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TITLE
OF THE BOOK:
History of the Welsh in
Edited by the Reverends Thomas E. Hughes and
David Edwards, and Messrs. Hugh G. Roberts and Thomas Hughes.
1895
(delw 4117) (tudalen
81)
(39) THE
SIOUX WAR -
Let us now return to New Ulm to trace the course of events there.
·····
This town had not been molested since Tuesday and was wholly in the dark as to
the movements of the enemy, expecting another attack at any moment. Guards were
stationed around the town night and day, and as it rained much of the time this
duty was anything but pleasant. Thursday a squad of men was sent out
into the country to reconnoiter. They saw no Indians nor
(delw 4118) (tudalen
82)
(x82) white refugees, but at every settlement,
they came across scores of dead bodies of men, women and children, who had been
butchered by the savages.
(On the
(The same photo appears the Website of KTCA-TV (“Dakota Exile” (1996)
page) http://www.ktca.org/dakota/stills.htm)
·····
The departure for New Ulm of the Mankato and South Bend companies had taken
from the latter towns most of the able bodied men and about all the guns and
ammunition, so thatthese places were in quite a defenceless condition. There
was nothing to prevent the Sioux from passing by New Ulm as they had passed by
The Winnebagoes were known to be on most intimate terms with the Sioux, and
there was abundant evidence that the two nations intended to join in the
massacre and that messages were being passed between them. The Winnebago
reservation comprised the present towns of McPherson, Decoria, Rapidan, Lyra,
Beauford and Medo, in
·····
This same Friday morning a refugee came to New Ulm seeking help to rescue
eleven persons, who were hid in a big clump of bushes on the Big Cottonwood,
near Sleepy Eye. An expedition of about 140 men was at once sent upon this
mission; and they tok with them nearly all the best guns in New Ulm.
(delw 4119) (tudalen
83)
(x83) Those left to guard the town were less
than a hundred in number and very poorly armed. The expedition found the
refugees and then decided, as it was late in the day and the distance back to
New Ulm rather too much to undertake, to go on to Leavenworth and pass the
night there and next day scour the country in that vicinity in the hope of
saving other refugees. As they were marching, however, they thought they heard
the boom of cannon in the direction of
·····
That night, when Little Crow met his braves in council in the ravines of Ft.
Ridgely, his spys (sic)
brought important news. New
·····
Now was a splendid opportunity to capture this important town, with all its
rich spoil, slaughter its 1,500 to 1,800 inhabitants, including refugees, and
then turn and annihilate the force out of Levenworth. The plan was admirable
and doubtless would have succeeded had not the defenders, contrary to the
Indian expectation, returned, as we have said, that night.
·····
With the dawn next morning (Saturday, August 23) the Indians raised the siege
of Ft. Ridgely, much to the relief of that garrison, worn out with fighting and
constant guard duty and worse than all with ammunition nearly exhausted.
·····
About 8 o’ clock the people of New Ulm noticed a number of fires
breaking out on the opposite, or Nicollet, side of the Minnesota river. Through
spy-glasses a few Indians could be seen going from farm to farm setting fire to
the houses, barns and stacks of grain. A company of sixty-five to seventy men,
well
(delw 4120) (tudalen
84)
(x84) armed, mostly citizens of Nicollet County and interested in property on
that side of the river, volunteered under Capt. Wm. Huey, of Traverse, to go
across the river and drive the Indians away.
·····
A few of the defenders, best posted in Indian warfare, protested against the
move, claiming that this Indian demonstration was a mere feint to draw the men
across the river and cut them off from the town. That the real attack would
come from another quarter. The warning, however, was not heeded and the company
passed over the river, leaving twenty men to guard the ferry. No sooner had
they gone some little distance up the Nicollet side than a number of Indians
concealed in the brush attacked the ferry guards, who fled for their lives. The
Indians, after crossing over to the New Ulm side, cut the ferry loose.
·····
Capt. Huey and his men then found that they could not get back to town, as the
river much swollen with recent rains, could not be crossed without the ferry,
and the Indians were firing upon them from the brush. They, therefore,
retreated toward St. Peter.
·····
The success of this part of the programme the Indians announced by means of
fire signals, and the main body of Little Crow’s army was seen to issue from a
point of timber about two or three miles northwest of town on the Brown County
side of the river. As they kept pouring out of the timber and weaving in and
out among each other like a great swarm of bees, it seemed as thought there
were thousands of them. The whites marched out to meet them and formed in line
of battle on the high table-land about a quarter of a mile west of town. The
Indians made a very grand spectacle as they swarmed over the prairie in
apparently countless numbers, with their weapons glistening in the sun. When
within a quarter of a mile of the whites they spread out like a fan, advancing
on a run, firing their guns, brandishing their tomahawks and yelling their war
whoops.
·····
The whites were only a crowd of raw, undisciplined recruits fresh from the farm
and shop who had never been under fire before, and as the Indians outnumbered
them more than two to one and approached in such a fierce manner, it is no
wonder they were seized with a panic and fled into town as fast as their feet
could carry them. Many hid in cellars and other places of concealment and
nearly all got into houses. A few of the bravest, however, retreated in a more
orderly manner, firing at the Indians as they retired and holding them a little
in check.
(delw 4121) (tudalen
85)
(x85) The Indians followed the rout to the edge of town and there paused as
though afraid to enter. Had they then rushed in, there is no doubt but they
might have taken New Ulm and slaughtered all the people without much
resistance; but, as they afterwards explained, they thought the precipitate
flight of the whites was a mere ruse to draw them into an ambush, hence they
did not dare advance between the houses. The hesitation on the part of the
Indians gave the whites the opportunity to rally. A squad of men under John F.
Meagher, took possession of an unfinished brick building on the ridge west of
town and opened a brisk fire on the enemy. As this position was too far out for
the best service in defending the village they soon retired on the run, though
in order, toward town and Mr. Meagher, with most of the
·····
The Indians were thick on the ridge when this first squad reached the mill and
they had to pass through a shower of bullets. They all reached it, however,
ahead of the Indians, and Rev. Stines was the only one hit, and he but slightly
in the shoulder. Once inside they barricaded the door and from the windows
quickly opened a deadly fire on the enemy and drove them from the ridge into
the slough beyond.
