yrfa a osodwyd o'n blaen.
(2) Carant y naill y llall.
(3) Dyma'r gwaith y carwn ei wneud.
(4) Yr ydys yn ei ddisgwyl.
(5) Y mae'n sicr gennyf nad oes dim aflan ohono ei hun.
(6) A oes arnoch awydd myned? Oes.
(7) Dichon y daw efe.
(8) Atolwg, Iân gyn'lleidfa, a gymerech chwi fardd i'ch plith?
(9) Gwn y bydd efe yno.
(10)
O herwydd paham nid cywilydd ganddo en galw hwynt yn frodyr.
(11) Y neb a'm gwelodd i a welodd y Tad.
(12) Glan y gwel yr afr ei myn, Boed ef ddu, boed ef wyn.
(13) A laddo a leddir.
(14) A wado hyn aed â hi, A gwaded i'r haul godi.
(15) Pam na ddywedi di dy feddwl yn hy^f a minnau yn rhoi cennad i ti?
(16) Nis gwyddys fod dim wedi ei ysgrifennu ar y pwnc.
(17) Sôn oeddid laned gryfed gvvr oedd efe.
(18) Dowch i hedd, a da'ch haddef, Ddilysiant anwylblant nef.
(19) Ynfyd y'th glywaf, Ddafydd, Yn awr yn siarad, dan wy^dd.
(20) A chofia, ddyn iach, ofer Nad oes i fab ond oes fer.
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(delwedd F6593) (tudalen 38)
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38
WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS.
I. ANALYSIS INTO CLAUSES.
(1) a Rhedwn yr yrfa Principal sentence. b A osodwyd o'n blaen - Adj. clause
qualifying ' yrfa ' in a.
(2) Carant y naill y llall - Simple sentence.
(3) <( Dyma'r gwaith Principal sentence.
b Y carwn ei wneud Adj. clause, qualifying ' gwaith ' in a.
(4) Yr ydys yn ei ddisgwyl Simple sentence.
(5) a Y mae'n sicr gennyf
h Nad oes dim aflan ohono ei hun Noun clause, subject to ' mae ' in a.
(6) a A oes arnoch awydd myned? Simple sentence. b Oes Simple sentence,
co-ordinate with a.
(7 ! a Dichon (y daw efe) Principal sentence.
b Y daw efe Noun clause subject to ' dichon ' in a.
(8) Atolwg, Ian gyn'lleidfa, .... i'ch plith? Simple
sentence.
(9) a Gwn Principal sentence.
b Y bydd efe yno Noun clause, object to ' gwn' in a.
(10) herwydd pahain . . . yu frodyr Simple sentence.
(11) a Y neb a welodd y Tad 'Principal sentence
b A'm gwelodd i Adj. clause, qualifying 'y neb in a.
(12) a Glan y gwel yr afr ei myn Principal sentence
b Boed ef ddu Adverbial clause of concession
modifying ' glan ' in a. c Boed ef wyn Adverbial clause of concession,
co-ordinate with b, modifying 'glan' in a.
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(delwedd F6594) (tudalen 39)
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WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS. 39
(13) a A leddir Principal sentence.
b A laddo Adjective clause, qualifying ' y neb ' understood in a.
{14) ft Aed a hi Principal sentence.
b A gwaded i'r haul godi Principal sentence, co-ordinate with a.
c A wado hyn Adjective clause qualifying ' y neb ' understood in a.
(15) Pam na ddywedi .... cennad i ti Simple sentence.
(16) Nis gwyddys .... pwnc Simple sentence.
(11) a Son oeddid laned gry fed gvr Principal sentence. b Oedd efe Adjective
clause, qualifying ' gwr ' in a.
(18) a Dowch i hedd ddilysiant
anwylblant nef Simple sentence.
b A da'ch haddef Simple sentence, co-ordinate with (i.
(19) Ynfyd y th glywaf, Ddafydd,
Yn awr yn siarad dan wydd Simple sentence.
