A Welsh to English Dictionary in page format

http://www.kimkat.org/amryw/1_vortaroy/geiriadur_cymraeg_saesneg_BAEDD_i_1676e.htm

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(delw 0003)

Gwefan Cymru-Catalonia La Web de Gal·les i Catalunya The Wales-Catalonia Website Y Gwe-eiriadur An Internet dictionary of Welsh for speakers of English I J K 1853e Ein llyfr ymwelwyr / OUR GUESTBOOK Archwiliwch y wefan hon SEARCH THIS WEBSITE --- Adeiladwaith y wefan SITE STRUCTURE --- Beth sydd yn newydd? WHAT’S NEW?

(delw 3219)

1580e A | 1039e B | 1735e BR | 1018e C | 1071e CE | 1675e CI | 1040e CR | 1075e CY | 1020e D | 1674e DI | 1072e E | 1077e F | 1021e G | 1042e GW | 1038e H | 1676e HY, I, J, K, | 1865e L | 1022e M | 1677e MI | 1047e N | 1600e O | 1023e P | 1073e PL | 1026e R | 1070e S | 1024e T | 1076e TR | 1025e U,V | 1731e W, X | 1586e Y, Z |

I, i ‹ii ddot› feminine noun
1) ninth letter of the twenty-six letter Roman alphabet
1 a, 2 b, 3 c, 4 d 5 e, 6 f, 7 g, 8 h, 9 i, 10 j, 11 k, 12 l, 13 m, 14 n, 15 o, 16 p, 17 q, 18 r, 19 s, 20 t, 21 u, 22 v, 23 w, 24 x, 25 y, 26 z
2) thirteenth letter of the twenty-nine letter Welsh alphabet
1 a, 2 b, 3 c, 4 ch, 5 d, 6 dd 7 e, 8 f, 9 ff, 10 g, 11 ng, 12 h, 13 i, 14 j, 15 l, 16 ll, 17 m, 18 n, 19 o, 20 p, 21 ph, 22 r, 23 rh, 24 s, 25 t, 26 th, 27 u, 28 w, 29 y

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i ‹i›
1 epenthetic vowel in colloquial (Southern) pronunciations of monosyllables with the diphtong ei before a consonant cluster with final l / r. In the resulting tonic syllable the ei is usually reduced to a single vowel i
ceibr (= roof beams) > ceibir > cibir
geifr (= goats) > geifir > gifir
lleidr (= thief) > lleidir > llidir
neidr (= snake) > neidir > nidir

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i
1 in compound words, this could have resulted from gh, the soft-mutated initial consonant of a second element which was g in British

..1/ arial (= passion, courage) < *arghal :
(ar = in front of) + soft mutation + (gâl- = force).

..2/ Gwrial (obsolete) man’s name (= manly bravery) < gwr-ghal
(gŵr = man) + soft mutation + (gâl = strength)
Equivalent to the Irish name Feargal

..3/ Llwydiarth (place name, “grey hill”) < *Llwydgharth :
(llwyd = grey) + soft mutation + (garth = hill).

..4/ miliast (= greyhound bitch) < *milghast :
(mil = animal) + soft mutation + (gast = bitch).
There is also the more regular form milast, without the “i”

..5/ Morien (= man’s name) < *Morghen :
(mor, a reduced form of mawr = big) + soft mutation + (gen- = element equivalent to gen- in geni = to be born).
It means “one who is born great” (although there is the possibility that the first element is môr (= sea), and the meaning then would be “born at sea, born of the sea, sea-born”)

..6/ Peniarth (place name, “end of the hill, headland, promotory”) < *pengharth :
(pen = head) + soft mutation + (garth = hill).

The form without ‘i’ (Penarth) also occurs, as Penárth (ST1871) with a shift of accent, a town in the county of Bro Morgannwg

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3 i
i in standard Welsh is sometimes from an original y

..a/ Dewi David
Dewi < Dewy < Dewydd < Latin Davidus

..b/ dilin pure, fine, refined; polished
dilin < dilyn < dilyfn
(di- = intensifying prefix) soft mutation + (llyfn = llis)
Generally in the expression aur dilin fine gold

i < y in colloquial Welsh is sometimes from an original y
..a/ ydyw = is
ydi, ’di < ydy’ < ydyw

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4 i
i in a tonic vowel in spoken Welsh is sometimes from an original y in standard Welsh

The local name of Clydach SN6801, a village in the county of Abertawe, is Glitach (p. 445, Y Treigladau a’u Cystrawen, T. J. Morgan, 1952).

Clydach > Clitach > Glitach

(The soft mutation is explained as being the result of the name’s frequent occurrence in speech after the prepositions i (= to) and o (= from), and the soft-mutated form came to be regarded as the radical form - i Glitach (= to Clydach), o Glitach (= from Clydach)

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i
1 In the south-east, an i in a final syllable is sometimes a reduction of the diphthong [ai] (spelt au, ae, ai).

..a/ araul (adj) “in the sunlight, facing the sun, sunny” is (ar = facing) + (haul = sun)

Maesaraul “sunny field”; > mææs aril
(maes = field) + (araul);

In the 1891 Census for Caer-dydd / Cardiff, in Enumeration Distric 7: “Pentyrch (Garth):All that part of the parish of Pentyrch in the Hamlet of Garth including Ty Vaughan, Forge, Furnace, and Level Houses, George Town, Gwaelodygarth and East End of Garth Hill, including Maesaril Houses”

..c/ carrai thong; shoe lace; (in place names in South-east Wales) strip = long narrow strip of land Found as carri, with a i in the final syllable. (y Garri Wen, “the white strip”, etc)

..d/ cawsai (= paved way) > cawsi

Penygawsi ST5802 area of Llantrisant (Rhondda Cynon Taf) pen y gawsai (“head / end / start of the paved way”)

..e/ cymaint (= so much) > cymint

..f/ defaid (= sheep) > defid


..g/ eraill (= others) > erill

..h/ gefail (= smithy) > gefil

Tonyrefail (village name) “(the) grassland (of) the smithy” > Tonrefil

Yr Efailisaf (village name) “the lower smithy” > (yr) Efilisha

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i

Loss of the initial semi-consonant. A handful of examples exist:

Iefan > Efan (man’s forename = John; this form is the origin of the forename “Evan”)

Iefan > (?) I-ifan > Ifan (man’s forename = John)

ieuanc > iewanc > iefanc > (?) i-ifanc > ifanc (= young)
Iesu! > ’Esu! (exclamation = Jesus!)

iewaint > ewaint (obsolete) livley, spirited; (m) youth

Ieithon (river name) > (?) I-i’thon > Ithon

Iúdd-hael (lord + magnaminous) > *Uthael > Ithel ‹i-thel› (= man’s name)

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i

penult i replacing penult y

In southern Welsh, an i is sometimes present colloquially instead of standard y [ø] (compare the use of w instead of standard y [ø] ). This is especially so in the county of Penfro / Pembroke

sўfi (strawberries) > sifi

mўnydd (upland) > (Penfro) mini

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i < ei in the penult (the penultimate syllable)

A short <I> [ɪ] or half-long <II> [iˑ] in the penult is sometimes a reduction of the diphthong ei

..1/ Cinmeirch

Llanrhaeadr yng Nghinmeirch ‹lhan-HREI-adr əng HIN-meirkh› [ɬanˡhrəɪadr əŋ ˡhɪnməɪrx],, in the county of Dinbych. SJ0863 ‘the place called Llanrhaeadr which is the kúmmud of Cinmeirch (in medieval times, Ceinmeirch).

..2/ dintir <DIN-tir> [ˡdɪntɪr] < deintur <DEIN-tir> [ˡdəɪntɪr] tenter, tenter frame; one on which cloth is stretched in order to dry without shrinking

In the town of Aberteifi there is Cnwcydintir “cnwc y deintur”, “(the) hill (of) the tenter”

..3/ gwilgi <GWIL-gi> [ˡwɪlgɪ] in the name Cefnwilgi <kevn-WIL-gi> [kɛvnˡwɪlgɪ] (= Cefn y weilgi) <kevn ə WEIL-gi> [kɛvn ə ˡwəɪlgɪ] (Y Trallwng, Powys) (“hill of the torrent”)

..4/ Ithon river SO0875 in Powys < I’ithon < Ieithon http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/154485

..5/ Llanigon <lhan-II-gon> [ɬanˡiˑgɔn] (Powys) is from Llaneigon <lhan-EI-gon> [ɬanˡəɪgɔn] (llan + saint’s name Eigon)

..6/ Llandilo <lhan-DII-lo> [ɬanˡdiˑlɔ] (Caerfyrddin) – spelling formerly used in English for Llandeilo <lhan-DEI-lo> [ɬanˡdəɪlɔ], in fact a Welsh spelling of the local pronunciation of the town

..7/ Llanfilo A village SO1133 in Powys (“church of Bilo or Beilo”)

(llan = church, cell) + soft mutation + (Beilo) > Llanfeilo > Llanfilo

..6/ Misgyn <MI-skin> [ˡmɪskɪn] (spelt by the English as Miskin) is a local form of Meisgyn <MEI-skin> [ˡməɪskɪn]


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ì
1 the grave accent indicates a short vowel when it occurs in a long vowel environment

The ‘i’ in monosyllables in Welsh with final –b, -d, -g, -l, -n is long
dig ‹diig› anger
llid ‹lhiid› inflammation
pib ‹piib› pipe
tin ‹tiin› (American: ass, butt) (Englandic: arse, bum)
hil ‹hiil› lineage, descent

However English words with a short vowel taken into Welsh which have this same same pattern (monsyllables, final consonant g, b, d, l, n) retain the short vowel in Welsh.

Properly therefore they should be written with a grave accent to show that they do not conform to the traditional system, though this is almost never done

rìg rig (of a ship)
wìg wig (= hairpiece)
bìb bib (of a baby)
bìd bid (in an auction); also native nìd (= no, not)
Bìl Bill, William
bìn bin
Wìl Will, William
Ffìl Philip

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i ‹i› (preposition)
1 to

2 in phrase-prepositions denoting relative position
y tu arall i on the other side of (“the other side to”)
y tu arall i'r afon on the other side of the river

3 after verbs or verbal phrases
..1/ agor eich calon i unbosom yourself to / unburden yourself to (“open your heart to”)
..2/ gweddu i suit, look good on
......Mae’r siaced ’na’n mynd yn dda i chi That jacket suits you, that jacket looks good on you ..3/ mynd yn dda i suit, look good on
......Mae’r dei ’na’n mynd yn dda i chi That tie suits you, that tie looks good on you

4 (exclamations) wishing that somebody goes to, is taken to (the devil, hell, etc)

mynd i’r diawl to go to Hell (“go to the devil”)
Cer i’r diawl! Go to Hell! (“go to the devil”)
Fe gaiff fynd i’r diawl! He can go to Hell! (“he may go to the devil”)
I’r diawl ag e! To Hell with him! (“to the devil with him”)

5 cyfarch gwell i to greet
cyfarch gwell i’w gilydd to greet each other

6 sefyll ar osgo i (house) be at an angle to (the street, etc)

7 in order to
gwerthu’r fuwch i brynu tarw to rob Peter to pay Paul (“sell the cow to buy a bull”)

8 bod i (“being to”) to have
Bu iddo dri mab, Ifan, Dafydd a Meurig

He had three sons, Ifan (John), Dafydd (David) a Meurig (Morris)

CONJUGATION OF THE PREPOSITION:
(1) imi (i mi) (South: i fi) ‹i MI (i VI)› (preposition)
to me (South - i fi)

(1) inni (i ni) ‹i NI› (preposition)
to us

(2) i ti ‹i TI› (preposition)
to you

(2) i chi ‹i KHI› (preposition)
to you

(3) iddo fe / fo ‹I dho ve / vo› (preposition)
to him

(3) iddi hi ‹I dhi hi› (preposition)
to her

(3) iddyn nhw (literary form: iddynt hwy) ‹I dhi nu (i dhint hui)› (preposition)
to them

- i ble ‹i BLEE› (interr) where to?

- i ffwrdd ‹i FURDH› (adverb) away

- i mewn ‹i MEUN› (adverb)
1 inside (location or motion)

- dewch / dowch i mewn ‹deukh / doukh i MEUN› (-)come in

- i mewn i’r dwr ‹i meun ir DUUR› (-) into the water

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i’ ‹ii›
1 a spoken form of i’w (i + ei, “to” + “his / her”)
S’nam llonydd i’ ga’l < nid oes llonydd i’w gael There’s no peace to be had, I don’t get a moment’s peace

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ia (North Wales) ‹I a› (phrase)
1 yes (north-western form of ie)

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iâ (South Wales) ‹YAAA› (masculine noun) (South)
1 ice
clap iâ ice cube
NOTE: (North Wales has rhew)

- cloch iâ, clychau iâ ‹klookh YAAA, klƏ khe YAAA› (feminine noun) icicle

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iach ‹YAAAKH› (adjective)
1 healthy

2 un iach wyt ti! you've got a nerve ("(it is) a healthy one (that) you are ")
Un iach wyt ti’n gofyn imi wneud hynna! You’ve got some cheek asking me to do that!