·····
New Ulm is beautifully located at the V of the high table land, where the
valleys of the Minnesota and the Big Cottonwood come together and on the side
of the V facing the Minnesota. The highway from South Bend, Mankato and points
east passed through its principal street, in a north, northwesterly direction
to Fort Ridgely, the Sioux agencies and points west. Most of the houses then,
as now, were built along this street, called Broadway. Within a block to the
right comes the bluff, sloping to the valley of the
(delw 4122) (tudalen
86)
(x86) down the river valley and were joined by those crossing from the Nicollet
side, but the main body circled round the town back of the ridge, to the
southwest until they came to the South Bend and Mankato road at the extreme
southeast end of the town. In massing their main force here the Indians may
have intended to cut off the retreat of the whites, or stop their
communications and re-enforcements, or they may have thought this the most
advantageous point of attack. However this may have been, here Little Crow
fixed his headquarters in a small store building opposite where (an) old pottery stood.
From this side now came the principal attack.
·····
Taking shelter in the houses which the whites had hastily deserted the Indians
began to work their way from house to house toward the center of town. Seeing
this, the whites began to fire the buildings as the retreated from them. In the
excitement, however, one large stone building on the main street was passed and
twenty or thirty Indians seeing the advantage quickly got behind it . Just then
the watchmen stationed on the flat roof of Crone’s store noticed a large number
of men standing near the brow of the bluff where the road from
·····
The captain was warned that there Indians back of the store building just
mentioned. He wanted the men to charge and drive them away. This they refused
to do, and, putting spurs to his horse, the captain galloped down the street,
declaring he would drive them out himself.
·····
The moment he passed the corner of the building he was met by a fearful volley.
He managed to wheel his horse round and gallop back a short distance, when
horse and rider fell dead riddled with bullets. The captain was a brave and
able man, but had one failing - he was fond of liquor and this the people of
New Ulm foolishly distributed in unlimited quantities to all the defenders free
of cost. Mr. Meagher and his men, among whom were Thos. Y. Davis and two or
thrree other Welshmen, crossed the street and got into a blacksmith shop which
commanded the font of the building in question, while another squad covered the
rear. Two men advanced toward the
(delw 4123) (tudalen
87)
(x87) side of the building to fire it. The Indians then beat a hasty retreat
followed by a volley from Mr. Meagher’s command. The supposed re-enforcements
turned out tio be Little Crow and his chiefs in council.
·····
As the wind blew from the southeast it drove the smoke of the burning buildings
towards town, affording concealment to the Indians as they wormed their way in,
and, therefore, to increase the smoke, they also fired houses. Fortunately,
however, the wind changed and the advance of the Indians was then checked.
·····
The greatest fear of the whites was that the savages would concentrate at one
point and charge into town. During the afternoon te sentries on Crone’s
building noticed a strong concentration taking place behind a clump of trees
and brush on the brow of the hill to the northeast of the town, and a number of
the whites were gathered to meet the attack, which soon came with much fury.
The whites were now in good fighting temper and bravely charged to meet the
enemy, routing them with much loss. The whites, however, lost one of the best
shots and bravest men in this charge - Newell Houghton of the
·····
The large quantity of ammunition and good guns which the Indians had secured at
the Agencies, at the ferry from Capt.Marsh’s company and from the settlers they
had killed, in addition to the rather plentiful supply they had themselves to
(delw 4124) (tudalen
88)
(x88) begin with, gave them great advantage over the whites, who had very
good rifles and a very limited supply of ammunition. So the firing of the
Indians could be readily distinguished by the loud reports of their well loaded
guns. During the fight the Indians also kept up a constant yelping and yelling
like packs of wolves. This they did partly to communicate orders and encourage
each other.
·····
The summer of 1862 had been rather wet and hence all vegetation had grown
luxuriantly. As in all western village, the houses of New Ulm, except a few
stores and shops in the center, were quite scattering, each surrounded with an
acre or two of land fenced in and overgrown with grass tall and thick. In
almost every back yard there were one or more small stacks of hay and barns or
sheds for cattle. On the river side of the town there were springs coming out
of the bluff here and there causing boggy places where the grass and weeds grew
especially rank. All this afforded the Indians a fine opportunity for their
mode of fighting. Fixing turbans of grass on their heads the braves would crawl
like snakes through the grass until close to town - pour a volley into it, then
wiggle back without exposing themselves in the least to the aim of the whites.
The whites now determined to burn all the town outside of the four center
blocks. Soon after sundown the Indians withdrew after their custom to their
camp which they pitched on the opn prairie in plain view on the northwest side
of the town. The garrison at the wind-mill now set the mill on fire and retired
into town. Men sallied forth and set all the outside buildings on fire. In all
192 houses, besides barns, sheds, haystacks, and fences were consumed.
·····
A portion of the
·····
Other Welshmen, who had gone up to Cambria to care for their stock, also, noticed
the smoke in the afternoon and from the bluffs on D.J. Davis’ farm the flames
of the burning houses were plainly visible. They at once hasted to
(delw 4125) (tudalen
89)
Bend
the women and children, numbering some hundreds were all packed into the second
story of the stone mill of Evans and Price, which still stands in that village,
while all the men were pressed into service to defend the town. Hardly half of
them had guns of any kind, the rest were armed with pitch forks, axes and
scythes which had been procured ffrom the stores. It was an awful nught. The
red glow of the burning city reflected upon the clouds was plainly visible from
·····
(delw 4126) (tudalen
90)
(x90) The first news of the outbreak reached
St. Paul late Tuesday afternnon and Governor Ramsey, after reading the
dispatches sent him by Lieut. Gere, and Agent Galbraith at once went to Medota
and commissioned Ex-Governor H. H. Sibley, commander-in-chief of all the forces
with rank of colonel, to form an expedition against the Indians.
( Dakota Conflict Trials Website: http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/dakota/sibley.html
Sibley was no Indian-hater. He had, in fact, made eloquent appeals to Congress
for better treatment of Native Americans. As he learned details of uprisng,
however, he had no sympathy for those participating in the massacres and
attacks on civilians...)
The companies, which had enlisted at
·····
Leaving St. Peter in the afternoon of Saturday they reached their destination
Sunday afternoon (August 24). In the meantime the Indians had resumed their
attack on New Ulm early Sunday morning. Finding the whites, however, well
entrenched and
(delw 4127) (tudalen
91)
(x91) concentrated in the four center blocks of
town, with all the other buildings around burned to the ground, so they must
approach over the open ground to make their attack, they soon retired, and
gathering a large drove of cattle, they drove them up towards town and tried to
approach in their shelter. As soon as they came within range the whites fired a
volley into the cattle which caused them to stampede and the Indians stampeded
with them.Three times the Indians tried the cattle breastwork experiment and
each time with the same result. Discouraged of all hope to capture the town and
doubtless learning through their scouts that large re-enforcements for the
whites were coming close at hand, the savages, after a short consultation about
(delw 4128) (tudalen
92)
(x92) and go to
·····
At Crisp’s store in Judson (where Mrs. Robert Roberts now
(delw 4129) (tudalen
93)
(x93) lives) the rear guard consisting of the companies of Lieutenants E. St.