(20) a A chofia ddyn iach ofer Principal sentence.
b Nad oes i fab ond oes fer Noun clause, object to ' chofia ' in a.
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(delwedd F6595) (tudalen 40)
|
Oon
nective.
II. DETAILED A NA LYSIS OF CLAUSES.
P·red.icate. S tibje ct. Obj ect. Ex
te·ns·ion of
(1) a
b
(2)
(3) a
b
(4)
rhedwn osodwyd
cara11t
(gwel)
carwn
ydys yn ei ddisgwyl
(ni)
(hwy) y naill
.di
(i)
.
yr yrfa
a
y llall
'1·gwaith
y ei wneud
o'n blaen (p lace)
yma (plac e)
yr (i1it1·odttct01·y )
(5) a mae gennyf
b oes aflan
(11ad oes . . . . .
"-e, i hu11)"
dim
awydd my 11ed
(awydd myned)
"y (int1·oduct,wy)"
yn sicr (manne1·)
nad (degt·ee)
ohono ei hun
(manne1·)
(6) aaoes arnoch
b"oes
•"
(7) a
b
(8)
dichon
y daw
a gymerech
(y daw efe) efe
chwi lAn fa1·dd
gyn'lleidfa
i'ch plith (p lace)
atolwg (condili<>n)
\
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(delwedd F6596) (tudalen 41)
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\
(9) a
b
(10)
( 11) a
b
(12) a
- b
c
gwn
y bydd
i1id cywilydd ga11ddo ·
(yw)
. welodd gwelodd
gwel
hoed ddi1
hoed wy11
(i)
efe
eu galw hwynt
y n frodyr
y neb a
a
yr afr
ef
ef •
y Tad
'm i
ei myn (yn fy11)
gl&.n
yno (p lace)
o herwydd paham
(caitse)
"• ,"
•
(13) a
b
leddir
laddo
•
(y neb)
.
a •
(14) a aed
b a gwaded
c wado
(y 11eb)
(ef)
a
i'r haul I11d.Obj .)
godi ( ir.Obj .)
l1yn
( 15) di
•
•
dy feddwl
- . .
• ..
Pam (cause)
na ( deg1·ee)
yn hyf (man1ie1·)
• • •
a minn.au'n rhoi cennad iti (conditWn)
• . -··- - ..- - · . . • •4 -·• • • ••
• • • • •
... . . ...... ...
..411•• • •
• •• • •
.. -
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(delwedd F6597) (tudalen 42)
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"II.
DETAILED ANALYSIS OF CLAUSES ( Continiud)."" ·"
". .. . ,-"
• • •
• nective. Pred icate.
. Stibj ect.
. . ..Obj ect.
.. ... . .
. . Ext enaion of
· · P1·edicate.
(16)
(17) a
b
(18; a
b
(19)
•
gwyddys
sn oeddid oedd
dowcl1
a da (yw) ·
glywaf
efe
(chw i) ddilysiant
a11wylbla11t nef
'cl1h1tddef
(fi) .
fod dim 'vedi ei ysgrifenn u ar y
pw11c
"la11ed, gryfed· gwr"
•
'tl1Dafydd
.
•
ihedd (p lace)
y11 sia1ad (y11) ynfyd
(manne11·)
yn awr ( time)
dan wydd (p lace)
(20) a
b
a chofia
oes
(di) ddyn iacl1ofer
ond oes fer ifab (Ind. 0.)
•
•
nad (degree)
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(delwedd F6598) (tudalen 43)
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WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS. 43
EXERCISES IN PARSING AND ANALYSIS.
Parse:
(1) Gwypo, cymerth, rhoes, tyred, moeswch.
(2) Dysgir, cymerodd, clywaist, gwnaf, daethum.
(3) Gwyddom, elych, gwneled, adwaen, byddwch.
(4) G^yr. bwyty, edrydd, clybu, pery, dyry, ys.
Parse and Analyse:
(1) Ni bydd arnynt eisiau dim (adj.) daioni.
(2) Ni ddiangant Irwy ddim (adv.)