3 awyr iach fresh air; open air (“healthy air”)
yn yr awyr iach in the open air
mynd i gael awyr iach go out for a breath of fresh air

4 iechyd ‹YE khid› (masculine noun) health

5 iach ddianaf safe and sound

6 holliach completely well, in perfect health
bod yn holliach be in sound health, fully recovered
(holl = complete) + (iach = healthy)

7 bod yn iach fel cricsyn be in rude health, be as fit as a fiddle (“be healthy like a cricket”)
bod fel cricsyn o iach be in rude health, be as fit as a fiddle (“be like a cricket of healthy”)

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iachâd ‹ya- khaaad› masculine noun
1 cure
cael llwyr iachâd make a full recovery
cael iachâd llwyr make a full recovery
bod wedi iachâd llwyr have made a full recovery

ETYMOLOGY: (iach- stem of iacháu = to cure) + (-âd suffix for forming abstract nouns from verbs with -áu < -háu)

NOTE: South-east: iachäd ‹aa› > ‹ää›

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iacháu ‹ya KHAI› (verb)
1 to cure

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iachawdwriaeth ‹ya-kha-DUW-yeth› (feminine noun)
1 salvation

2 tarian iachawdwriaeth shield of salvation

Samuel-2 22:36 Rhoddaist hefyd i mi darian dy iachawdwriaeth; ac â’th fwynder y lluosogaist ti
Samuel-2 22:36 Thou hast also given me the shield of thy salvation: and thy gentleness hath made me great.

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-iad ‹yad›
1 suffix for forming nouns

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-iad ‹yad› suffix
1 used in to denote a person of a certain nationality, formed from the name of a country; in some cases as -ad
..1/ Catalonia > Cataloniad = Catalan, Catalonian (Catalon-) + (-iad)
..2/ Llydaw > Llydawiad = Breton (Llydaw) + (-iad)
..3/ Norwy > Norwyad = Norwegian Norwy + (-ad)

2 dwellers of certain towns or villages
..1/ Bangor > Bangoriad = Bangor person, ‘Bangorite’
..2/ Corris > Corisiad = Corris person ‘Corrisite’
..3/ Tregaron > Tregaroniad ‹tre-ga-ron-yad› Tregaron person ‘Tregaronite’

Bydd yn dda gan holl Dregaroniaid Caer-dydd ddeall y bydd cyfle i gwrdd â hen gyfeillion yn yr aduniad ar gyfer cyn-ddisgyblion Ysgol Uwchradd Tregaron
All the Tregaron people in Caer-dydd will be pleased to know that there will be an opportunity to meet with old friends in the reunion for ex-pupils of Tregaron High School

3 animals

ymlusgiad, ymlusgiaid reptile

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British *jat (is), *jat (â) < Celtic
from the same British root: Breton –ad

NOTE: after certain words -iad becomes -ad

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-iadau ‹yaa-de› plural suffix
1 added to certain nouns:
addurn, addurniadau decoration
awgrym, awgrymiadau suggestion
apêl, apeliadau appeal
bloedd, bloeddiadau shout
brath, brathiadau bite
bref, brefiadau bleat
cais, ceisiadau attempt, application
coll, colliadau loss
cyfarwydd, cyfarwyddiadau instruction
cyfnewid, cyfnewidiadau change
diolch, diolchiadau act of thanking
disgwyl, disgwyliadau expectation
dosbarth, dosbarthiadau class
dychymyg, dychmygiadau imagination, fancy
dychryn, dychryniadau fright
dyfáis, dyfeisiadau device
fflach (-iadau) (f) newyddion news flash
llosg, llosgiadau burn
protest, protestiadau protest
tic, ticiadau tick (= sound of a clock)
tip, tipiadau tick (= sound of a clock)
tâl, taliadau payment
ymchwydd, ymchwyddiadau swelling

Also to certain nouns with the suffix –yn
poeryn, poeriadau globule of spit

ETYMOLOGY: combination of a singulative suffix (-iad) and the plural suffix (-au)

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Iaen ‹yaain› feminine noun
1 SH9101 Afon Iaen = river in the district of Maldwyn (county of Powys) which joins the Twymyn

2 stream which runs into the Rhondda Fawr (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf)

ETYMOLOGY: iaen < iäen obsolete = sheet of ice < (iâ = gel) + (-en = suffix)

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-iaeth ‹yeth› suffix for forming nouns

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Iago ‹YAA go› (masculine noun)
1 (male name) James

Heol Sant Iago street name in Bangor (Gwynedd). English name: St. James Drive
”(the) street (of) Saint James”

(heol = street) + (sant = saint) + (Iago = James)


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-iaid
1 in forming plurals of family names

(in the south as -aid, hence in South-west Wales colloquially as -ed, in South-east Wales as -id)
..1/ y Prisiartiaid the Prisiarts, (English) the Prichards
y Prysiaid the Pryses, (English) the Prices / Preeces
y Pyweliaid the Pywels, (English) the Powells

..2/ with the English form of the surname
yr Evansid (south-east) = yr Evansiaid the Evanses
ym mhlasty'r Gelli, hen gartref y Jenkinsiaid in the mansion of Y Gelli, the old home of the Jenkinses

3 names of some birds
parot, parotiaid parrot
barcut, barcutiaid (Milvus milvus) red kite
gwennol, gwenoliaid swallow
pengwin, pengwiniaid penguin

4 names of some animals
anifail, anifeiliad animal
blaidd, bleiddiaid wolf
creadur, creaduriaid creature
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iaith ‹yaith› feminine noun
PLURAL ieithoedd ‹yei -thodh›
1 language = system of spoken sounds to express thought

2 language = the language of a people

yn y ddwy iaith in the two languages; in both Welsh and English; in Welsh as well as English; in English as well as Welsh

Mae Bwrdd yr Iaith Gymraeg wedi atgoffa’r Cynulliad bod yn rhaid i hwnnw gynnig gwasanaeth dwyieithog ar ei wefan. Ar wahân i deitl dwyieithog, mae’r cyfan bron yn uniaith Saesneg
The Welsh Language Board has reminded the Assembly (Welsh Parliament) that it must offer a bilingual service on its website - apart from a bilingual title, nearly all of it is in English

3 language = dialect of a person or a region
iaith Morgannwg "(the) language (of) Morgannwg", the Welsh spoken in Morgannwg
iaith y De "(the) language (of) the South", the Welsh spoken in South Wales

4 iaith dramor foreign language

colloquially, with the Englishism ‘sowth’
iaith y Sowth the Welsh spoken in South Wales

iaith y Gogledd "(the) language (of) the North" the Welsh spoken in North Wales
colloquially with the Englishism ‘north’
iaith y North "(the) language (of) the North"

4 tafodiaith (qv) ‹ta-vod-yeth› dialect
(tafod = tongue) + (iaith = language)

5 bratiaith ‹brat-yeth› debased language; shoddy Welsh; slipshod language, especially a poor kind of Welsh heavily influenced by English
“language (of) rag(s)”, i.e. “tattered language / raggèd language”
(brat = rag) + (iaith = language). Expression in use currently, originating in the nineteenth century

6 gweniaith flattery, smooth talk, cajolery, palaver; (archaic English: fair words)
”fair / pleasing language” (gwen = feminine form of gwyn = white, fair, pleasant) + (iaith)

7 mamiaith mother tongue, native language

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh iaith < British *yekt-i- < Celtic

From the same British root: Cornish yeth (= language), Breton yezh (= language)

A related form is Latin iocus (= joke), from which the English word joke comes

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Iâl ‹YAAL› (feminine noun)
1 A kúmmud / cwmwd of the territory of Powys Fadog, in north-east Wales.

(delw 7210)

There are four historical parishes in Iâl – Bryneglwys, Llandegla yn Iâl, Llanferres SJ1860, Llanarmon yn Iâl

The name Iâl was spelt as “Yale” in English, though at first this represented the same pronuniciation as the Welsh word. However, in the 1400s the English long vowel [aa] became a diphthong, today’s [ei]. Hence the name Iâl [yaal] taken into English as Yale [yaal] eventually became Yale [yeil].

Plas yn Iâl SJ1749 “(the) mansion in Iâl” Mansion near Bryneglwys (county of Dinbych); the house and estate were formerly in the possession of the Yale family. (Elihu Yale, Wrecsam, of the family which founded Yale College in the USA)

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/127781

The family living in Plas yn Iâl, in taking a fixed surname following the English custom and abandoning the native Welsh patronymic system (identifying a child by the name of the father, the father’s father and the father’s father’s father) used the name of their estate, Iâl, in its English form Yale.

(2008-12-01) It seems that the present owners of Plas yn Iâl have renamed the house in English, as Yale Hall.

Adapted from wikipedia – Elihu Yale:

Elihu Yale (April 5, 1649, in Boston, Massachusetts - July 8, 1721, in London, England), was the first benefactor and namesake of Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, United States.

He was born in Boston, Massachusetts to David Yale (1613-1690) and Ursula Knight (1624-1698).

Elihu Yale was the grandson of Ann Lloyd (1591-1659), who remarried after the death of her first husband, Thomas Yale (1590-1619) in Chester, England. Her new husband was Governor Theophilus Eaton (1590-1657) of New Haven Colony.

Howver, when Elihu Yale was four years old, the Yale family moved to England and never returned to North America.

Yale's ancestry can be traced back to the family estate at Plas yn Iâl near the village of Llandegla, Denbighshire, Wales.

For 20 years, Yale was part of the British East India Company, and he became the second governor of a settlement at Madras (now Chennai), India, in 1687, after Streynsham Master.

Yale amassed a fortune in his lifetime, largely through secret contracts with Madras merchants, against the East India Company's directive. By 1692, Elihu Yale's repeated flouting of East India Company regulations and growing embarrassment at his illegal profiteering resulted in his being relieved of the post of governor.

In 1718, Cotton Mather, a New England Puritan minisiter, contacted Yale and asked for his help. Mather represented a small institution of learning that had been founded as the Collegiate School of Connecticut in 1701, and it needed money for a new building in New Haven, Connecticut.

Yale sent Mather a carton of goods that the school subsequently sold, earning them 560 pounds sterling, a substantial sum in the early 1700s. In gratitude, officials named the new building Yale; eventually the entire institution became Yale College.

(delw 7211)

Llanarmon yn Iâl SJ1956 A village six miles south of Yr Wyddgrug

http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SJ1956 map, Llanarmon yn Iâl

http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SJ1856 map, Llanarmon yn Iâl

Llandegla yn Iâl SJ1952 A village south of Llanarmon yn Iâl

http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SJ1952 map, Llandegla yn Iâl

Llandysilio yn Iâl SJ2044 a parish and community north of Llangollen and south of Llandegla

http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SJ2044 map of part of the area of Llandysilio

Blaen-iâl SJ1346 A farm (on map as “Blaen Yale”) “(the) end (of) Iâl”

Efail-blaen-iâl SJ1246 (on map as “Efail Blaen Yale”) (“the smithy at Blaen-iâl”)

http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SJ1346 map Blaen-iâl, Efail-blaen-iâl

Rhiw-iâl farm east of Llanarmon yn Iâl SJ1856 (on map as “Rhiw-ial”) “(the) hillside (of) Iâl”

http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SJ1856 map, Rhiw-iâl

Brwmffild a Iâl After the English defeated the independent rulers of Wales and it became a conquered territory and the property of the English Crown following the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284, Welsh territories near England were dismantled and given to Englishmen. The kántrevs of Iâl and Maelor Gymraeg, originally part of the territory of Powys Fadog, became a lordship called Bromfield and Yale (in Welsh, Brwmffild a Iâl).

The English king Edward I gave the territory to John Warrene, the Earl of Surrey, who was one of the Marcher Lords, feudal English lords of Norman descent living along the Welsh border. Whereas the territory had been administered by the native Welsh from Castell Dinas Brân SJ2243 overlooking Llangollen from the north-east, the Earl of Warrene built a new castle in Holt (Wrecsam) SJ4053, on the English border, on the Welsh side of the river Dyfrdwy opposite the village of Farndon SJ41554 in Cheshire.

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/77664 Holt

Dyffryn Iâl (“the valley of the kúmmud of Iâl”). This seems to be a recent name, possibly a translation of a name apparently used by the English “Vale of Yale”. It is unusual in that dyffryn would normally be followed by the name of a river in Welsh, but Iâl is the name of an upland or a kúmmud.

In 1980 it was decided to combine the primary school in Llandegla with that in Bryneglwys, and in 1989 the schools were given the name Ysgol Dyffryn Iâl “(the) school (of) Dyffryn Iâl”

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/127790 Eglwys Tysilio, Beryneglwys

lleuad gwŷr Iâl the harvest moon “(the) moon (of) the people (of) (the kúmmud of) Iâl”

Adapted from wikipedia – harvest moon:

The full moons of September, October and November as seen from the northern hemisphere - are well known in the folklore of the sky. All full moons rise around the time of sunset.

However, although in general the moon rises about 50 minutes later each day, as it moves in orbit around Earth, the Harvest Moon is special, because around the time of these full moons, the time difference between moonrise on successive evenings is shorter than usual.

In other words, the moon rises approximately 30 minutes later, from one night to the next, as seen from about 40 degrees N. for several evenings around the full Harvest Moons.

Thus there is no long period of darkness between sunset and moonrise around the time following these full moons.

In times past this feature of these autumn moons was said to help farmers working to bring in their crops. They could continue being productive by moonlight even after the sun had set. Hence the name Harvest Moon.