Julian Cox and Adam Buck and a part of the Le Sueur company, under acting
Lieutenant J. B. Swan, halted for the night to guard the rear in case the
Indians should follow the retreat.
·····
It was a very dark, rainy, cold night. Late after
·····
Judge Flandreau and some of the other officers, now that the women and children
and wounded had been disposed of, and supplies of food and ammunition obtained,
tried to induce the companies who had remained at Crisp’s farm to return to New
Ulm and thus hold the Indians in check, but the men were anxious to go home and
refused.
·····
This same Monday Col. Sibley sent Col. Anderson from St. Peter with forty
mounted men of the St. Paul Cullen Guards and twenty foot soldiers in wagons to
succor New Ulm.
·····
They reached the town Tuesday morning and finding it deserted they returned at
once to St. Peter.
·····
(delw 4130) (tudalen 94)
(x94) Col. Sibley had left St. Peter this Tuesday afternoon (August 26) with
all his force for Ft. Ridgely and Wednesday this company followed him. The
advance consisting of 175 volunteer citizen horsemen under Col. McPhaill and
Col. Wm. R. Marshall made an allnight march and reached the fort early
Wednesday morning, being the first to arrive since the battle. Col. Sibley with
the infantry entered the fort Thursday, August 28. In the meantime Judge
Flandreau had been assigned to the command of all the military organizations in
·····
At the last named place John D. Evans’ shoe shop was the location of the
commissary and Geo. Owens was in charge, under Sheriff D. Tyner. Martial law
was everywhere in vogue, and private ownership of property little respected.
Every horse that could be found was immediately seized and pressed into service
by the soldiery. Cattle were taken by the authorities without compensation to
the owners and slaughtered for food as public necessity required. Threshing
crews were also formed and the stacks of the farmers threshed and the grain
taken and ground, without asking the owner’s leave, to supply the common need.
·····
On Tuesday, August 26, while Capt. Dane’s company were in their camp at
Robinson’s place, at the out-let of Crystal Lake, they discovered a wagon
coming from the west by Buffalo Grove. A detachment went out to meet it. The
occupants proved to be refugees from
·····
(delw 4135) (tudalen 95)
(x95) On Friday, August 29, Capt. Dane’s company were ordered from Lake
Crystal to occupy New Ulm, which had been deserted since Monday, and presented
a very desolate appearance. The houses were all burnt except for a few in the
center. The streets were littered from end to end with household goods of every
description, and here and there were the bloated carcasses of horses and cattle
that had been killed in the fight, emitting a horrible stench. Little mounds of
earth were frequent in the streets, where the dead had been hastily deposited
in shallow graves. Barricades were left in several places across the streets,
and the few buildings left were all loop-holed for musketry, and both
barricades and buildings were riddled and splintered with bullets. Everywhere
were evidences of the desperate conflict of Saturday and Sunday, and it was
several days before the company could restore the town into any appearance of
order.
·····
Col. Sibley was now at Ft. Ridgely with a force of between 1,500 and 1,600 men
- but all were raw recruits, who had received no military training, and were
armed for the most part with rejected muskets, which the government had sent
north to be used only in drilling new regiments. There was scarcity of
ammunition also, and much they had did not fit the guns. Then rations had to be
gathered to feed the army. Camping outfits and means of transportation had to
be gathered to be procured. To secure all these necessaries at once for the
expedition taxed Col. Sibley’s ability to the utmost.
·····
Sunday, August 31, Col. Sibley detailed as a burial party, under Capt. H. P.
Grant, Comapny A of the Sixth Regiment, and two volunteers from each of the
other companies of the sixth, and sent the Cullen guards, a small detachment of
citizen cavalry under Capt. Joe Anderson, with them to act as scouts.
·····
In all there were one hundred and fifty-three men including infantry, cavalry
and teamsters and ninety-six horses including twenty teams to carry luggage.
They were instructed to inter the remains of Capt. Marsh and his command killed
at the ferry and proceed to the Agency and bury all bodies found there and in
thast vicinity: Major Joseph R. Brown, the famous Indian trader, went with this
expedition, perhaps nominally as its commander, though Grant seems to have been
in actual command.
·····
During the first day they buried over fifty persons and camped about five miles
up the river on the Renville county side. Early Monday morning, dividing the
command, Capt. Anderson and the mounted men were sent across the river to
explore the country toward the Yellow Medicine, while Capt. Grant and the
(delw 4136) (tudalen 96)
(x96) infantry continued to march up the north side of the river to Beaver
Creek. Every little while they had to stop to bury entire families of women and
children who had been massacred. In the morning Capt. Grant noticed what he
supposed was an Indian hiding in a slough near the road. Surrounding the spot
they found a white woman. Thirteen days before, her husband and three little
children were butchered before her eyes. The Indians then told her to run and
just as she was starting they fired on her and put nine buckshot into her back.
The fiends then took a knife and ripped her clothing all off, and in so doing
cut a deep gash over her stomach and left her for dead. She revived but the
shock had affected her brain and she had wandered over the prairies in a nude
and demented condition subsisting on roots and water until then. A blanket was
wraped (sic)
around her and a bed of hay made for her in one of the wagons, while Dr.
Daniels dressed her wounds.