(3) Nid oes dim 1 yn ei logell.
1 Noun, subject to ' oes.'
(4) Nid oes ganddo
ddim bwyd.
(5) Y mae llawer (noun) o bobl yn y dref.
{6) Gwelwyd llawer (adj.) dyn yn gwneud hyn.
(7) O'i blegid 1 ef 2 y daethum.
1 Noun, accusative case governed Ijy
'o.' 2 Genitive.
(8) Nid adwaen ai mo Joseph.
NOTB. Analyse ' mo ' into (eldi)in adv. and ' o ' preposition governing '
Joseph ' in the accusative case.
(9) Y mae wedi marw ers talm.
(10) Hwn yn an ad (adj.) dim, sydd fwyaf ei rym
i wneuthar hynny.
(11) Mor llygredig oedd ei wedd yn anad neb, a'i bryd
yn anad meibion dynion.
(12) Rhuthrwch. arno fel y byddo'r wlad yn eiddo (noun)
ein hunain (genitive case).
(13) Nid oedd hon ddim ond gwal bridd o f6r i for ac
ambell (adj.) d#r neu gastell yma ac acw.
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(delwedd F6599) (tudalen 44)
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44 WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS.
(14) Ond yn y cyfaraser efe a drodd yn benlleidr ei hun
ac yn fradwr idd 1 ei feistr.
1 Preposition doublet of ' i.'
(15) Dylai pob un 1 wybodei feddwl ei hun (genitive
case)
1 Nom. case, subject to ' dylai. 2 Accus. case, governed by ' dylai.'
(16) Llawer dydd (adverbial accus.) y bum beb fwyd.
(17) Cyfrifir y bobl bob deng mlynedd.
(18) Y plant 1 ufuddhewch i'ch rbieni.
1 Nom. case, in apposition to ' chwi ' understood,
(19) Allan o olwg, allan o feddwl.
(20) Cyflog pechod yw marwolaeth.
(21) Bob yn dipyn fe aeth i ben y daith.
(22) Brysiwch yn ol (accus. case, governed by ' yn ').
(23) Beth yw hi o'r gloch?
(24) Dywedodd wrthyf y rheswm pahain.
(25) Nid oedd ond deug mlwydd oed 1 pan fu fanv 'i dad.
1 Genitive case, dependent on ' mlwydd.'
(26) Mae'r Gymraeg yn ddigon goludog i dalu pob
echwyn adref (adverb).
(27) Tyrd i'm cartref ' a chroesaw 2 iti.
1 Noun. 2 Nom. case, subject to ' bydd ' understood.
(28) Gartref (adv.) y mae adnabod pob dyn.
(29) A wnel 1 mad, mad a ddyly. 2
1 Subjunctive. 2 3rd, sing., pres., indie, of ' dylwn.'
(30) Nid wyf wedi darllen y llyf'r a gefais gennyt.
(31) Nis gAvyddys fod dim wedi ei ysgrifennu ar y pwnc.
(32) Ni chlywodd neb erioed ddim tebyg i hyn.
(33) Ni chredaf i neb glywed gair oddiwrtho er y dydd
yr aeth o'r wlad.
(34) Bum yn eistedd ar ben y bryn a \veli draw.
(35) Tybiais dy fod yn deall y peth a ddywedais wrthyt.
(36) Gwelais dy dy frawd pan fum yn y gogledd.
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(delwedd F6600) (tudalen 45)
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WELSH
PARSING AND ANALYSIS. 45
(37) Nos da i'r ynys dywell, Ni wn oes un ynys well.
(38) Mae llofruddio liyd yn oed lofrudd yn ysgelerder y
dylid ei gosbi gan farmvyr.
<-'>9) Cenfigen at ei hvyddiant oedd gwraidd y fradwriaeth lion.
(40) Rhuthrodd y
milwyr Hog hyu ar y parthau cyfagos
o F6n.
(41) Disgwyliai'r Deheuwyr lawer o les oddiwrth deyrna siad Rhys fel un o
hiliogaeth ddiyrmvad Hywel Dda.