(delw 7209)

Ehedydd Iâl “(the) skylark (of) Iâl” bardic name of poet William Jones (1815-1899), born in Cefndeulin, Derwen, county of Dinbych / Denbigh, and who subsequently lived in Llandegla

Blodau Iâl, sef Cynyrchion Barddonol William Jones (Ehedydd Iâl), Wedi Eu Casglu a'u Trefnu gan y Parch. John Felix. 1898:

A volume of the poems of Ehedydd Iâl:

literally “(the) flowers / poems (of) Iâl, namely the poetical works (“poetical products”) of William Jones (Ehedydd Iâl), collected and arranged by the Reverend John Felix”

ETYMOLOGY: Related to Gaulish “ial-o-”, apparently = land cleared of trees, woodland glade.

GPC (Geiriadur Prifysol Cymru / The University of Wales Dictionary) gives the meaning as ‘cultivated upland’, from an earlier possible meaning in Welsh of “glade, open land”.

(delw 7222)

Nanteuil, in south-eastern France, is Gaulish nant-ial-o “valley clearing”,

corresponding to Welsh nant (= (older) valley; (nowadays) stream) and iâl (= (older) clearing; (later) cultivated upland)

:_______________________________.

Ianto ‹YAN to› (masculine noun)
1 diminutive of Ifan (John)
2 often used as the name for a dog

:_______________________________.

iâr, ieir ‹YAAAR, YEIR› (feminine noun)
1 hen

2 chwarae mwgwd yr ieir play blind man’s buff (“play (the) blindfold (of) the hens”)

3 mor llithrig â thalcen iâr as slippery as an eel “as slippery as the forehead of a hen”
mor wastad â thalcen iâr as flat as a pancake (“as flat as (the) forehead (of a ) hen”)

4 fel iâr ar ben y domen (person) untidy, messy (“like a hen on top of the dungheap”)

5 fel iâr ar y glaw crestfallen, down in the dumps, dejected, downhearted (“like a hen in the rain / during the rain”)

6 lladd yr iâr a cholli’r cywion to kill the goose that lays the golden eggs (“kill the hen and lose the chicks”) – to destroy a source of wealth through impatience greed, to lose everything through wanting it all at once
:_______________________________.

iard, ierdydd ‹YARD, YER didh› (feminine noun)
1 yard
2 iard sgrap scrap yard

:_______________________________.

iard drefnu ‹yard drev -ni› feminine noun
PLURAL iardiau / ierdydd trefnu ‹yer -didh trev-ni›
1 Railways marshalling yard = place where goods wagons are sorted to make up goods trains

ETYMOLOGY: (iard = yard) + soft mutation + (trefnu = to order, to arrange)

:_______________________________.

iard siyntio ‹yard SHƏNT yo› (feminine noun)
1 shunting yard

:_______________________________.

iâr fach yr haf, ieir bach yr haf ‹yaaar vaaakh ər HAAAV, yeir baaakh ər HAAAV› (feminine noun)
1 butterfly (‘little hen of the summer’)

:_______________________________.

ias ‹YAAAS› PLURAL iasau ‹YA se› (feminine noun)
1 thrill, thrill of excitement, thrill of anticipation

2 shiver, shudder
Cerddodd ias trwof A shiver went down my spine (“a shudder went / walked through me”)
Fe aeth rhyw ias trwof A shiver went down my spine (“some (kind of) shudder went through me”)

:_______________________________.

iau ‹yâi› masculine noun
PLURAL ieuau ‹yei -e›
North Wales
1 liver

2 guts = courage
does ’na ddim iau yno fo
(Northern Welsh for: nid oes dim iau ynddo fe < (literary Welsh) nid oes iau ynddo)
he’s got no guts, he’s a coward (“there is no liver in him”)

3 llid yr iau hepatitis ("infection (of) the liver")

ETYMOLOGY: iau < au
In Cornish avi (= liver), Breton avu (= liver)
In Irish ae ‹ee› (= liver)

NOTE: In South Wales, as in Cornish and Breton, there is an intrusive ‹v› - afu < au

:_______________________________.

iau ‹yau› adjective
1 younger, comparative form of ieuanc / ifanc
in the colloquial language, the forms

..1/ ifancach (south) and
..2/ iengach (north) are usual

Dyw e’n mynd ddim iau He’s not getting any younger

:_______________________________.

iau
1 plural termination

Some examples are:
bìl, biliau bill
bryn, bryniau hill
cadair, cadeiriau vhair
ffilm, ffilmiau film
gair, geiriau word
llun, lluniau picture
pris, prisiau price
rhail, rheiliau rail
sail, seiliau foundation, base
sain, seiniau sound
trol. troliau cart
tùn, tuniau tin

:_______________________________.

iawn ‹yaun› (adjective)
1 correct, right

2 os cofiaf yn iawn if I remember rightly
os iawn y cofiaf if I remember rightly, if my memory serves me well, if my memory's not mistaken

:_______________________________.

iawn ‹yaun› (masculine noun)
1 compensation

2 talu iawn (i rywun) ‹ta li YAUN› compensate

3 atonement
gwneud rhywbeth yn iawn am bechod do something in atonement for a sin

4 (Christianity) yr Iawn Atonement = the reconciliation of man with God through the sacrificial death of Christ
Athrawiaeth yr Iawn The Doctrine of Atonement

:_______________________________.

iawndda ‹yaun -dha› adjective
1 very good, excellent

iawndda iach in excellent health

Shwd ych chi heddi, odi chi'n iawndda?

How are you today, are you all right?

2 so so, fair, middling

NOTE: South-east Wales as iawnda, iownda

…y ffurf a glywais i ar lafar gwlad yn nwyrain Morgannwg oedd iownda

(Y Treigladau a’u Cystrawen, T. J. Morgan, 1952, t. 27)

…the form I heard in spoken Welsh in east Glamorgan was iownda

An example of calediad – the cancelling of a soft mutation. Other examples of n-dd > n-d are

cynddeiriog (raging mad) > cyndeiriog (a common colloquial form)

Llanddwyn (village name, Ynys Môn) > Llandwyn (a varant form)

cynddrwg (= so bad, as bad) > cyndrwg (South Wales)

Ieuan Ddu (= black-haired Ieuan) > Ieuan Du

Llanymddyfri > Llan’ddyfri > Llan’dyfri (town in the county of Caerfyrddin, from which form the English give the town the name Llandovery)

ETYMOLOGY: (iawn = fine, correct) + soft mutation + (da = good)

:_______________________________.

iawndal ‹yaun -dal› masculine noun
PLURAL iawndaliadau ‹yaun-dal-yâ-de›
1 compensation, settlement

Mae dros filiwn o bunnoedd o iawndal wedi cael eu talu hyd yma i bobol gafodd eu hanafu yn y ddamwain
Over a million pounds in compensation has been paid out so far to people who were injured in the accident

iawndal i gyn-lowyr sy’n dioddef o broblemau anadlu
compensation for miners with (“suffering from”) breathing problems

2 iawndal am ddifrod rhyfel war damage compensation (“compensation for damage (of) war”)

ETYMOLOGY: (iawn = justice) + soft mutation + (tâl = payment)

:_______________________________.

Iberia ‹i- ber -ya› feminine noun
1 Iberia
Rhyfel Iberia The Peninsular War (1808-1814) - Portuguese, Castilians and English against the French, resulting in the defeat of the French

:_______________________________.

Iddew, Iddewon ‹I dheu, i DHEU on› (masculine noun)

1 Jew, Jewish man

2 Iddewon = Jewish men, Jewish people

:_______________________________.

Iddewes, Iddewesau ‹i DHEU es, i dheu E se› (feminine noun)
1 Jewish woman

:_______________________________.

Iddewiaeth ‹i- dheu -yeth› f
1 Judaism = the Jewish religion

ETYMOLOGY: (Iddew = Jew) +(-i-aeth suffix for forming nouns)

:_______________________________.

iddi ‹II-dhi›
1 to her

Rho’r papur iddi Give her the paper

iddi hi to her

iddi hithau to her, to HER

:_______________________________.

iddi nhw ‹II-dhi NU›
1 to them

(variant spelling of iddyn nhw, colloquial form of iddynt [hwy])

:_______________________________.

Iddon ‹î-dhon› masculine noun
1 man’s name
NOTE: A former name of the village of Betws-y-coed was Betws Wyrion Iddon (“(the) church (of the) grandsons (of) Iddon”)

ETYMOLOGY: ?

:_______________________________.

iddyn ‹II-dhint›
1 to them

iddyn nhw to them

iddyn nhwthau to them, to THEM

(Colloquial form of iddynt [hwy])

(Variant spellings of iddyn nhw are iddy’ nhw, iddi nhw)

:_______________________________.

iddynt ‹II-dhint›
1 to them

iddynt hwy to them

iddynt hwythau to them, to THEM

(Colloquial Welsh iddyn nhw, sometimes spelt iddi nhw)

:_______________________________.

Idris ‹i- dris› masculine noun
1 man's name (revived in the 1900s)

2 Cadair Idris (SH6913) mountain in the district of Meirionnydd (county of Gwynedd). Situated between the rivers Mawddach and Dysynni, it was on the boundary between the old kingdoms of Gwynedd and Powys. In local tradition, Idris was a giant (Idris Gawr = Idris (the) giant)
Local name: Y Gader

:_______________________________.

Idwal ‹ID wal› (masculine noun)
1 man’s name

:_______________________________.

ie ‹-›
1 semi-consonant i + vowel e

:_______________________________.

ie ‹I e› (phrase)
1 yes

:_______________________________.

iechyd ‹YEE-khid› [ˡjeˑxɪd] masculine noun
1 health
mewn llawn iechyd in fine health

Nid oedd Ann wedi bod yn ei llawn iechyd ers tro
Ann hadn’t been completely well for some time

(South) sarnu’ch iechyd ruin your health

iechyd gwael bad health

2 in exclamations of surprise - (probably as a euphemism for Iesu = Jesus)
iechyd! ("health")
yr iechyd! ("the health")
iechyd annwyl! ("dear health")
iechyd y byd! (" (the) health (of) the world")
neno’r iechyd! (= yn enw’r iechyd) ("in the name of the health")

3 da eich iechyd healthy ("good your health")
gwael eich iechyd in bad health ("bad your health")

dioddef iechyd gwael suffer from bad health

diet gwael ўn un o brif achosion iechўd gwael
a bad diet is one of the main causes of bad health

4 cael iechyd enjoy good health ("have health")

5 os caf i iechyd a byw God willing ("if I have good health and ‹can› live")

6 canolfan iechyd health centre

7 yswiriant iechyd health insurance

8 iechyd da ‹YEE-khid DAA, YEE-khi DAA › [ˌjeˑxɪd ˡdaː, ˌjeˑxɪ ˡdaː] (toast) good health!

(See separate entry below)

9 Swyddfa Iechyd Dynolryw The World Health Organisation (“office (of) health (of) mankind”)

ў gwasanaeth iechўd the health service

ў Gweithgor Iechўd a Diogelwch the Health and Safety Council

10 Sayings:
Tri enllyn iechyd: mêl, ymenyn a llaeth The three companages for health are honey, butter and milk

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh (iach = healthy) + (-yd, suffix for forming nouns) < British
a > e under the influence of the y [i] in the final syllable (vowel affection)

From the same British root: Cornish yeghes (= health), Breton yec’hed (= health)

A related word in Irish is ící (= doctor, healer) (older spelling íceadh)
It occurs in the surname Ó hÍcí (older spelling Ó hÍcidhe), anglicised as O Hickey

:_______________________________.

iechyd cymdeithasol ‹YE khid kəm dei THA sol› (masculine noun)
1 social health

:_______________________________.

iechyd da! ‹yê –khid daaa›
1 toast Cheers! Your good health!

yfed iechyd da rhywun drink someone’s health ("drink (the) good health of someone")
yfed iechyd rhywun drink someone’s health ("drink (the) health of someone")
yfed i iechyd rhywun drink to the health of (somebody), toast (somebody)

ETYMOLOGY: “good health” (iechyd = health) + (da = good)

NOTE: This is one of the few Welsh expressions known to English people, though in a somewhat distorted fashion as English-speakers are generally unable to pronounce ch [kh] [x].

They write it “yakky dah” or “yakky dar” or “yakky da”, and pronounce it ‹YA-ki DAA› [ˌjakɪ ˡdaː]

To English people it suggests the English word “to yack” – to talk without pause. The verb “yack” is often used (somewhat disparagingly) in the context of a language which they do not understand – “they were yacking away in Chinese / Greek / Welsh, etc”, “to go yack, yack, yack”.

There is a misconception amongst many English people that this is a form of greeting, as if “hello” or “how are you”, not realising that it is in fact a toast to a person’s continued good health.

Interestingly, in Patagonia the typical Welsh phrase known by the non-Welsh speakers is “bara menyn” (bread and butter), said to have been used by the Tehuelche Indians when begging for food at the Welsh farms.

:_______________________________.