·····
(40) THE
SIOUX WAR - BATTLE OF BIRCH COOLEY - TUESDAY SEPTEMBER 2ND 1862
Every
little while two or three wagons would be seen standing in the road, and always
in and around them would be found the remains of entire families, men women and
children horribly mutilated. Among otheres they found the half burnt remains of
Mrs. Henderson and her infant. She was sick, confined to her bed, on the awful
morning of the outbreak. Her husband and friends carried her out on the bed to
the wagon and while on the way to the fort the Indians overtook them and killed
nearly all the party. Mrs. Henderson and her babe were tossed out of the wagon
on the prairie by the wretches, the bed thrown over them and a match applied to
it and thus the mother and child horribly perished. Burying all these remains
the expidition (sic) pressed
on to Beaver Creek where thirty more remains were buried. It was now to late to
return to the fort that night, so they concluded to get back as far as Birch
Cooley (coulee [kúuli],
(1) (Western North America) a deep ravine or gulch, usually dry, that has been
worn away by running watrer; (2) a small valley; (3) a low-lying area; (4) a
small intermittent stream; from Canadian French < French = ‘a flowing’,
nominative use of tthe feminine of coulé, the past participle of couler = to
flow < Latin côlâre = to filter, strain, derivative of côlum = strainer,
sieve; Webster’s Dictionary) a small
stream, which empties into the Minnesota, from the north twelve miles north
west of Ft. Ridgely. The camp was fixed on the bluff overlooking the
(delw 4133) (tudalen 97)
(x97) stretched from wagon to wagon and the
horses tethered to them forming a circle about the tents. Pickets were posted
outside and the tired command turned in for a good night’s rest. About four o’
clock in the morning one of the pickets discovered some object crawling toward
him in the grass. He challenged it and then fired. Immediately an awful yell
from five hundred Indian throats rent the air and in the gloom five hundred
Indian guns lit a circle of deadly flame round about the camp. The guards
rushed in, firing at the enemy as they came. The startled soldiers rushed out
of their tents in a half dazed condition and for a few moments there was much
confusion. The soldiers mistook the command to “fall down” for “fall in” and so
exposed themselves for a few minutes to the deadly aim of the foe, whose
bullets whistled thick through the camp from every direction. The men soon got
in the shelter of the wagons and dead horses and blazed back at the enemy with
all their might. It was a fearful struggle at short range, but the whites
fought with desperation, well knowing they could hope for no quarter from such
a foe. After an hour of furious fighting the Indians were forced back to long
range. The forty rounds of ammuntion apiece which the soldiers had brought in
their cartridge boxes were now about exhausted. 3,000 extra rounds had been
brought in the wagons, but, on opening the boxes, it was found that through
some error all the balls were 62 caliber, while the guns were only 58 caliber.
The soldiers were at once set to work whittling bullets and all took care to
fire only when absolutely necessary. Fortunately, however, the Indians did not
attempt another charge, but contented themselves with lying concealed in the
ravines and tall grass around and firing the instant a soldier showed himself.
·····
In the first encounter nearly one-fourth of the entire command had been killed
or wounded, and all the horses had been killed save two or three. Another
serious trouble now arose, there was not a drop of water in the camp and none
could be had nearer than the bottom of the cooley, but this was full of
Indians. The the two day’s (sic)
rations, which they had brought, was all gone. The suffering of the men,
especially of the wounded and dying, was terrible as they lay on the bluff all
day in the hot sun. But how long was it to continue? Fortunately the guards at
(delw 4134) (tudalen 98)
(x98) camp, McPhaill’s force was seen
approaching two or three miles east of the cooley and the boom of the cannon
heard. The Indians concentrated such a force in front of McPhaill that he was
scared and instead of pressing forward and giving battle to the savages he
dispatched a courier back to
(Photo of
Wambdi Tonka (Big Eagle) a chief who fought in this battle http://www.esu1.k12.ne.us/~santewww/)
·····
A message was sent to the few half breeds in the white force offering them
their lives if they would surrender, but with heroic courage and fidelity they
answered, that they would never desert their friends and would die with the
whites if need be. The arms of the dead and wounded were distributed so that
nearly all had two or three loaded guns by their side and they defied the
Indians to come. The savage horde, made bold by numbers, was drawing nearer,
when a big Indian stood up and shouted in Sioux from the east side of the
cooley (Dakota Language Homepage http://www.alliance2k.org/daklang/dakota9463.htm): “there are three miles of soldiers coming.”
Gen. Sibley with his entire force was at hand and the boom of his cannon and
the rattle of his musketry was the sweetest of music to the distressed command.
The Indians soon beat a hasty retreat. A sad spectacle did that camp by Birch
Cooley present. In a circle round the tents lay the swollen carcasses of
ninety-one dead horses, behind them lay twelve dead men and forty-five wounded.
For thirty-six long hours the camp had been without food, water or sleep in a
desperate struggle for life. The dead were buried in one grave. One of the
wounded died a day or two afterwards at the fort. The poor woman who had been
picked up on the prairie had lain in the wagon during the entire time of the
battle wihtout food or drink, and strange to say, though the wagons were
riddled and splintered with bullets, she escaped with only a slight wound in
her arm.
·····
As Gen. Sibley had no cavalry to pursue the Indians, he returned to the fort.
Appropriate monuments have been erected recently by the state to commemorate
the battles of Birch Cooley and New Ulm.
·····
On the day of the main battle at Birch Cooley, September 2, a refugee from Lake
Shetek, Thos. Ireland by name, came to New Ulm to Capt. Dane’s company. He had
seven large buckshot wounds in his body - two of them in his left lung. In this
(delw 4135) (tudalen 99)
(x99) condition he had for thirteen days
suffered every hardship in dragging himself through the eighty miles of Indian
invested (= besieged)
country to New Ulm., and he was indeed a pitiful object to behold. He had left,
however, the morning before, two women, Mrs. Hurd and Mrs. Eastlick, and their
four children at the house of a Mr. Brown, thirty miles west on the Big
Cottonwood. Capt. Dane called at once for volunteers to rescue these women and
children.
Lieut. Roberts, one of the bravest men in the company at once offered to go and
fourteen others promptly joined him, about half of whom were Welsh boys - among
others besides Lieut. Roberts were Lewis P. Jones, David Y. Davis and Wm. E.
Williams. It was a very hazardous journey. The country was known to be thickly
invested by savages. It was already late in the afternoon, so the journey would
have to be made mostly in the night. The boys were only raw recruits without
any military practice. Their horses were untrained so the report of a gun would
render them wholly unmanageable.Their guns were rejected Austrian rifles whose
locks were too weak to fire the caps, and when bu chance they did fire, no one
could tell where the bullet would go, but the rebound of the gun was always
sure to lame the shoulder if it did not land the gunner on his back. About
·····
The family comprised Mr. and Mrs. Eastlick and five children, the oldest,
eleven years old, named Merton, and the youngest fifteen months, named Johnny.
Wednesday morning, while the family were at breakfast on their farm at Lake
Shetek, young Hatch, whom we met before at Buffalo Grove lake with Mr. Everett
and Mrs. Meyers, came running, saying, “The Indians are upon us.” Leaving all
they fled with the children - Mr. Eastlick carrying his two guns and ammunition
with the youngest child. Meeting a number of neighbours on the road they all
gathered into the house of a Mr. Wright and prepared to defend themselves. A
few Indians, well known to the settlers, were at this house, pretending to be
friendly and ready to fight the ‘bad’ Indians. One of them was called “Pawn”.