(42) Ofnwn na ddylid ei dderbyn 1 fel
hanes. 2
1 Accusative, governed by ' ddylid.' 2 Genitive, dependent on ' dderbyn.'
(43) Gyda'ch cennad, pwy sydd yn byw yn y ty hwn?
(44) A hwy a grogasant eu telynau ar yr helyg.
(45) Dylid cofio bod 1 y Gymraeg 2 yn llawer" mwy 3 ffigyrol
na'r Saesneg, ac y 4 gellir felly arfer geiriau ffigyrol yn fwy rhwydd lie y
bo termau gwyddonol yn brinion.
1 Genitive, dependent on ' cotio.' 2 Genitive, dependent on 'bod.' 3 Adverb.
4 Conjunction.
(46) Disgwyl yr ydys y bydd y Gymraeg yn union deg
yn iaith gwyddor a chelf, fel y mae yn iaith barddas.
(47) A'u cymeryd 1 at eu gilydd chwi fedrech gael eu
gwaeth. 2
1 Nominative absolute. 2 Noun.
(48) Clywai ei gyfeillion am ry w gyfeddach a rhy fynych
dramwy i Lerpwl.
(49) Nac edrych ar
y gvvin pan fyddo coch yn y cwpan.
(50) Efe a welai ^n ar gefn march coch
ac arfau cochion
am dano.
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(delwedd F6601) (tudalen 46)
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46 WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS.
(51) Yr offeiriad yn unig a fwytai o'r bara gosod.
(52) Ynghyd a bara croyw a dail chwerwon y bwytant 1
61. imperative.
(53) A Saul a gauodd mewn udgorn tnvy 'r holl dir, gan
ddywedyd, Clywed 1 yr Hebreaid.
1 Imperative, 3rd, singular.
(54) Ond llawenycher 1 y rhai cyfiawn, a gorfoleddant 2
ger bron Duw, a byddant 2 hyfryd o lawenydd.
1 Imperative, impersonal, 2 Imperative, 3rd, plural.
(55) Trymhaer y gwaith ar y gwyr, a gweithiant ynddo.
(56) Myfyriai ar ei oreu 1 bob amser. 2
1 Noun. 2 Adverbial accusative.
(57) Poed gwir a fo'r gair. (57a) ! na bae 1 'n haf o hyd.
1 Subjunctive.
(576) Henffych 1 well, ymerodres Rhufain.
1 Subjunctive.
(58J Duw a'm dyco o'u mysg i nef neu Gymru, yr un a welo yn oreu.
(59) Casglaf y bobl atat fel y gwnelont gyfamod a thi ac
y teyrnasech di ar yr hyn oil a chwennych dy galon.
(60) " Menna eto fydd dy fun
Gad y pruddglwyf iddo'i hun; Cwyd dy galon, bydd yn ddyn,' Meddai Clychau
Aberdyfi.
(61) Dynion sy'n gwneud dau wyneb, Duw ni wnaeth ond un i neb
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(delwedd F6602) (tudalen 47)
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WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS. 41
(62) Bum yn claddu hen gydymaith 1 A 2 gododd yn fy mhen i ganwaith; Ac 'r 3
wy'n ameu, er 4 ei briddo 5 Y cyfyd yn fy mhen i eto.
1 Genitive case. 2 Relative Pronoun, subject to ' gododd.'
3 Introductory Adverb. 4 Preposition. 5 \'erb-noun._ (^Conjunct
(63) Dod dy law, ond wyd yn coelio Dan fy mron, a gwilia 'mrifo Ti gei
glywed, 1 os gwrandewi Swn 2 y galon 2 fach yn torri.
1 Accusative Case. 2 Genitive Case.
(64) Mae'r ffrydlif fach ar ben y bryn Yn rhedeg megy,s crwydryn.
(65) Un noson aeth
ein lesu
Ar daith dros y garw-for du.
(66) Awyr a hvnc mor a'i li, Yf yr haul
o f6r heli.