Iefan ‹yê -van› masculine noun
1 form of the name Ifan (John) in the south-east of Wales

31 December 1601. John Richard Treharne of Llangattock Llingoed Co. Mon. husbandman to Thomas Morice, clerk vicar of Llangattock.
GRANT £166.13.4d Messuage in which the said John lately dwelt in Llangattock with all appurtenances and lands, also two closes or parcels of land containing 2 acres which he lately had and had bought of Richard ap Richard John Ievane situate in the parish of Llangattock…

http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~llangattocklingoed/deedswills/hanbury.html#1518B Hanbury Family Papers

ETYMOLOGY: Iefan < Ieuan < Latin Johann-

:_______________________________.

ieir ‹YEIR› (plural noun)
1 hens; plural of iâr

:_______________________________.

ieithgarwch ‹ieith- gâ -rukh› masculine noun
1 love of one’s native language, attachment to one’s mother tongue

Mae ieithgarwch yn elfen hanfodol o wladgarwch
The love of your language is an essential part of loving one’s country

2 love of the Welsh language

ETYMOLOGY: (ieithgar = loving one’s native language) + (-wch suffix for forming nouns

:_______________________________.

ieithmon ‹yeith -mon› masculine noun
PLURAL: ieithmyn ‹yeith -min›

1 someone who knows many languages
Mae o’n dipyn o ieithmon He’s quite a linguist

ETYMOLOGY: (ieith- < iaith = language) + (-mon, suffix = man)

:_______________________________.

ieithoedd ‹YEI thodh› (plural noun)
1 languages; plural of iaith

:_______________________________.

Ieithon ‹yei -thon›
1 (SO1084) Afon Ieithon river in the district of Maldwyn (county of Powys)
Rises 7km south of Y Drenewydd; flows south to Llandrindod, joins the river Gwy 2km south of Y Bontnewydd ar Wysg

2 The colloquial form is Ithon [II-thon] [ˡiˑθɔn]

(probably Ieithon [ˡjəiθɔn] > I-ithon [ˡjiˑθɔn]> Ithon [ˡiˑθɔn])
..a/ In Y Drenewydd (county of Powys) there is a street called Ithon
..b/ In Llandrindod (county of Powys) there is a street called “Ithon Close” (which would be “Clos Ithon” in Welsh)

3 (SO1084) Blaenieithon locality in Maldwyn (Powys)
(“(the) source (of) (the river) Ieithon”)

ETYMOLOGY: Name of a deity? (ieith- < iaith = language) + (suffix –on)

:_______________________________.

ieithydd ‹yei -thidh› masculine noun
PLURAL: ieithyddion, ieithwyr ‹yei-thədh-yon, yeith-wir›
1 linguist

ETYMOLOGY: (iaith = language) + (-ydd, suffix for forming nouns)

:_______________________________.

Iestyn ‹YE stin› (masculine noun)
1 man’s name

:_______________________________.

Iesu ‹YE si› (masculine noun)
1 Jesus Christ. Also Iesu Grist and yr Iesu

2 Rhagom Filwyr Iesu Onward Christian Soldiers (“before us, soldiers (of) Christ”)

3 (North Wales) colloquially, in oaths: Iesu > ’Esu

:_______________________________.

Iesu Grist ‹ye-si grist› masculine noun
1 Jesus Christ

2 Iesu Grist Name given by the doctor William Price (Llantrisant, 1800-1893) to his son born in 1883 (when the doctor was 82 / 83 years old!) and who died at the age of five months in January 1884.

The use of the name of Jesus for his son was considered scandalous (though in Catholic countries it is common as a forename), even more so since William Price supposed himself to be an archdruid and hence a pagan.

He was arrested and taken to court for cremating the body of his son on a hill by Llantrisant since burial was the only permitted means of disposal of a dead body at the time.

However, the court did not consider cremation to be a crime, and from then on it became common in the countries of Britain as an alternative to burial

3 Mae e fel Iesu Grist bach (scornful) He’s a little goodie-goodie, He’s a little angel (“he’s like a little Jesus Christ”)

ETYMOLOGY: (Iesu = Jesus) + soft mutation + (Crist = the Messiah)

:_______________________________.

iesin ‹ye -sin› adjective
1 (obsolete) fine, fair, handsome, beautiful
Taliesin name = ‘fair brow’

Mor brudd ydoedd gweled prydferthwch mor iesin,
Dan lwydrew yr hydref yng nghanol yr haf. (“Marw’n yr Haf” / (dying in summer) Twynog / Cyfrol Goffa y diweddar T. Twynog Jeffreys, Rhymni. Dan Olygiaeth Dyfed. / Gwrecsam: Argraffwyd gan Hughes a'i Fab. 1912 t.232)
It was so sad to see such radiant beauty
Under the autumn frost in the middle of summer

2 (obsolete) radiant, shining

3 In Aberdyfi (county of Gwynedd) there is a street called Nantiesyn.
Query: Is this a modern name, Nantiesin = fair stream (with an erroneous spelling with ‘y’)?

ETYMOLOGY: Possibly ias (= heat, thrill) + (suffix -in).

The word is found as an element in a Gaulish name recorded in Latin as Iestinus

The suffix -in is found in heyernin (= made of iron), deyerin (= earthen)

:_______________________________.

Ieu ‹YEI› (masculine noun)
1 familiar form of Ieuan (= John)

ETYMOLOGY: the first syllable of Ieuan
:_______________________________.

Ieuan ‹YEI an› (masculine noun)
1 John, medieval form of Ifan; revived in the 1800s, firstly in bardic names

2 used in denoting different types of person:
..1/ Ieuan lygad y geiniog (also Ieuan llygad y geiniog) miser (“John (of the) eye (of) the penny”)

Colloquially Ieuan > Iewan > Iefan > > (?ifan) > Ifan, where semiconsonantal i becomes the vowel i

The form Iefan was current in south-east Wales in the 1800’s

Compare ieuanc (= young) > iewanc > iefanc > > (?ifanc) > ifanc (current colloquial form)

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Latin Iohann-

:_______________________________.

ieuanc, ieuainc ‹YEI angk, YEI aingk› (adjective)
1 young

2 iau younger, comparative form of ieuanc / ifanc
in the colloquial language, the forms
..1/ ifancach (south) and
..2/ iengach (north) are usual

Dyw e’n mynd ddim iau He’s not getting any younger

Colloquially ieuanc (= young) > iewanc > iefanc >> (?ifanc) > ifanc (current colloquial form)

Compare Ieuan > Iewan > Iefan > (?ifan) > Ifan

The form Iefan was current in south-east Wales in the 1800’s

:_______________________________.

ieuenctid ‹yei ENGK tid› (masculine noun)
1 youth
i’enctid / ienctid colloquial form

:_______________________________.

ieuo ‹YEI o› (verb)
1 to yoke

2 ieuo’n gymharus (of a man and woman) make a good match (“yoke compatibly”)

:_______________________________.

Ifan ‹I van› (masculine noun)
1 John
2 Evan

ETYMOLOGY: From Ieuan (= John), a medieval form now revived as a forename.

Colloquially Ieuan > Iewan > Iefan > (?-ifan) > Ifan (where semiconsonantal i becomes the vowel i)

Also Ieuan > Iewan > Iefan > Efan (where semiconsonantal i is discarded) (Cf Northern Welsh, in oaths, Iesu (= Jesus) > ’Esu)

The form Iefan was current in south-east Wales in the 1800’s

Compare ieuanc (= young) > iewanc > iefanc > (?ifanc) > ifanc (current colloquial form)

:_______________________________.

Ifana ‹i VA na› (feminine noun)
1 woman’s name. Ifan + -a

:_______________________________.

ifanc, ifainc ‹I vangk, I vengk› (adjective) (colloquial form) ‹YEI angk›
1 young

2 iau younger, comparative form of ieuanc / ifanc
in the colloquial language, the forms
..1/ ifancach (south) and
..2/ iengach (north) are usual

Dyw e’n mynd ddim iau He’s not getting any younger

ETYMOLOGY: From ieuanc (= young)

Colloquially ieuanc > iewanc > iefanc > (?ifanc) > ifanc (current colloquial form)

Compare Ieuan > Iewan > Iefan > (?ifan) > Ifan


:_______________________________.

i ffwrdd ‹i FURDH› (adverb)
1 away

:_______________________________.

Ifor ‹I vor› (masculine noun)
1 Ifor (‘Ivor’)

:_______________________________.

i fyny ‹i VƏ ni› (adverb)
1 up

2 Coch i fyny, teg yfory
(“red up, fair tomorrow” i.e. a red colour up in the sky) Red sky at night, shepherd’s delight; if the sky is red at sunset, tomorrow will be a fine day

:_______________________________.

ig, igion ‹IIG, IG yon› (feminine noun)
1 hiccup

:_______________________________.

-ig ‹ig›
1 diminutive suffix added to nouns - now non-productive, except in literary Welsh

..1/ afon (= river), afonig (= stream)
..2/ ardd (=hill), erddig (= little hill) (as in the place names Erddig, Talerddig)
..3/ awel (= wind), awelig (= gentle breeze)
..4/ awr (= hour), orig (= short while)
..5/ bach (= little) *bachig (bachigol = diminutive, bachigyn = diminutive suffix)
..6/ cân (= cançó), canig (= little song)
..7/ coron (= crown), coronig (= little crown)
..8/ darn (= fragment), dernig (= small fragment)

..9/ erw (= acre, plot of land), erwig (= little piece of land)
..10/ henllan (= old church), henllennig ( = little old church)
..11/ ierig (obsolete) (= young hen, pullet), iâr (= hen)
..12/ llan (= church), llennig ( = little church)
..13/ llўsўwen (= eel), llysywennig (= elver, young eel)
..14/ nofel (= novel), nofelig (= novelette)
..15/ oen (= lamb), oenig (= little lamb)
..16/ ynys (= island), ynysig (= little island)

ETYMOLOGY: -ig < British *-îkâ

:_______________________________.

igam-ogam ‹i –gam-o-gam› adverb
1 zigzag
dringo igam-ogam i fyny... zigzag up..., go up (a hill, etc) zigzag
Dringodd y ceffyl igam-ogam i fyny’r bryn, o dde i aswy ac o aswy i dde
The horse went up the hill zigzag, from right to left and from left to right

ETYMOLOGY: igam-ogam ‹i –gam-o-gam› < i gam o gam ‹i gam o gam› (= from step to step) (i = a) + soft mutation + (cam = pas) + (i = o) + soft mutation + (cam = pas)

NOTE:
(1) North Wales (1) miga-moga, (2) iga-moga
(2) South Wales (1) migi-moga, (2) mingam-mongam / fingam-fongam, (3) mingi-mongam, (4) wingi-wonga, (5) gimwch-gamwch, (6) cimach-gamach
(3) South-east Wales: wicam-wocam

:_______________________________.

iglw, iglws ‹I glu, I glus› (masculine noun)
1 igloo

:_______________________________.

i gyd ‹ii giid›

1 completely; especially (noun) + (i gyd)
bod yn dyllau pryfed i gyd (wood) be riddled with insect holes

Ar yr wyneb, mae Mrs Parri yn gwrteisi i gyd
On the surface, Mrs Parri is courtesy itself

Arnat ti roedd y bai i gyd It was your fault entirely

2 bod yn gywilydd i gyd be thoroughly embarrassed

3 bod yn faw i gyd be covered in muck (“be all mud”)
Yn faw i gyd ma'ch dillad Your clothes are covered in muck

4 (South Wales): yn dosau i gyd,
(North Wales): yn blorod i gyd (face) covered in acne

5 yn inc i gyd inky, all inky, covered with ink

6 all, completely
Mae’r tatws yn feddal i gyd ac yn gwynto’n ddrwg
The potatoes are all soft and they smell bad

7 complete, nothing but
Lwc i gyd oedd y cwbl It was all sheer / pure / complete luck

8 with superlatives, to form phrases of equative increase, equivalent to the English formula “the... the...” (the sooner the better)
gorau i gyd po gynta
the sooner the better

9 in all, in total, altogether = including everything (in giving a total at the end of a list or a series)
Pregethodd yn y bore i gleifion a staff Ysbyty Glan Clwyd, ac wedyn yn eglwysi'r Rhyl a Phrestatyn. Tair pregeth i gyd
He gave a sermon in the morning to the patients and staff of Glan Clwyd Hospital and then in the churches (chapels) at Rhyl and Prestatyn. Three sermons in all.

Yr oedd e wedi hwylio o Lerpwl i América bump o weithiau i gyd
In all, he sailed from Liverpool to America five times

10 everyone
Nos da i gyd Good night, everybody

11 gwên i gyd all smiles
Roedd pawb yn wên i gyd Everybody was all smiles

12 Roedd ei wallt du yn twmlo dros i dalcen yn gwrle mân i gyd
His black hair tumbles over his forehead in a mass of curls (“as curls all”)

13 eto i gyd in spite of that

14 hynny i gyd all that

15 yng Nghymru i gyd in the whole of Wales

16 all (of something); used after a verb
Mae e'n siglo i gyd The whole thing is shaking

17 gorau i gyd best of all

18 all
plant i gyd all children, nothing but children

ETYMOLOGY: (i preposition = to ) + soft mutation + ( cyd = union)
NOTE: also: 'gyd after a vowel

:_______________________________.

i lan ‹i LAN› (adverb)
(Colloquially lan, without the preposition i)
1 (South) up
2 (South) mynd lan rhiw go uphill

:_______________________________.

i lawr ‹i LAUR› (adverb)
(Colloquially lawr, without the preposition i)
1 down

2 torri (drws) i lawr break (a door) down
torri (wal) i lawr knock down, flatten (a wall)

:_______________________________.

ildio ‹ILD yo› (verb)
1 yield

2 (road junction) give way

3 eich ildio’ch hun surrender, give oneself up (to an enemy)

:_______________________________.