The hostiles appearing in large numbers in the vicinity, they left the house on
the advice of “Pawn” in a lumber wagon, thirty-four of them including men,
women and children. Pursued and overtaken on the road by the Indians, they fled
into a slough near by. Most of them were wounded before they got into the
grass. We will now quote from her narrative:
·····
“The balls fell around us like hail. I lay in the grass with my little ones
gathered close around me; as it was very hot and sultry, I tried to move a
little
(delw 4136) (tudalen
100)
(x100) distance from them, but could not get a
foot away from them, for they would follow me. Poor little dears! they did not
know how much they were destined to suffer, and they seemed to think if they
kept close to mother, they would be safe. I could now hear groans about me in
the grass, in various directions, and Mrs. Everett told me she was shot in the
neck; and in a few minutes more I was struck by a ball in the side. I told my
husband I was shot. “Are you much hurt?” he asked. “Yes, I think I shall die,”
I answered, “but do not come here, for you can do me no good; stay there, for
you can do more good with your rifle.” I knew he could not come without being
discovered by the Indians. Another ball soon struck me on the head, lodging
between the skull and the scalp, where it still remains. I could tell if a ball
struck anyone, by the sound. My husband then said he though he would move a
little, as the Indians had discovered his hiding-place. He removed, reloaded
his gun, and was watching for a chance to shoot, when I heard a ball strike
some one. Fearing that he was the one, I called to him, saying: “John, are you
hurt?” He did not answer. I called again, but there was no reply, save that I
heard him groan twice, very faintly, than I knew he was hurt, and I thought
that I must go to him, but Mrs. Cook begged me not to go. “Do not, for God’s sake,”
said Mrs. Cook, “stay with your children; if you stir from that spot they will
all be killed; your husband is dead already and you cannot possibly do him any
good, so stay with your children, I beg of you.” I took her advice and stayed
with them, for they were all I had left in the world.”
·····
After detailing how the women and children were induced by old Pawn to come out
of the slough and surrender themselves to the savages on promise of their lives
being spared, and how a heavy thunder storm having come up, the Indians began
to hurry them away. She proceeds:
·····
“I stopped, however, and looked around to see if my children were coming, and
to tell them to follow me. Little Freddy, one of my boys, aged five years,
arose out of the grass, at my call, and started to come. Then, for the first
time, I observed a hideous old squaw, who had just joined the Indians; she ran
after him, and felled him to th ground, with a blow upon the head from
something she carried in her hand. Weak, wounded, and tightly held by my
captor, as I was, I could only stand and look on the scene which followed,
while such anguish racked my soul as, I pray to God, that you, ye mothers who
read this, may never feel. The old hag beat him for some minutes upon the back
part of the head, till I thought she had killed him. She stepped back a few
paces, when the little innocent arose, and again started for me; but, oh! what
a piteous sight for a mother to behold! The blood was streaming from his nose,
mouth and ears. The old squaw, not yet satisfied, again knocked him down, and
pounded him awhile; then took him by the clothes, raised him as high as she
could, and with all her force, dashed him to the ground. She then took a knife
and stabbed him several times. I could not stop or return, for my captor was by
this time dragging me away, but my head was turned around, and my eyes riveted
upon the cruel murder of my defenceless little ones. I heard some one call out,
“Mother! mother!!” I looked, and there stood little Ffrank, my next oldest child,
on his knees, with hands raised toward heaven, calling “Mother!” while the
blood was streaming from his mouth. O! who could witness such a sight, and not
feel their hearts melt with pity! None but the brutal Indians could. He had
been shot in the mouth, knocking out four of his teeth - once through the
thigh, and once through the bowels. But what could I do? Nothing, but gaze in
silent horror on my children while they were being murdered by savages.”
·····
(delw 4137) (tudalen
101)
(x101) She then gives an account of the
horrible outrage and butchery of her companions. Most of the younger children
were left by the fiends wounded on the prairie to perish a lingering death from
cold and starvation. Mrs. Eastlick was taken a short distance when Pawn shot
her in the back and she fell on her face. Another Indian came up to her and
struck her on the head with all his might a number of times with his gun until
her head bounded from the ground with each blow. She was then left for dead.
Though her skull was broken she did not lose consciousness, but lay where she
was too weak to move for hours. The crying of a child whom she thought was her
Johnny aroused the mother’s heart.
·····
“So I determined to try to go to them, thinking we could, perhaps, keep warm
better, for the rain still fell very fast, and the night was settling in, cold
and stormy. I rose upon my feet, and found that I could walk, but with great
difficulty. I heard William Duly, whom I supposed dead long before this, cry
out, “Mother! mother!!” but a few steps from me, and then he called “Mrs.
Smith! Mrs. Smith!!” Having to pass close by him, as I left the slough, I
stopped and thought I would speak to him; but, on reflecting that I could not
possibly help the poor boy, I passed him without speaking. He never moved again
from the spot where I last saw him; for when the soldiers went there to bury
the dead, they found him in the same position, lying on his face, at the edge
of the slough I was guided to where my children and neighbors were killed, by
the cry of a child, which I supposed to be Johnny’s voice: but, on reaching the
spot where it lay, it proved to be Mrs. Everett’s youngest child. Her eldest,
Lily, aged six years, was leaning over him to shield him from the cold strom. I
called her by name: she knew my voice instantly, and said, “Mrs. Eastlick, the
Indians haven’t killed us yet?” “No, Lily,” said I, “not quite, but there are
very few of us left!” “Mrs. Eastlick,” said she, “I wish you would take care of
Charley? (sic)”
I told her it was impossible, for my Johnny was somewhere on the prairie, and I
feared he would die unless I could find him, and keep him warm. She begged me
to give her a drink of water, but it was out of my power to give her even that,
or to assist her in any way, and I told her so. She raised her eyes, and with a
sad, thoughtful, hopeless look, asked the question, “Is there any water in
heaven?” “Lily,” I replied, when you get to heaven, you will never suffer from
thirst or pain.” On hearing this, the poor little patient sufferer, only six
years old, laid herself down again, and seemed reconciled to her fate.”
·····
After wandering among the dead and dying and failing to find either Johnny or
Merton, she thought they might have escaped the savages and wandered out on the
prairie. So she dragged herself away some distance in quest of them, imagining
every few minutes she heard them crying here or there. All night and next day
she wandered around in the vicinity, and all this time she could hear the
agonizing cries of the poor little children that had not yet perished in the
slough. After three nights and three days of wandering she was overtaken, only
five miles from where she started, by a mail carrier, who helped her into his
sulky, and they proceeded about ten or eleven miles farther to the house of a
German, called Dutch Charley. The owners had deserted the place some days, but
to the great surprise of Mrs. Eastlick she found there her old neighbor, Thomas
Ireland, whom she supposed killed as she had last seen him in the slough in a
dying condition, pierced with seven bullets. Be ha had revived and amaged to
crawl thus far, though in a sorry plight. From him she received the first
tidings of her two missing boys. Merton had left the slough the afterrnnon of
the massacre with his baby brother on his back to go to “Dutch Charleys.” (sic). After resting
a few minutes the mail carrier, Mrs. Eastlick and Mr.