(67) Canu, dwsmel a thelyn,
Yn hardd a wnai'r gwiwfardd gwyn
(68) Nid oes, f Arglwydd, a wyddiad 1 Ei dymp, onid Ef a'i Dad.
1 3rd, singular, past imperfect, indicative.
(69) Dyn a garo gnvth a thelyn, Sain cynghanedd, can ac englyu, A gar y
pethau mwyaf tirion Sy'n y nef ymhlith angylion.
(70) " Hen \frr, hen ^r ! mae'th wallt yn wyn,.
Ac oer yw'r awel hon; Paham y crwydri wlad mor bell Oddiwrth d' aneddle Ion'?
"
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(delwedd F6603) (tudalen 48)
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48 WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS
(71) Is yr ywen ddu, gaughennog,
Twmpath gwyrddlas gwyd ei ben Pel i dderbyn o goronog
Addurniadau gvvlith y nen; Llavver troed yn anystyriol
Yn ei fathru'n fynnych gawd, Gan ysigo'i laswellt siriol:
Dyna fedd y dyn tylawd.
(72) Gwnewch i mi feddrod wrth ffrydlif y mynydd
Na cherfiwch un llinell i adrodd fy hynt; Ac yno telored glas donnau'r
afonydd
Eu cerddi yn gymhlith a chwiban y gwynt.
(78) Uchel-gaer uwch y weilgi, gyr y byd
Ei gerbydau drosti; Chwithau holl longau y Hi, Ewch o dan ei chadwyni.
(74) Troir ei gain lydain aelwydau 'n erddi
A gvvyrddion weirgloddiau; A mynych, yr ych o'r iau A bawr lavvr ei barlyrau.
(75) Mon gynnes, man i ganu, Mon weddaidd
Mae'n addurn i Gymru; Ym mhob lien ac awen gu, Sir F6n sy ar i fyny.
(7(>) Y nos dywell yn distewi caddug
Yn cuddio Eryn, Yr haul yng ngwely'r heli A'r lloer yn ariannu'r Hi.
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(delwedd F6604) (tudalen 49)
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WELSH READERS.
DRINGO'R ANDES.
Hanes anturiaeth yn y Paith, Amerig Deheuol.
Gan ELUNED.
Gyda Rhagdraeth gan IFANO. PHs - - 1/ " Y mae'n un o'r llyfrau rnwyaf
dyddorol yn yr iaith."
Cymru.
" By one of the most picturesque of Welsh writers, and we most cordially
recommend it for use as a Welsh reader." The Nationalist.
HANES A CHAN STORY AND SONG.
By J. M. EDWARDS, M.A., County Sehool, Holywell. Price - - 1/6 nett.
This book is recommended for the Junior Course in Welsh by the Central Welsh
Board.
DANTE.
Translated into Welsh .verse by DANIEL EEES; late of the Herald Office,
Carnarvon.
With separate introductions to ANNWN, PURDAN,
and PARADWYS. Students Edition - - 3/ Art Paper Covers.
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(delwedd F6605) (tudalen 50)
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HISTORY OF WALES to 1283.
Suitable for Elementary Schools and Junior Forms in County Schools.
By THOMAS JONES, Tonypandy Council School. Price - - 1/6 nett.
" It seems exceedingly well done, and is sure to become popular."
L. J. Roberts, M.A.
WELSH GRAMMAR.
By S. J. EVANS, M.A., County School, Llangefni. Price - - 1/6 nett.
This is par excellence the Grammar for Students in County Schools, Pupil
Teachers' Centres, &c.
WELSH EXERCISES.
By S. J. EVANS, M.A.
To accompany the Grammar.
Price - - 1/6
EIN GWLAD, neu CYMRU.
Rhan L Ei DAEAR. II. Ei HANES. Gyda darluniau. III. Ei LLEN.
Price ..... 2/3 Rhan III, yn unig - 1 DARLUNIAU LLIWIEDIG.
Being a set of nine Coloured Pictures, 30-in. x 40-in., for a conversational
course in Welsh. Price - . 16/
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