Ilid ‹I lid› (feminine noun)
1 woman’s name;
2 Welsh woman saint (Llanilid - place name)

:_______________________________.

Illtud ‹ILH tid› (masculine noun)
1 man’s name;
2 Welsh male saint (Llanilltud - place name)

:_______________________________.

Illtyd ‹ILH tid› (masculine noun)
1 man’s name; a traditional spelling (though unetymological) of Illtud, since the final element is tud (= people)

:_______________________________.

Illtyda ‹ilh Tø da› (feminine noun)
1 a female name based on Illtyd ; a traditional spelling of Illtud, (though unetymological, since the final element is tud = people)

Aber-lash, Llandybie. Jenetta Illtyda Howell (1776-1821), whose grandfather was Illtyd Evans (junior) (1723-1776), and great-grandfather Illtyd Evans (senior) (1698-1746)

Historic Ammanford Houses and their Families http://www.terrynorm.ic24.net/historichouses.htm#14

ETYMOLOGY: (Illtyd- < Illtyd) + (-a suffix added to male names to form female names)

Other examples are Ifan / Ifana, Meirion / Meiriona

:_______________________________.

i maes ‹i MAIS› (preposition)
1 out
1 Used in the south, replacing in most cases allan which is more typical of northern Welsh, and standard Welsh
The preposition i is lost, leaving “maes”, prounced ‹maaas›. Generally written mâs, ma’s, and ma’s is the recommended form; here we favour maas for clarity. See the entry for aa

2 (South) rhedeg maas (North: rhedeg allan) run out

3 (commodity – become scarce) (South) rhedeg maas (North: rhedeg allan) run out
Mae’r llaeth wedi rhedeg maas The milk’s run out

4 (South) rhedeg maas o rywbeth (North: rhedeg allan o rywbeth) run out of something
Ryn ni wedi rydeg maas o de We’ve run out of tea (rydeg – a southern colloquial form of rhedeg)

:_______________________________.

i mewn ‹i MEUN› (adv)
1 inside

2 (preposition) i mewn i into
taro eich pig i mewn (i rywbeth) stick your nose into something (“hit / strike your nose...”)

gwthio eich pig i mewn (i rywbeth) stick your nose into something (“push your nose...”)

rhoi’ch pig i mewn (i rywbeth) stick your nose into something (“give / put your nose...”)

Ma fa â'i big miwn i bobman He's a real busybody, He’s really nosy (“he’s with his beak / nose in everywhere”)

:_______________________________.

i mi ‹i MII›
1 to me
Rhowch amser i mi feddwl Give me time to think
Gadwch i mi feddwl Let me think

:_______________________________.

impyn o’r un pren ‹im-pin or iin pren›
South Wales
1 (said of someone who is from the same family)

("a shoot from the same tree")
(impyn = shoot) + (o’r from the) + (un = one; same) + (pren = tree)

:_______________________________.

in (ìn) ‹IN› m
PLURAL: ins ‹INS›
North-west Wales

1 inn (also occurs as ing; hence the place name Ring = Y Ring < Yr Ing

ETYMOLOGY: English inn < Old English inn < adverb in (= in, inside, in the interior)

:_______________________________.

-in ‹IN› m

1 In words of English origin, with –ing in modern standard English. 
padin padding

pwdin pudding

seidin railway siding
topin topping (on food)
 
The –g has been restored in English as the tendency was to lose it even in educated speech (“huntin’, shootin’ and fishin’” foermerly in aristocratic English), and dialect English continues to use forms without the final –g (and so too careless speech even by educated speakers) 
 
 
Observations on some of the dialects in the West of England particularly with a glossary of words now in use there ; and poems and other pieces, exemplifying the dialect. By James Jennings, Honorary Secretary of the Metropolitan Library Institution, London. 
London, 1825. 


The g, in the present participle, is also silent. Thus, instead of loving, we have lovin; for hearing, hearin or hirin ; for singing, zingin, &c. And, generally, all words of two or more syllables, ending in our polished dialect in ing, have the g omitted in the Somersetshire pronunciation. Thus, lightning, is lightnin ; groaning, groanin ; gosling, gozlin, &c. &c.

:_______________________________.

-in ‹-in› suffix
1 in a handful of old adjectives referring to materials (mainly metals)

ariannin (literary Welsh) made of silver; silvery
(ariann- a penultimate-syllable form of arian = silver) + (-in)
The Welsh name for Argentina is this same word – Ўr Ariannin – a nineteenth-century coining

eurin (literary Welsh) made of gold; golden, splendid, magnificent
(eur- penultimate-syllable form of aur = gold) + (-in)

heyernin (literary Welsh) (= made of iron)
(heyern- a penultimate-syllable form of haearn = iron) + (-in)

(South-west Wales: harnin – a metal object – harn, southern for haern, replaces heyern-)

priddin (literary Welsh) (= earthern, made of earth)
(pridd = earth) + (-in)

2 after names of plants, as an adjective, and as a noun, ‘place of…’
celynnin (= holly, made of holly) (place of holly)
(celynn- penultimate-syllable form of celyn = holly bushes) + (-in)

derwin (= oaken, made of oak) (place of oaks)
(derw- penultimate-syllable form of derw = oak trees) + (-in)

gwernin (= alder, made of alder) (place of alders)
(gwern = alder trees) + (-in)

hesgin (= sedge, made of sedge) (place of sedges)
(hesg = sedges) + (-in)

ysgewin (= elder, made of elder) (place of elder trees)
(ysgaw = elder trees) + (-in)

3 diminutive of adjectives, or used to form adjectives

gerwin (= rough) < garw (= rough)

cysefin (= original) < British *kint-sam-în-os

hesbin (= yearling ewe) (hesb, feminine form of hysb = dry, barren) + (-in suffix)

4 diminutive of nouns
cribin comb, rake (crib = comb)

gwastedin level ground, open country; Gwastedin = a medieval townland of Nantmel (Powys) (gwastad = plain, flat land; (adj) flat)

Cynin river name; from a personal name?

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh –in < British *-în-os
Cf Latin -înos, Greek -înos, Sanskrit -îna-h

:_______________________________.

inc ‹ingk› masculine noun
PLURAL: inciau ‹ingk -ye›

1 ink, liquid for writing with a pen
llestr inc inkwell = vessel for holding ink into which a pen nib is dipped
pot inc inkwell, inkpot

2 ink = printer’s ink, paste for printing

3 in comparisons, said of something black
fel inc like ink, as black as ink
Mae’r awyr fel inc The sky’s as black as ink
mor ddued â’r inc as black as ink

4 in expressions referring to something not yet paid for:
(Mae) arogl inc ar (rywbeth) (There is) the smell of ink on (something)
(Mae) gwynt inc ar (rywbeth) (There is) the smell of ink on (something)

5 yn inc i gyd inky, all inky, covered with ink

6 inc lliniadu drawing ink

7 dileu rhywbeth ag inc ink out something

8 mynd dros rywbeth ag inc ink over something, re-do pencil lines in ink

9 pàd inc ink pad

10 inc India Indian ink

11 inc parhaol indelible ink

12 inc marcio ‹ingk MARK yo› (masculine noun) marker ink

ETYMOLOGY: inc < English ink < French enque (modern French encre) < Latin encaustum < Greek enkauston (= purple ink) < enkaustos (‘in + burnt’) < enkaein ‘burn + in’; the element -kaustos is to be seen in English caustic

:_______________________________.

INCORRECT STREET NAMES AND HOUSE NAMES

There are a number of names to be seen which are obviously incorrect – usually poor translations of English names by people who do not speak Welsh or who have a poor understanding of the language.

Heol Miaren (qv), Treforus (county of Abertawe / Swansea). A poor translation of English “Bramble Street”. It would have to be Heol y Fiaren “(the) street (of) the bramble bush” (heol = street) + (y definite article = the) + (miaren = bramble bush)

Llys Miaren A street in Y Rhyl. The name is not correct Welsh – it is a poor translation of an English name “Bramble Court”. It would have to be Llys y Fiaren “(the) court (of) the bramble bush” (llys = court) + (y definite article = the) + (miaren = bramble bush)

:_______________________________.

india-corn ‹kob› ‹ind-ya- korn› masculine noun
1 Indian corn

2 india-corn ar y còb corn on the cob
wisgi india-corn corn whiskey
siwgwr india-corn corn sugar, dextrose
olew india-corn corn oil

ETYMOLOGY: adaptation of Englandic < American English Indian corn

NOTE: also (literary) indrawn; colloquialy also indian-corn, inja-corn, injan-corn

:_______________________________.

inc diflanedig ‹ingk di-vla- nê -dig› masculine noun
1 invisible ink

ETYMOLOGY: (inc = ink) + (diflanedig = disappearing, disappeared)

:_______________________________.

incio ‹ingk -yo› verb
1 ink = cover with ink
2 ink = stain with ink

ETYMOLOGY: (inc = ink) + (-io = suffix for forming verbs)

:_______________________________.

inciog ‹ingk -yog› adjective
2 inky = covered with ink, stained with ink

ETYMOLOGY: (inc = ink) + (-iog = suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

incil ‹ing -kil› masculine noun
PLURAL: inciliau ‹ing-kil-ye›
1 linen tape for decorating clothes, lace

2 thread hanging loose from a garment, loose thread

3 incil mesur measuring tape

4 incil glud sticky tape ("tape (of) glue")

5 incil coch red tape = bureaucratic procedures

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh incil < English inkle = linen tape, possibly from Dutch enkel = single

:_______________________________.

Indiad, Indiaid ‹IND yad, IND yed› (m)
1 Indian (= native of India)

2 Indian = native American
rhandir Indiaid Americanaidd American Indian reservation = land onto which US native peoples were removed after expulsion from their traditional territories

Indiaid Cochion “Red Indians”, native American peoples
Indiaid Gogledd América North American Indians

ar ôl treulio'r gaeaf gўda'r Indiaid Mandan…
after spending the winter with the Mandan Indians

Rhўd ўr Indiaid (Paso de los Indios) locality in Patagonia (“(the) ford (of) the Indians”)
:_______________________________.

ing ‹ING› m
1 agony, pain, extreme pain

PLURAL: ingau, ingoedd ‹ING-au, -e, ING-oidh, -odh›

Y mae salwch y môr fel y ddannodd - nid oes neb yn cydymdeimlo â chwi yn eich helynt
a'ch ing ofnadwy
Seasickness is like toothache - nobody sympathises with you in your trouble and terrible pain
t89 Seneddwr ar Dramp Rhys J Davies 1935

3 distress; anguish

Corinthiaid-2 4:8 Ym mhob peth yr ym yn gystuddiol, ond nid mewn ing; yr ydym mewn cyfyng gyngor, ond nid yn ddiobaith
Corinithians-2 4:8 We are troubled on every side, yet not distressed; we are perplexed, but not in despair

Yr oedd yn hawdd i Siân amgyffred ing calon ei chyfnither wrth ffarweilio â’i chartref

Y cyfaill gwir yn yr ing fe'i gwelir A friend in need is a friend indeed ("the true friend, in the anguish he is seen" - i.e. will appear when you are in an anguished situation)

emosiwn ac ing llais yr hen wraig

the emotion and distress of the old lady’s voice

ETYMOLOGY: ing < yng < British < Celtic *angj-os
From the same British root: Breton enk (adjective = narrow, cramped)

:_______________________________.


ing ‹ING› m
1 A local form ìn (an inn), a word taken from English

Occurs in the place name Ring = Y Ring < Yr Ing (“the inn”),

Mae yn Llanfrothen dafarn adnabyddus, y "Brondanw Arms" ("Y Ring" i bobl leol) ac ysgol gynradd.

In Llanfrothen there is a well-known tavern, the Brondanw Arms (“Y Ring” to the local people) and a primary school
NOTE: See ìn
:_______________________________.

ing ‹ING› determiner
(South-west Wales)
1 my

ETYMOLOGY: ing < in < yn < fyn

:_______________________________.

-ing ‹ING› suffix
1 This suffix denotes 'the territory of', originally 'the descendants of'. It occurs in a number of territory names

Coeling

Dunoding

Glwysing – a territory between the river Tawe in the west and the river Wysg in the east, said to be named after King Glywys. Sometimes used as a synomym of Morgannwg, but the territory of Morgannwg also included land east of Wysg.

:_______________________________.

injen, injens ‹IN jen, IN jens› (f)
1 engine
2 grўmuso injen soup up an engine

:_______________________________.

innau, "inne" ‹I ne› (pronoun)
1 I too

:_______________________________.

Ioan ‹YO an› (masculine noun) John (from the form used in the Welsh translation of the Bible, taken directly from the Greek form)

:_______________________________.

iòb, iòbs ‹YOB, YOBS› (masculine noun) yob

:_______________________________.

-iog ‹yog› (suffix)
1 suffix; see -og

:_______________________________.

-iol ‹yol› (suffix)
1 suffix; see -ol

:_______________________________.

Iola ‹yo -la› feminine noun
1 woman’s name (twentieth century)

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh, feminisation of the name Iolo (which is a diminutive form of Iorwerth)

:_______________________________.

Iolo ‹YO lo› (masculine noun)
1 man’s name; diminutive of Iorwerth

:_______________________________.

iolyn ‹yo -lin› masculine noun
PLURAL: iolod ‹yo -lod›
South Wales
1 idiot, fool

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh, originally a pet form of Iorwerth; the first syllable ior- with a change of consonant iol- + (-yn, diminutive suffix)

:_______________________________.