(delw 4138) (tudalen
102)
(x102) on as well as they could. Next day
(Sunday) a little before
·····
Lieut. Roberts and his squad reached Mr. Brown’s house about 1 o’ clock
at night. The women thought they were Indians at first, but when they learned
the truth their joy knew no bounds and there was not a dry eye in the room.
After resting until dawn the soldiers put the women and children into a wagon,
wh¡ch they had brought and started back. For fear of an ambush Lieut. Roberts
returned by another road , and on the opposite side of the
·····
Immediately after the occupation of New Ulm by Dane’s company, and Ft. Ridgely
by Col. Sibley’s force the settlers living east of these places returned mostly
to their homes to care for their stock and crops. Tuesday, September 2, the
very day of the battle of Birch Cooley and the departure of Lieut. Robert’s
squad from New Ulm to rescue Mrs. Eastlick and Mrs. Hurd, a band of eight
Indians suddenly appeared in the town of Courtland, then called “Hilo,” on the
other side of the
(delw 4139) (tudalen
103)
(x103) Minnesota from Cambria, and adjoining
the Welsh settlement of Eureka, in Nicollet county, on the west, and killed two
men and a boy. Crossing the river they passed through the town of
·····
The Welsh people of
·····
Next
day Col. Flandreau sent Capt. Rogers’s company of the Seventh Minnesota to relieve
Capt. Dane’s company at New Ulm and the latter company were brought down and
stationed in the midst of the Welsh settlement at the southwest corner of Evan
Davis’ present farm in Judson - just half a mile west of Jerusalem cemetery.
The camp was called “
(delw 4140) (tudalen
104)
(x104) few, however, came together as usual.
These were the families of David P. Davis, James Edwards, Lewis D. Lewis and
Richard Morgan - twenty-two persons between men, women and children. David
Price and family had also come with their neighbour, James Edwards, but at the
invitation of Thomas Y. Davis they drove over to spend the night with him. His
house (the present residence of Rev. Thos. E. Hughes) was only about fifty rods
away, on the other side of a little knoll. A number of the men gathered at
James Morgan’s house in the early evening to hear and talk over the news. Among
others were John S. Jones (Prairie), David J. Davis and Henry Hughes. The
latter spoke of an adventure he had just had in looking for his cow on the
creek under his house - a suspicious noise in the brush, which kept moving away
from him. Wm. Edwards was sure he had seen Indians down on the
·····
(41) · THE
SIOUX WAR - ATTACK ON
Next morning, September 10th, at break of day, the people at James Morgan’s
house were awakened by the furious barking of the dogs. Mr. Morgan opened the
front door and saw some person in the road in front of the house with a dog
barking viciously at his heels. He was dressed in citizen’s clothes and had a
straw hat on, but as he turned to look at the dog, James Morgan recognized him
to be an Indian and called the attention of Lewis D. Lewis, who had also
stepped to the door, to him. Mr. Lewis raised his right hand to shield his eyes
as he peered through the dusk of the morning in the direction of pointed by
Morgan. Suddenly a bullet struck his hand, passed through its entire width, a
little above the knuckles and hit his forehead a slight blow, then fell to the
floor. His hand had saved his brain (See biography
of Lewis D. Lewis 0850e ). Another bullet
came whizzing through the north window on the east side of the front door, but
though the room was full of people it passed between them doing them no harm.
James Edwards had just jumped from his bed on the floor to reach for his gun,
when a third ball came through the east window hitting him in the neck,
severing the jugular vein. Without a word he fell dead across the bed, his
blood spurting over the room (See biography of of
his son, also called James Edwards 0850e ).The other men had now secured their guns and opened a brisk fire on the
enemy and they retreated into Thos. Y. Davis’ corn field across the road. David
P. Davis, Jr., thinks he hit one Indian as he passed over the fence, but no
(x104a)
(delw 4141) (tudalen
104a)
(delw 4142) (tudalen
104b)
View of
(delw 4143) (tudalen
105)
(x105) trace could be found of him afterwards.
As soon as the Indians were driven off, John P. and Henry P. Davis started for
·····
The people in Jame Morgan’s house, seeing a portion of the Indians coming again
towards them, concluded they were bent on another attack, and all fled from the
house. David P. Davis, Sr., got into Thomas Y. Davis’ corn field, Jas. Morgan
hid in the grain stacks near the house. The rest ran down a little gully
towards
·····
The two Indians who had turned into Thos. Y. Davis’ field went straight for his
horses, which had been staked out to grass
(delw 4144) (tudalen
106)
(x106) near the house. Mr. Davis thought they
were soldiers, and ran out to stop them taking the horses, and when close to
them perceived they were Indians. He ran back and then over to James Morgan’s
house for help. The front door was locked and no one. to his surprise, answered
his raps. He ran to the back door and opened it. Nothing but confusion and
blood everywhere. A glance into that chamber of death was enough. Mr. Davis ran
down the road to the house of Mr. Shields, whom he found at home. Taking Enoch,
the youngest child, on his back Mr. Davis ran into the brush followed by the
balance of the Shields family. Emerging from the woods where David E. Bowen’s
house now stands, they saw not more than ten rods ahead of them, in the road,
the four Indians mounted on D. P. Davis’ horses. The Indians glanced back over
their shoulders at them, but did not stop. Half a mile further Wm. P. Jones,
Hugh R. Williams, Stephen and David Walters, and Thos. D. Lloyd were
approaching the
·····
Leaving them at present let us return again to the west end of the settlement.
·····
David J. Davis’ house then stood in Section 17, at the foot of the steep bluff
descending to the river bottom. A path led up to the bluff, back of the house,
to the tableland above, where was a corn field. At day break this tenth day of
September, Mr. Davis’ 18 year old son, Thomas, went up this path to see if
there were cattle in the corn. Just at the top he met two Indians and turned to
flee, but they shot him in the back, through the heart. The father heard the
shot and the piercing shriek of his son. He rushed to the door just in time to
see his son fall and the two Indians standing at the top of the hill. Mr. Davis
seized his ax, while his oldest son, David, who was an excellent shot, seized
his trusty rifle and gathering the other eight children, most of whom were
quite small, they fled on foot down the valley, while the Indians sat on the
bluff watching them, not daring to pursue, from respect to David’s rifle. Thus
they fled on foot, to Camp Crisp,
(delw 4145) (tudalen
107)
(x107) a distance of six miles, warning Hugh R.
Williams, Wm. P. Jones, John E. Davis, Wm. R. Lewis, and all they met.