Iolo Goch ‹yo lo GOOKH› (masculine noun)
1 poet from Lleweni, Dyffryn Clwyd c1320-1398

:_______________________________.

ïon ‹i -on› masculine noun
PLURAL: ïonau ‹i- ô -ne›
1 ion = electrically charged particle

ETYMOLOGY: English ion < Greek ion, neutral present participle of the verb ienai (= to go)

NOTE: See ïoneiddio

:_______________________________.

Ionawr ‹yô -naur› masculine noun
1 January = first month of the year

2 maeth Ionawr name given to snow which falls in January - ("sustenance (of) January") - a hard winter creates good growing conditions in the soil

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh Ionor < Ionawr < *Iawnawr < British < Latin Iân’ârius < Iânuârius (the first month of the year named after the god Iânus (Janus), who had two faces; he looked simultaneously back at the old year and forward to the new year);

From the same British root: Cornish Genver (= January), Breton genver (= January)
From the same Latin root: Irish Eanáir (= January)

NOTE: Ionor is a common spoken form – and the form to be expected colloquially, since words with final aw generally become o.

The form Ionawr with aw with retained is due to literary usage.

Curiously, the form Chwefrawr (= February) with ‘aw’ however is not in use at all, even in literary Welsh – it is always Chwefror in modern Welsh

01 Ionawr (y cyntaf o Ionawr)
Dydd Calan = New Year’s Day (“day (of the) calend”)
Y Calan = = New Year’s Day (“(the) calend”)

Awr fawr Calan, dwy Wyl Eilian, tair Wyl Fair (traditional saying)
‘big hour (on) the calend (“awr fawr y Calan”), two on Eilian’s feastday, and three on Mary’s feastday’
that is, the day will have lengthened
(1) a full hour by New Year’s Day (Y Calan) on January the first, (half an hour in the morning a half an hour in the evening),
(2) two hours on Eilian’s feastday (Gwyl Eilian) on January the thirteenth, and
(3) three hours by Lady Day (Gwyl Fair) on February the second

02 Ionawr (yr ail o Ionawr)
03 Ionawr (y trydydd o Ionawr)
04 Ionawr (y pedwerydd o Ionawr)
05 Ionawr (y pumed o Ionawr)
06 Ionawr (y chweched o Ionawr)

Gwyl yr Ystwyll = Twelfth Day, Epiphany (from Latin “stella” = star, the Star of Bethlehem which guided the Three Wise Men to the stable with the crib of Jesus)

07 Ionawr (y seithfed o Ionawr)
08 Ionawr (yr wythfed o Ionawr)
09 Ionawr (y nawfed o Ionawr)
10 Ionawr (y degfed o Ionawr)
11 Ionawr (yr unfed ar ddeg o Ionawr)
12 Ionawr (y deuddeg o Ionawr)
13 Ionawr (y trydydd ar ddeg o Ionawr)
Gwyl Eilian = Eilian’s Day (Welsh Saint)

Awr fawr Calan, dwy Wyl Eilian, tair Wyl Fair
‘big hour (on) the calend (“awr fawr y Calan”), two on Eilian’s feastday, and three on Mary’s feastday’
that is, the day will have lengthened
(1) a full hour by New Year’s Day (Y Calan) on January the first, (half an hour in the morning a half an hour in the evening),
(2) two hours on Eilian’s feastday (Gwyl Eilian) on January the thirteenth, and
(3) three hours by Lady Day (Gwyl Fair) on February the second

14 Ionawr (y pedwerydd ar ddeg o Ionawr)
15 Ionawr (y pymthegfed o Ionawr)
16 Ionawr (yr unfed ar bymtheg o Ionawr)
17 Ionawr (yr ail ar bymtheg o Ionawr)
18 Ionawr (y deunawfed o Ionawr)
19 Ionawr (y pedwerydd ar bymtheg o Ionawr)
20 Ionawr (yr ugeinfed o Ionawr)
21 Ionawr (yr unfed ar hugain o Ionawr)
22 Ionawr (yr ail ar hugain o Ionawr)
23 Ionawr (y trydydd ar hugain o Ionawr)
24 Ionawr (y pedwerydd ar hugain o Ionawr) Noswyl Dwynwen eve of Dwynwen’s day
25 Ionawr (y pumed ar hugain o Ionawr) (1) Gwyl Santes Dwynwen feast of Dwynwen (Welsh saint, patron of lovers) (2) Gwyl Bawl = Conversion of Saint Paul
26 Ionawr (y chweched ar hugain o Ionawr)
27 Ionawr (y seithfed ar hugain o Ionawr)
28 Ionawr (yr wythfed ar hugain o Ionawr)
29 Ionawr (y nawfed ar hugain o Ionawr)
30 Ionawr (y degfed ar hugain o Ionawr
31 Ionawr (yr unfed ar ddeg ar hugain o Ionawr)

- ym mis Ionawr ‹ə mis YO naur› (masculine noun) in January

:_______________________________.

iôr ‹YOOR› masculine noun
1 lord

Yr Iôr the Lord, the Lord God

drwy rad yr Iôr throught the grace of the Lord

2 Iorwerth (qv) Man’s name, of Welsh origin, often held to be equivalent to English “Edward”, though through a vague resemblance in pronunciation or appearance only.

3 Iorwen (qv) Woman’s name
:_______________________________.

Iorath ‹YOO-rath› masculine noun
1 South-east Wales form of the man’s name Iorwerth (qv)

(1) forename Iorath,

(2) patronymic ab Iorath or simply Iorath (from the sixteenth century onwards the element "ap" was lost in patronymics)

(3) surname Iorath. which in English is spelt Yorath

(4) In place names:
.....(a) Llwyniorath (“Llwyn Yorath”) farm south of Y Betws (county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr) (“Iorath’s grove”)

.....(b) Moel Iorath hill north-east of Glyncorrwg (county of Castell-nedd ac Aberafan) (“Iorath’s hill”)

.....(c) In Yr Eglwysnewydd in Caer-dydd there are the following street names:
............(i) Caeiorath (“(the) field (of) Iorath”) (official name: Cae Yorath)
............(ii) Clas Iorath (“(the) close (of) Iorath”, Iorath Close) (official name: Clas Yorath)
............(iii) Heol Iorath (official name: Yorath Road)

ETYMOLOGY: Iorath < *Ioreth < *Iorweth < Iorwerth

:_______________________________.

Iorddonen ‹ior-DHOO-nen› feminine noun
1 the river Jordan

Brenhinoedd-2 5:10, 11 Ac Eliseus a anfonodd ato ef gennad, gan ddywedyd, Dos ac ymolch saith waith yn yr Iorddonen... Ond Namaan a ddigiodd, ac a aeth ymaith
Kings-2 5:10, 11 And Elisha sent a messenger unto him, saying, Go and wash in Jordan seven times... But Namaan was wroth, and went away

2 Gwlad yr Iorddonen Jordan (country)

ETYMOLOGY: ??

:_______________________________.

Iori ‹YO-ri› masculine noun
1 man’s name - pet form of Iorwerth

ETYMOLOGY: (Ior- first syllable of Iorwerth) + (-i diminutive suffix)

:_______________________________.

iorth ‹yorth› adjective
1 (obsolete) diligent, studious

ETYMOLOGY: variant of eorth (= diligent) < British < Celtic eks-ort-; stem *or- (= to rise).

Cf the Latin word oriri (= to rise, spring from), as in English origin < Latin orîgô < oriri

:_______________________________.

iorthryn ‹yorth-rin› masculine noun
1 (obsolete) diligence, studiousness

2 Iorthryn Gwynedd pseudonym of R. D. Thomas, author of “Hanes Cymry America”(A History of the Welsh in America) (1872) (literally “(the) Iorthryn (from) (the region of Gwynedd))”

ETYMOLOGY: variant of eorthryn < ehorthryn (= diligence); (eorth, ehorth- = diligent) + soft mutation + (rhyn)

:_______________________________.

Iorwen ‹YOR-wen› (f)
1 woman’s name

NOTE: Infreqüent. A modern coining (1800s? 1900s?).

ETYMOLOGY:

..a/ ‘lord’, ‘deity’ (iôr = lord) + (suffix –wen, used to form girls’ names. In older names it has the sense of ‘white / pure / holy’; soft-mutated form of gwen, feminine form of gwyn = white; pure, holy, etc)

..b/ or (Ior-, first element of the name Iorwerth) + (suffix –wen) – that is, a feminine counterpart to the name Iorwerth

:_______________________________.

Iorwerth ‹YOR-werth› masculine noun
1 man’s name
...(1) Historically the English name Edward was considered to be an equivalent of Iorwerth (because of the vague resemblance in form), and in some families where Iorwerth was a traditional name Edward came to replace it

...(2) pet forms: Iori, Iolo, Iolyn, Iorws, Iocyn, Ioro

2 South-east Wales: Iorwerth > Iorath (qv)
...(1) forename Iorath,
...(2) patronymic (son of Iorath) ap Iorath or simply Iorath,
...(3) surname Iorath. which in English is spelt Yorath
Llwyniorath farm south of Betws (county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr) (“Iorath’s grove”)

ETYMOLOGY: Apparently Iôr (= lord) + soft mutation + (gwerth = worth, value)

:_______________________________.

ir ‹iir› adjective
1 fresh

2 green

3 raw

4 irlaeth first milk of a cow after calving
(ir = fresh, new) + soft mutation + (llaeth = milk)

5 (verb amb objecte) anoint, oil
(ir) + (-o, suffix for forming verbs; (the first element is probably the adjective ir = new, fresh, lively, vigorous)

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Celtic

From the same Celtic root: Irish úr (= fresh, new), Scottish ùr (= new);

From the same Indoeuropean root: Latin pûrus (= pure, unstained)

:_______________________________.

i’r ‹ir› -
1 to the

2 in certain phrases which in English do not have the definite article
mynd i’r capel go to chapel
mynd i’r carchar go to prison
mynd i’r cwrdd go to chapel (South Wales)
mynd i’r eglwys go to church
mynd i’r gwely go to bed
mynd i’r ysbyty go to hospital
mynd i’r ysgol go to school

ETYMOLOGY: contraction of (i = to) + (yr = the)

:_______________________________.

iraid ‹i -red› masculine noun
PLURAL: ireidiau ‹i- reid -ye›
1 fat, grease (as globules in soup)
llygedyn o iraid globule of fat ("eyelet of fat")

2 lubricant; grease for oiling a mechanism or machinery

3 grease for polishing shoes

4 adjective polished
esgidiau iraid polished shoes
offer iraid polished horse harness

ETYMOLOGY: probably from ir- (stem of the verb iro = to lubricate) + (-aid, suffix)
NOTE: standard form iraid ‹i-raid›, spoken forms: ired ‹i-red›, and in the ‘a’ zones (north-west, south-east), irad ‹i-rad›

:_______________________________.

i’r camdwll ‹ir kam-dulh›
1 mynd i’r camdwll (food) go down the wrong way ("go to the wrong hole")

:_______________________________.

i’r clawdd ‹ir klaudh›
1 mynd i’r clawdd (business) go bankrupt, fail ("go to the ditch")

:_______________________________.

I’r cwm rhed y cerrig, felly arian i fonheddig ‹ir kum hreed ə ke-rig, ve-lhi ar-yan i vo-nhê-dhig›
1 (saying) Money goes where money is; The rich get all the money

ETYMOLOGY: (it is) to the valley (that) run the stones, in-the-same-way money to (a) gentleman / nobleman

(i’r = to the) + (cwm = valley) + (y = that) + (rhed = runs) + (y cerrig = the stones) + (felly = thus, in the same way) + (arian = money) + (i = to) + soft mutation + (bonheddig = nobleman, one of the gentry, gentleman)

:_______________________________.

i’r dim ‹ir DIM› (adverbi)
1 exactly
2 gweddi i’w gilydd i’r dim suit each other exactly, be a perfect match

:_______________________________.

ireidlyd ‹i-reid-lid› masculine noun
1 greasy

ETYMOLOGY: (ireid- < iraid = grease) + (-lyd suffix = full)

:_______________________________.

i’r eithaf ‹ir EI tha› (adverbi)
1 to the extreme
2 manteisio i’r eithaf ar (rywbeth) = make the most of (“take advantage to the furthest on”)

:_______________________________.

Irfon ‹IR von› (feminine noun)
1 river in the south-east

:_______________________________.

i’r gwellt ‹ir gwelht›
1 mynd i’r gwellt (business) go bankrupt, fail ("go to the grass / straw")

:_______________________________.

i’r gwrthwyneb
1 far from it, quite the contrary

:_______________________________.

IRISH (Gaeilge)

..1/ IRISH WORDS IN WELSH

..a/ addas (= appropriate) < Old Irish adas (= worthy, apt)

..b/ brechdan (= sandwich)

..c/ Cablyd: dydd Iau Cablyd = Maundy Thursday, the Thursday before Good Friday.

Welsh cablyd < Old Irish caplat < Latin capitātiō (capit- stem of caput = head) + (-ātiō, -ātiōn-) (= shaving of the head) (on this day monks’ heads were shaved, and their feet were washed).