·····
John P. Davis, who we mentioned leaving James Morgan’s house, had caught on
Bennett creek an old horse belonging to Richard Morgan and thus had been
enabled to reach the camp ten or fifteen minutes ahead of David J. Davis and
children, whom he had passed on the road. That morning Richard Wigley, Wm. J.
Roberts and John C. Jones had left
·····
One of them turned aside to persue (sic) Mr. Trask and they were then known to be Indians., Mr.
Trask ran and the Indian fired after him, hitting him in the wrist. The other
Indians made straight for the machine. Wigley and Roberts were unarmed and ran
to hide in some sugar cane near by. Mohr had a Sharp’s rifle, and was a fine
shot, but he ran back and past the machine wihtout firing, evidently trying to
get home to protect his family. One of the Indians followed him past the
machine and Mohr, seeing the Indian was nearly upon him, wheeled around to
fire, but the Indian’s gun went off first and the ball penetrated his forehead.
He fell over backward and soon expired. In the meantime the other Indians cut
the harness off one of Roberts’ best horses and took it in place of a poor one
they had, and, seeing the soldiers coming up the roadat full speed about a mile
away, they fled in hot haste for the woods near by - four of them passing down
the ravine near Morris Lewis’ house, barely missing Mr. Lewis and family(,) David A. Davis and
family and David J. Thomas as they were coming with ox teams toward the road.
The other three passed down the ravine by Geo. Owens place, and Owens and his
children scarcely had time to get out of their way into the brush and corn by
the roadside.
·····
Let us again return to the Horeb neighborhood. Early this same morning
John S. Jones (Prairie), living on the northwest
(delw 4146) (tudalen
108)
(x108) corner of section 32 bid his dear wife
and six children goodbye to go and help Robert Jones (
·····
The last seen of poor Jones alive was running into the brush with the Indians
firing upon him. The following spring (April 6), when D. P. Davis was burning
his meadow three-fourths of a mile west of the Horeb church, he found his bones
in the edge of the slough. He also found his shoe caught in the fence where he
had crossed into the meadow. Whether he was wounded while running into the
brush and then had fled to this spot, a distance of two miles, before he fell
exhausted, or whether he met the foe again near where he crossed the fence into
the meadow, which was within a few rods of where Jones (Prairie) was killed,
will never be known. His son, Evan Jones, fled to the sloughs south of their
farm and remained in hiding for a week or ten days before being discovered by
the soldiers. David Morris, living three quarters of a mile north-east of Horeb
church, went down early the same morning towards David J. Davis’ house and came
across the body of Thos. J. Davis lying beside the path. He hurried back home
and with Mrs. Morris went over to Jas. Morgan’s house. Finding it deserted and
the floor covered with blood they hastened on to the house of rev. Jenkin
Jenkins. David Price and family went home early from Thos. Y. Davis’ house and
finding that their neighbour, Jas. Edwards and family did not return by 9 o’
clock a.m., Mr. Price went up to Morgan’s house to see what was the matter.
There was no one there. In the corner a quilt seemed to spread over something.
He entered and lifted it a little when to his
(x108a)
(delw 4147) (tudalen
108a)
School House, District No. 11, Cambria, Minn.
(delw 4148) (tudalen
109)
(x109) horror he discovered the body of his
murdered neighbour, Edwards. He imagined the foe were hid in the house and
watching him and expected every moment to feel the sting of their bullets in
his own body. Beating a hasty retreat, he started for Thos. J. Davis’ house ,
but just then saw Rev. Jenkin Jenkins and wife, David Morris and wife and
George and Neal Porter coming down the road on foot. He joined them and induced
them to go with him to get his family. All the men had their guns. At Price’s
house, Mrs. Jenkins, Mrs. Morris, Mrs. Evan J, Davies and Mrs. Price and her
children were put into Price’s wagon which stood ready at the door and they
started. They had barely passed out of the Little Prairie up Thos. Lloyd’s
hill, when the seven Indians who had shot Mohr and Trask came up the
·····
Fifty rods southwest of Horeb church stood the cabin of Henry Hughes. Mr.
Hughes and his family were at home attending to their usual duties this morning
unconscious of danger. From their hiding placethe fugitives from Jaz. Morgans’s
house could see the Indians passing and repassing close by, and finally Richard
Morgan ventured over to warn them. The old man was bareheaded, barefooted and
without a coat and a club was his only weapon. Soon after the Hughes family
were gathered into the brush, the first detachment of soldiers arrived, half of
them Welsh boys. Across Cambria Creek coming down the road from Rev. Jenkin
Jenkins three mounted Indians were seen. Three detachments of Dane’s company
were sent on different road (sic) through the settlement and they drove the Indians far out
into Brown Co. The murdered settlers were gathered and buried in
·····
Sept. 20th twenty-two Welshmen of Cambria (then called Butternut
Valley) enlisted as a militia company for thirty days and built a fort two or
three rods west of David E. Bowen’s barn (which barn was then in existence and
known as the “Big Barn”) in the center of Section 28, of Cambria. The state
furnished the company arms, ammunition and rations and they rendered service in
protecting the frontier, caring for the stock left at the deserted farms, and
cutting hay for winter.
·····
(42)
· THE SIOUX WAR - BATTLE OF WOOD LAKE · MONDAY SEPTEMBER 23RD 1862
On
Sept 23rd Col. Sibley with 1500 men met Little Crow with 800 braves at
Wood Lake, three miles east of the ford of
(delw 4149) (tudalen
110)
(x110) the Yellow Medicine. The indians (sic) fled leaving 30
of their dead on the field. The whites lost only 4 killed. The battle proved
quite decisive and made Sibley a Brigadier general.
·····
Soon after this battle about 2,000 Sioux surrendered - the rest fled to Dakota
and kept up a predatory war for three years.
(Dakota Conflict Trials Website - http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/dakota/LittleCrow.html - Little Crow - “The
morning after the battle of
·····
In
all, about 1,000 whites perished in this massacre, and as many more were wounded.
In the fall of 1864 the
·····
The Indian war and the war of the Rebellion being over and the grasshoppers
having departed, the settlements entered on a period of great material
prosperity. Immigration came pouring in from the east like a flood. It was the
day of the “movers.” One could not lift up his eyes on any one of the principal
thoroughfares without seeing a string of from six to a dozen white topped
wagons (“Prairie Schooners” they were called) winding their way westward, each
followed by its drove of cattle. Among others came the Welsh settlers to fill
the wide prairies of Judson and Butternut valley. Richard Thomas from Pomeroy,
O., and Rev. Joseph Rees from Cattaraugus, N. Y., had arrived in 1862. In 1863
Rev. Rich. W. Jones, John Meredith and John R. Owens came from
·····
Then came the grasshopper war. For three years, 1875-6 and 7, the crops of
the entire country were completely devasted (sic). Every device for their destruction
failed. In April, 1887, a day of fasting and prayer was proclaimed by the
governor, which was generally observed. A few weeks later the plague suddenly
departed and no one to this day knows whither.
·····
Since then our Welsh settlements have grown and prospered until today they are
among the wealthiest and the most beautiful spots in our great commonwealth.
NEXT SECTION: 0879e
______________________________________________________
0895e
ychwanegiadau diweddaraf o
‘Hanes y Cymry ym Minnesota...’
latest additions from the ‘History of the Welsh in Minnesota
·····
0856e
ein rhestr o’r enwau yn ‘Hanes y Cymry ym Minnesota...’
our list of the names which appear in the ‘History of the Welsh in
Minnesota...’
·····
0859e
y Cymry yn erbyn y Sioux a’r Winnebagos - gwrthryfel 1862
the Welsh against the Sioux and the Winnebagoes - the 1862 uprising
0893k
Geirfa Lakota (Dakota)-Cymraeg-Saesneg
Lakota (Dakota)-Welsh-English vocabulary
LINKS TO OTHER WEBSITES:
LAKOTA-DAKOTA-NAKOTA
(1) http://www.lakotaoyate.com/welcome.html
Lakota Oyate
“To defend and preserve Lakota culture from
exploitation.”
·····
(2) http://www.enter.net/~drutzler/intro.htm
Welcome to Spirit’s Place
“So yeah, I am Native American. Lakota actually. I do “Indian stuff”, but I am
a human being first and foremost. I created this set of pages for many reasons.
First, to help keep Native information easily available for all... The Lakota
Language Page will be updated monthly with a new subject. This month’s
lesson: “Animals”. Check it out for basic grammar and phonetics. There is no
charge for these lessons, no club to join or anything else to “buy”. This is
for you, the curious, the seeking and the informed”
·····
(3) http://207.254.63.58/language1.htm
Introduction to Lakota
·····
(4) Hau! Tima hiyu wo! ‘Greetings! Come inside!’ Hokahe, hel iyotaka.
‘Welcome’ to the Lodge of šung’manitu-Išna, ‘ Lone Wolf ‘. The intent of
these pages is to honor a proud and noble people, the Oglala Lakota, of
·····
(5) Sisseton Wahpeton Sioux Tribe’s Homepage http://swcc.cc.sd.us/homepage.htm
·····
(6) Sota Iya Ye Yapi - http://www.earthskyweb.com/news.htm
- bringing news of the Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribe / Dakota Nation and Lake
Traverse Reservation to the World Wide Web. Weekly, with updates when
appropriate during the week.
·····
(7) KILI Radio, the Voice of the Lakota Nation. http://www.lakotamall.com/kili/schedule.htm
KILI Radio (pronounced “KEE-lee”) is the largest
Indian-owned and operated public radio station in
·····
(8) Lakota newspaper. EYAPAHA - allies of the Lakota. http://www.lakotamall.com/allies/Eyapaha/99F/
·····
(9) Links to Lakota-Dakota-Nakota (Sioux) Indians Sites http://members.tripod.com/~PHILKON/links12lakota.html
·····
(10) http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/dakota/Dakota_excerpts.html
In Their Own Words: Excerpts from Speeches & Letters Concerning the
Dakota Conflict
SPEECH OF HDAINYANKA IN FAVOR OF CONTINUING WAR
LETTER FROM GENERAL POPE DECLARING HIS GOAL OF EXTERMINATING SIOUX
LETTER FROM BISHOP WHIPPLE CONCERNING DEGREES OF GUILT
ADDRESS TO CONDEMNED PRISONERS BEFORE THEIR EXECUTIONS
STATEMENT OF TAZOO AT THE TIME OF HIS EXECUTION
LETTER OF HDAINYANKA WRITTEN SHORTLY BEFORE HIS EXECUTION
LETTER FROM REV. THOMAS WILLIAMSON TO REV. STEPHEN RIGGS
LETTER FROM COL. HENRY SIBLEY
LETTER FROM REV. STEPHEN RIGGS
LETTER FROM COL. HENRY SIBLEY TO HIS WIFE
GEORGE CROOK’S (WAKANAJAJA’S) ACCOUNT OF JOURNEY TO PRISON CAMP
CALL OF JACOB NIX, COMMANDANT OF NEW ULM, FOR DAKOTA BLOOD
·····
The above is a section form
(11) The Dakota Indian Conflict http://www.ic.mankato.mn.us/reg9/nul/tour/dakota.html
·····
(12) http://www.nara.gov/exhall/originals/sioux.html
“The Black Hills of Dakota are sacred to the Sioux Indians. In the 1868
treaty, signed at
·····
·····
HO-CHUÑK
(9) The Ho-Chunk (‘Winnebago’) Nation http://www.ho-chunk.com/index.htm
·····
(10) (Ho-Chunk History - http://www.ho-chunk.com/culture_history_page.htm
For example, 1856 Winnebago mission founded at Blue Earth and is
attended by diocesan priest residing at Saints Peter & Paul Church in
Mankato).
·····
(11) Ho-Chunk newspaper http://www.ho-chunk.com/dept_newspaper_page.htm
·····
·····
·····
INDIAN COUNTRY
(1) http://indiancountry.com
Indian Country -
·····
(2) http://airos.org/grid.html Programme
Schedule for AIROS (American Indian Radio On Satellite)
“The AIROS network is a national distribution system for Native programming to
Tribal communities and to general audiences through Native American and other
public radio stations as well as the Internet. Alter*Native Voices / California
Indian Radio Project / Different Drums / Earthsongs / National Native News /
Native America Calling / Native Sounds-Native Voices National / New Letters on
Air / Voices from the Circle / Wellness Edition
·····
(3) Minnesota Indian Affairs Council http://www.indians.state.mn.us/stats.htm
0873
Gwefan Cymru-Catalonia / Wales-Catalonia Website. The Welsh in
Adolygiad
diweddaraf / Latest update: 25 09 2001, 2005-11-11, 2006-11-10
Ble’r wyf i? Yr ych
chi’n ymwéld ag un o dudalennau’r Gwefan “CYMRU-CATALONIA”
On sóc? Esteu visitant una pàgina of the Web “CYMRU-CATALONIA” (=
Galles-Catalunya)
Where am I? You are visiting a page from the “CYMRU-CATALONIA” (=
Wales-Catalonia) Website
Weø(r) àm ai? Yùu àa(r) víziting ø peij fròm dhø “CYMRU-CATALONIA” (= Weilz-Katølóuniø)
Wébsait