Cornish diyow Chambliz (= Maundy Thursday), Breton deiz iaou Gamblid (= Maundy Thursday)

Modern Irish has caplaid, in the phrases lá Caplaide “Maundy Day”, Déardaoin Caplaide (= Maundy Thursday)

..d/ celc (= hoard, fortune) < cealg (= deceit)

..e/ Clarach place name, Ceredigion

..f/ Clydach place name, various localities in South Wales

..g/ cnwc (= hill) < cnoc (= hill)

..h/ codwm (= fall)

..i/ crintach (= miser, North Wales) is possibly < Irish críontach (= withered-up old person), nowadays in modern Irish críontachán, with the diminutive suffix –án

..j/ llain (= strip of land) < lla|in (two syllables) < Old Irish láigen (= spear) (modern Irish: láighe = spear)

..k/ mantach (= gap-toothed) < mantach (= gap-toothed)

..l/ smachd (= dirty trick; rebuke) < smachd (literary Irish: rule, regulatio; rule, sway, dominion; control)

Welsh cunnog (= milking pail) corresponds to modern Irish cuinneog (= butter churn), and may be a loan from Irish

..2/ WELSH WORDS IN IRISH
..a/ carraig (= stone) < carreg (= stone)
..b/ creágan (= little rock) < craig (= rock)
..c/ Gaeilge (= Irish) < Gwyddeleg (= Irish)
..d/ leastar ‹l'a-stər› (= vessel, cask) < llestr (= vessel)



:_______________________________.

irlaeth ‹ir -leth› masculine noun
1 first milk of a cow after calving

ETYMOLOGY: (ir = fresh, new) + soft mutation + (llaeth = milk)

:_______________________________.

i’r mymryn ‹ir MƏM rin› (adverb)
1 exactly (‘to the fragment’)

:_______________________________.

iro tin mochyn tew ‹î-ro tiin mô-khin teu›
1 "grease the arse of a fat pig" = give something to somebody who doesn’t really need it (give money to people already well off and so not in need of it, give food to someone well-fed when others are in more need of it)

ETYMOLOGY: (iro = to grease, to lubricate) + (tin = arse) + (mochyn = pig) + (tew = fat)

:_______________________________.

i’r wal ‹ir wal›
1 mynd i’r wal (business) go bankrupt, fail ("go to the wall")
2 gyrru i’r wal (business) make bankrupt, cause to fail ("drive to the wall")

ETYMOLOGY: (i’r = to the) + (wal = wall)

:_______________________________.

is ‹IIS›
1 (adjective) lower

:_______________________________.

is (preposition)
1 under, below
yn is ar yr afon (adverb of place) downstream, downriver

2 In house names and street names
Street names:
Is-myrddin (“below (the hillfort called) Myrddin”) Abergwili (county of Caerfyrddin) (spelt officially as “Is Myrddin”)

Is-y-bryn (“below the hill”) Trefychan (county of Caerfyrddin) (spelt officially as “Is Y Bryn”)

Is-y-bryniau (“below the hills”) Cwmllynfell (Castell-nedd ac Abertawe) (spelt officially as “Is-Y-Bryniau”)

Is-y-coed (“below the wood”)
..a/ Gwenfô (county of Caer-dydd) (spelt officially as “Is Y Coed”)
..b/ Y Maerdy (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf) (spelt officially as “Is-Y-Coed”)

Is-y-mynydd (“below the upland”) Cilcain, Yr Wyddgrug (County of Y Fllint) (spelt officially as “Is Y Mynydd”)

Is-y-llan (“below the wood”) Llanddarog (county of Caerfyrddin) (spelt officially as “Is-Y-Llan”)

Is-y-rhos (“below the moor”) Cae’r-bont SN8011, Aber-craf (county of Powys)

:_______________________________.

-is ‹is›
1 plural termination for nouns; from English “-es”
Also spelt -us, -ys, although the pronuncation is ‹i›
(In the south, y = u = i and so the distintion is unimportant. In the North y = u, but they are not equivalent to i)

bocs, bocsis box (Geiriadur yr Acádemi Gymréig GYA / Welsh Academy Dictionary has bocsys)
caetsh, caethsis (GYA) cage
coetsh, coetshis coach (GYA has coets(h), coets(h)is)

cwtsh, cwtshis (m) ‹kutsh› ‹KUTSH-is› dog’s kennel (GYA: cwtshis)
garej, garejis garage (GYA has garejis)
matshen, matshis match (for fire) (GYA has matsien, matsis)

orenshyn, orenshis orange (south-west) (GYA / Welsh Academy Dictionary has orenshys)

:_______________________________.

is- ‹is› prefix
1 sub
is-bwyllgor sub-committee
isgátegori subcategory
isgyfandir subcontinent

2 (person, rank) sub-, vice-, under-
is-lywydd vice-president
is-olygydd sub-editor
is-reolwr under-manager
is-ysgrifennydd under-secretary

3 (place names) under, below
Isallt under the hill
Isawel under the wind / breeze
Isfryn under the hill
Isgoed under the wood
Isgraig under the crag
Islwyn under the wood

ETYMOLOGY: from the preposition is (= under), < the comparative adjective is (= lower) < isel (= low)

:_______________________________.

Is Aeron ‹iis ei -ron›
1 (History) name of a territorial division – a kantrev (‘cantref’, = one hundred trêvs) of Ceredigion
Ceredigion Is Aeron “Ceredigion below (the river) Aeron”, that is, “the main part of Ceredigion, where the court is, bounded by the river Aeron”.
The other part is Ceredigion Uwch Aeron “Ceredigion above (the river) Aeron”

ETYMOLOGY: (is = below) + (Aeron = river name)

:_______________________________.

isaf ‹I-sav› (adjective)
1 lowest; superlative form of isel = low
Colloquially: isa ‹I sa›, and in the South isha ‹I—sha›

2 yr isaf (o dau beth) the lower (of two things)

3 (in place names) corresponds to English “upper”

In Welsh comparisons, the superlative degree is used in comparing a pair, not the comparative form as in English. Hence farm names such as Cwm-bach Uchaf (“Highest / Uppermost Cwm-bach”) and Cwm-bach Isaf (“Lowest / Lowermost Cwm-bach”) rather than *Cwm-bach Uwch, *Cwm-bach Is (uwch = upper, is = lower)

NOTE: Colloquially isa <II-sa> [ˈisa] (in the north) and isha <II-sha> [ˈiʃa] (in the south).

In the south, an ‘s’ with an ‘i’ before or after becomes ‘sh’. Other examples are

mis (= month) > mish <MIISH> [miːs]

ceisio (= to try) > c’ish’o / cisho <KII-sho> [ˈkiˑʃɔ]

The final ‘f’ [v] in colloquial Welsh is omitted isaf > isa, though it is retained in the standard written language (in fact, it disappeared from the spoken language some centuries ago).

Place names are generally written in the standard written form, no matter that the local form may be pronounced slightly differently. However, in some names isa / isha are to be seen

Thsi is to be seen too with the counterpart to this word uchaf <II-khav> [ˈiˑxav] (= highest), colloquially ucha <II-kha> [ˈiˑxa] (with a couple of variants ycha <Ə-kha> [ˈəxa] and uwcha <IU-kha> [ˈɪʊxa])

:_______________________________.

isafon ‹is- â -von› masculine noun
PLURAL: isafonydd ‹is-a-vô-nidh›
1 tributary – minor river flowing into a main river

:_______________________________.

isafswm ‹i- sav -sum› masculine noun
PLURAL: isafsymiau ‹i-sav-səm-ye›
1 minimum

yr Isafswm Cyflog Cenedlaethol the National Minimum Wage, the minimum salary which employers must pay workers in in the English state

ETYMOLOGY: (isaf = lowest) + (swm = sum, total, quantity)

:_______________________________.

Is Aled ‹iis â-led› feminine noun
1 History neighbourhood (cwmwd) of the hundred (cantref) of Rhufoniog (in the country of Gwynedd Is Conwy)

ETYMOLOGY: "place on the other side of the river Aled" (is = lower; below) + (Aled)

:_______________________________.

Isalmaeneg ‹ii sal MEI neg› (feminine noun, adjective)
1 Low German

:_______________________________.

Is Artro ‹iis AR tro› (feminine noun)
1 (cwmwd = "neighbourhood") (in the country of Gwynedd Uwch Conwy) commote of the kantrev of Ardudw (north-west)

:_______________________________.

is-bwyllgor, is-bwyllgorau ‹iis BUILH gor, iis builh GO re› (masculine noun)
1 sub-committee

:_______________________________.

Is Cennen ‹iis KE nin› (feminine noun)
1(cwmwd = "neighbourhood") (in the country of Ystrad Tywi) commote of the kantrev of Cantref Bychan (south-east)

:_______________________________.

Is Coed ‹iis KOID› (feminine noun)
1 (cwmwd = "neighbourhood") (in the country of Ystrad Tywi) commote (south-west) ‘below the wood’

:_______________________________.

Is Conwy ‹iis ko -nui›
1 Gwynedd Is Conwy medieval divsiion of Gwynedd

ETYMOLOGY: below (the river) Conwy / this side of the river Conwy”) (is = lower; below)

:_______________________________.

Is Cregennan ‹iis kre- ge -nan›
1 (or Sgrogennan ) old name for Llanddoged (SH8063) (county of Conwy)

:_______________________________.

Is Cuch ‹iis KIIKH› (feminine noun)
1 (cwmwd = "neighbourhood") (in the country of Dyfed) commote of the kantrev of Emlyn (south-west)

:_______________________________.

Is Dulas ‹iis DI las› (feminine noun)
1 (cwmwd = "neighbourhood") (in the country of Gwynedd Is Conwy) commote of the kantrev of Rhos (north-west)

:_______________________________.

isel ‹I sel› (adjective)
1 low = not far from the ground
shilff isel a low shelf
gwely pren isel a low wooden bed

2 low = not high or tall
clawdd isel a low bank, a low hedgebank

3 low = not far above the horizon
haul isel Ionawr the low January sun

4 low = not as high as the usual or average level
marciau isel low marks
tir isel low ground, low-lying land

5 low = (stream, river, lake, tide) less than the usual depth
Rŷn ni’n gyfarwydd yng Nghymru â dau lanw’r dydd, hynny yw, dau lanw uchel a dau lanw isel. In Wales we are accustomed to two tides a day, that is, two high tides and two low tides

2 am brisiau is o lawer at greatly reduced prices

3 cerfwedd isel bas relief, low relief

4 (voice) low =
Sybrydai rhyw eiriau rhy isel i neb o honom allu eu deall

She whispered some words in too low a voice for any of us to understand.

:_______________________________.

iseldir ‹i-sel-dir› masculine noun
PLURAL: iseldiroedd ‹i-sel-dî-rodh›
1 lowland

ETYMOLOGY: (isel = low) + soft mutation + (tir = land)

:_______________________________.

iselder ysbryd ‹i-sel-der ə-sprid› masculine noun
North Wales
1 depression, feeling down, low spirits

ETYMOLOGY: “lowness (of) spirit” (iselder = lowness) + (ysbryd = spirit)

:_______________________________.

Iseldireg ‹i sel DI reg› (feminine noun, adjective)
1 Dutch

:_______________________________.

Yr Iseldiroedd ‹i sel DI rodh› (plural noun)
1 The Netherlands

:_______________________________.

Iseldirwyr ‹i sel DIR wir› (plural noun)
1 Dutch people

:_______________________________.

isetholiad, isetholiadau ‹iis e THOL yad, iis e thol YA de› (masculine noun)
1 by-election

:_______________________________.

isffordd, isffyrdd ‹IS fordh, IS firdh› (feminine noun)
1 underpass (way for pedestrians under a road)

:_______________________________.

isfyd ‹is -vid› masculine noun
PLURAL: isfўdoedd ‹is- vo -dodh›
1 underworld (of crime)
isfyd Caer-dydd the Caer-dydd underworld

ETYMOLOGY: (is = lower, below, uner) + soft mutation + (byd = world)

:_______________________________.

isgell, isgellau ‹I skelh, i SKE lhe› (masculine noun)
1 soup

:_______________________________.

isgoch ‹is -gokh› adjective
1 infra-red

ETYMOLOGY: (is = lower, below) + soft mutation + (coch = red)

:_______________________________.

Is Gwyrfai ‹iis GUIR ve› (feminine noun)
1 (cwmwd = "neighbourhood") (in the country of Gwynedd Uwch Conwy) commote of the kantrev of Arfon (north-west)

:_______________________________.

isgynnyrch ‹is-gə-nirkh› masculine noun
PLURAL: isgynhyrchion ‹is-gə-nhərkh-yon›
1 by-product

ETYMOLOGY: (is = lower; below) + soft mutation + (cynnyrch = product)

:_______________________________.

Islandeg ‹i SLAN deg› (feminine noun, adjective)
1 Icelandic

:_______________________________.

islaw (*isláw) ‹is LAU› (preposition)

1 below
pan fo’r tymheredd yn disgyn islaw 5°C (pum gradd Celsiws) when the temperature falls / drops below 5C

2 the opposite is uwchlaw (*uwchláw) above

ETYMOLOGY: “below hand” (is = lower; below) + soft mutation + (llaw = hand)
:_______________________________.

islaw’r safon ‹is-laur sâ-von› adverb
1 bod islaw’r safon be below par, be below standard

ETYMOLOGY: "below the standard"

:_______________________________.

Islwyn ‹I sluin› (masculine noun)
1 pseudonym of the poet Wiliam Tomos 1832-1878

:_______________________________.

Islyn ‹is-lin› feminine noun
1 Nant Islyn SH7137 stream in Meirionnydd (county of Gwynedd)

:_______________________________.

is-lўngesydd ‹iis lə- nge -sidh› masculine noun
PLURAL is-lўngesўddion ‹iis-lə-nge- sədh -yon›
1 is-lyngesydd vice-admiral

ETYMOLOGY: ( is = lower, inferior) + soft mutation + (llyngesydd = admiral)

:_______________________________.

is-lywodraeth ‹iis-lə- wo -dreth› feminine noun
1 devolved government, a subgovernment within a state, with certain restricted powers which have delegated from o central government

ETYMOLOGY: (is = below; sub) + soft mutation + ( llywodraeth = government)

:_______________________________.

Is Nyfer ‹iis NƏ ver› (feminine noun)
1 (kúmmud, commote, cwmwd = "neighbourhood") (in the country of Dyfed)

commote of the kantrev of Cemais (south-west)

:_______________________________.

isosod ‹is- o -sod› verb
1 sublet = rent a property, which is rented out to but not owned by oneself, to another person

ETYMOLOGY: (is = lower; under) + soft mutation + (gosod = to let)

:_______________________________.

isradd ‹IS radh› (adjective)
1 of lower status
2 cymal isradd subordinating clause

:_______________________________.

israddol ‹is-RAA-dhol› (adjective)
1 inferior, subordinate

:_______________________________.

Is Rhaeadr ‹iis RHEI a dər› (feminine noun)
1 (cwmwd = "neighbourhood") (in the country of Powys) commote of the kantrev of Swydd y Waun (north-east)

:_______________________________.

issa ‹I-sa› (adj)

1 On English-language maps, etc, a misspelling of isa, a colloquial form of isaf (= lowest; in place names, lower, nether) (In Welsh, the superlative form is used instead of the comparative form in

such a context)

A Topographical Dictionary of The Dominion of Wales, Nicholas Carlisle, London (1811) in describing Llangatwg, by Castell-nedd: CADOXTON, or, LLAN CATWG, ...Church dedicated to St. Catwg.  The resident Population of this Parish, in 1801, (consisting of the Hamlets of Blaen Honddan, Coed Ffrangc, Dyffryn Clydach, Dylais Issa, Dylais Uwcha, Glynn Neath Canol, Glynn Neath Issa, Glynn Neath Uwcha, and Ynys y Mond) was 3482.

:_______________________________.

is-swyddfa bost ‹iis suidh-va bost› feminine noun
PLURAL: is-swyddfeydd post ‹iis suidh-veidh -post›
1 sub-post office, branch post office

ETYMOLOGY: (is = sub-, lower, lesser, inferior) + (swyddfa bost = post office)

:_______________________________.

Is Tryweryn ‹iis trə WE rin› (feminine noun)
1 (cwmwd = "neighbourhood") (in the country of Gwynedd Uwch Conwy) commote of the kantrev of Penllyn (north-west)

:_______________________________.

italeiddio ‹i-tal-eidh-yo› adjective
1 italicise = to print in italics
Myfi biau’r italeiddio My italics (“(it is) me that-owns the italicising”)

ETYMOLOGY: adaptation of English italicise (ital-) + (-eiddio, suffix corresponding to -ise)

:_______________________________.

Ithon ‹î -thon›
1 The colloquial form of Ieithon (qv) (probably Ieithon > Eithon > Ithon)
(SO1084) Afon Ieithon river in the district of Maldwyn (county of Powys)

..a/ In Y Drenewydd (comarca de Powys) there is a street called Ithon

..b/ In Llandrindod (county of Powys) there is a street called “Ithon Close” (which would be “Clos Ithon” in Welsh)

:_______________________________.

i ti ‹i TII› (preposition) a tu
1 to you

:_______________________________.

i ti ‹i TII› (verb)
1 you are, < ’yt ti, a reduced form of wyt ti

:_______________________________.

iudd ‹yiidh› masculine noun
1 (obsolete) lord

2 iudd in compound words – this element was reduced to -udd in final position

Bleiddiudd > Bleiddudd man's name (obsolete) (blaidd = wolf)
Eludd > Eliudd man's name (obsolete)
Griffiudd > Gruffudd man's name (griff = griffin)
Marchiudd > Marchudd man's name (obsolete) (march = horse)
Marediudd > Maredudd man's name
Moriudd > Morudd man's name (obsolete) (môr = sea)

:_______________________________.

Iwan ‹I wan› (masculine noun)
1 man’s name, form of Ifan = John

:_______________________________.

Iwerddon ‹i WER dhon› (feminine noun)
1 Ireland

:_______________________________.

Iwerydd ‹i- wê -ridh›
1 Iwerydd the Atlantic, the Atlantic Ocean
y tu hwnt i Iwerydd on the other side of the Atlantic
Yr Iwerydd the Atlantic, the Atlantic Ocean
Môr Iwerydd the Atlantic, the Atlantic Ocean
traws-Iwerydd trans-Atlantic

2 Y Werydd Atlantic Ocean
A clipped form of Yr Iwerydd
3 Talywerydd (“Tal-y-werydd”) house name in Aber-arth (county of Ceredigion) (in the list of members in “The Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion” 1961 / Part 1)
(“(the) end (of) the Atlantic”, place facing the Atlantic) (tâl = end; front) + (y = definite article) + (Werydd = Atlantic Ocean)

ETYMOLOGY: (Iwer- < Iwerddon = Ireland) + (suffix -ydd)

:_______________________________.

-iwr ‹yur› (suffix)
1 suffix = man

:_______________________________.

iwrch ‹yurkh› masculine noun
PLURAL: iyrchod, iwrchod ‹yər –khod, yur -khod›
1 (Capreolus capreolus) roe deer (small deer with small antlers and reddish-brown summer coat)
Found in place names:

..1/ Afon Iwrch river name SH8354 in the county of Conwy, near Nebo

Above is Moel-yr-iwrch “(the) hill (of) the roe deer”

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/807648 SH8354 Moel-yr-Iwrch

..2/ Afon Iwrch river name SJ1424. Rises on Cadair Berwyn, north-east Wales, and flows south-east into the river Tanat 3km SE of Llanrhaeadr ym Mochnant (county of Dinbych)

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/711647 SJ1326 Afon Iwrch near Llanrhaeadr ym Mochnant

..3/ Cefn-iwrch (cefn yr iwrch, “(the) hill (of) the roe deer”) by Llangefni (county of Ynys Môn)

2 iyrches plural iyrchesod female roe deer

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Celtic

From the same British root: Cornish iorgh (= roe deer), Breton yourc'h (= roe deer)

Gaulish: Iurca (female personal name)

:_______________________________.

J, j ‹jee› feminine noun
1) tenth letter of the twenty-six letter Roman alphabet
1 a, 2 b, 3 c, 4 d 5 e, 6 f, 7 g, 8 h, 9 i, 10 j, 11 k, 12 l, 13 m, 14 n, 15 o, 16 p, 17 q, 18 r, 19 s, 20 t, 21 u, 22 v, 23 w, 24 x, 25 y, 26 z
2) fourteenth letter of the twenty-nine letter Welsh alphabet
1 a, 2 b, 3 c, 4 ch, 5 d, 6 dd 7 e, 8 f, 9 ff, 10 g, 11 ng, 12 h, 13 i, 14 j, 15 l, 16 ll, 17 m, 18 n, 19 o, 20 p, 21 ph, 22 r, 23 rh, 24 s, 25 t, 26 th, 27 u, 28 w, 29 y

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j
1 Occurs mainly in words taken from English
jam jam
jar jar
Jac Jack
Jôns, Jos Jones

2 in native words, ‹dy› > ‹j›
diofal > diofol > jofol negligent
dioddef > jodde suffer
diogel > jogel safe
diolch > jolch thhanks

3 In North Wales it is the soft mutated form of ‹tsh›, found in words taken from English
tships = chips (Standard: ysglodion)
gwerth hanner can ceiniog o jips fifty pence worth of chips

tshocled = chocolate (Standard: siocled)
darn o jocled a piece of chocolate

tshimpansî chimpanzee (Standard: simpansî)
gwelodd o jimpansî ar y lôn he saw a chimpansee on the road

In the nineteenth century there was amongst many writers a certain aversion to this letter as it was not included in the traditional Welsh alphabet. Even today one sometimes reads that the “Welsh alphabet does not include the letter j”, which suggests that it is not in use in Welsh.

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Jac ‹jak› masculine noun

1 In English, Jack is the pet form of John; in the same way in Welsh Jon > Jac.

"John Tomos yn mynd i briodi! Wel, mi glywas i rywun rywdro yn deyd tasa dyn yn lladd i wraig, ac yn cario'i phen hi tan i gesail y basa rhyw ddynes yn siwr o fod yn ddigon gwirion i fentro i gymryd o er y cwbwl. Braidd nad ydw'i run farn a fo wir. Mae meddwl am Jac Tomos yn cymryd arno garu neb ond y fo'i hun yn ormod i greadur i ddal.”
t56 Plant y Gorthrwm / 1908 / Gwyneth Vaughan (=Anne Harriet Hughes 1852-1910)
John Tomos getting married! Well, I heard once someone say that if a man kills his wife and carries her head under his arm some woman would be bound to be daft enough to decide to take him in spite of everything. And I almost agree with him, to tell the truth. To think of Jac Tomos taking it on himslef to love someone other thn himself defies belief (“is too much for a creature to hold”)

2 Also nowadays an independent given name (as has happened too in English)

ETYMOLOGY: English Jack < Low German and Dutch Jackin < Jankin (Jan = John) + (-kin diminutive suffix. Cf German -chen). The final element -in was dropped in the same way as later on David > Dave, Peter > Pete. Michael > Mike, Margaret > Mag.

Or else it was associated with the French diminutive suffix -in which was then dropped from the name.
The change ‹ngk› > ‹k›, with the loss of the nasal consonant, was a typical feature of Low German.

A second possibility is old French Jaques (modern French Jacques) < medieval Latin Jacobus < Latin Iacobus < Greek Iakobos < Hebrew Ya’aqobh (= supplanter)

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jael ‹jail› feminine noun
PLURAL jaels ‹jails›
South Wales

1 gaol, jail, prison
mynd i’r jael go to jail

ETYMOLOGY: English gaol / jail < French jaiole (= cage) < vulgar Latin
*caveola < Latin cavea (= cavity, enclosure) < cavus (= hollow)

NOTE: in the north jêl and rheinws

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jam ‹JAM› (masculine noun)
1 jam
2 brechdan jam, also bechdan jam bread and jam (bread and butter with jam)

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James, Evan ‹ê-van jeems› masculine noun
1 (1809-1878) Composer of ‘Hen Wlad fy Nhadau’, the national anthem of Wales, in 1856 (at the age of 46/47). It is thought his son James James composed the melody (aged 22/23). Evan James (who also used the patronymic Ieuan ap Iago, the Welsh equivalent of his English official name) was born in Caerffili, but worked as a weaver in nearby Pont-ty-pridd, later owning a woolen mill and keeping a tavern.

2 Ysgol Evan James, name of a Welsh-language primary school in Pont-ty-pridd, commemorating the composer of the national anthem

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jêl ‹jeel› feminine noun
PLURAL jêls ‹jeels›
North Wales
1 gaol, jail, prison
mynd i’r jêl go to jail

2 Stryd y Jêl (“street (of) the jail”) name of a street in Caernarfon

ETYMOLOGY: English gaol / jail < French jaiole (= cage) < popular Latin
*caveola < Latin cavea (= cavity, enclosure)
NOTE: (1) in the south jael; (2) also rheinws in the north

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jeli, jelis ‹JE li, JE lis› (masculine noun)
1 jelly
2 (North Wales) jeli llyffant frogspawn (“jelly (of) frog”)



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Jeni ‹JE ni› (feminine noun)
1 Jenny

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Jeremeia ‹je-rə-mei-a› masculine noun
1 Jeremiah = born circa 650, died 585BC, Hebrew prophet. He foresaw various catastrophic events such as the fall of Assyria, the domination of Judah by Egypt and Babylon, and the fall of Jerusalem
2 Jeremiah regarded as a prophet of doom or an extreme pessimist;
olynwyr Jeremeia pessimists ("followers (of) Jeremiah")

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jersi, jersis ‹JER si, JER sis› (masculine noun)
1 jersey

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Jerẃsalem ‹je-ru-sa-lem› feminine noun
1 Jerusalem = the principal city of Palestine; capital of Israel since 1950

Actau 19:21 A phan gўflawnwyd ў pethau hyn, arfaethodd Paul ўn ўr ўsbryd, gwedi iddo dramwy trwy Facedonia ac Achaia, fўned i Jerwsalem; gan ddўwedyd, Gwedi imi fod ўno, rhaid imi weled Rhufain hefyd
Acts 19:21 After these things were ended, Paul purposed in the spirit, when he had passed through Macedonia and Achaia, to go to Jerusalem, saying, After I have been there, I must also see Rome.

Joel 2:32 A bўdd, ўr achubir pob un a alwo ar enw ўr ARGLWЎDD: canўs bўdd ўmwared, fel ў dўwedodd ўr ARGLWЎDD, ўm mўnўdd Seion, ac ўn Jerwsalem, ac ўn ў gweddillion a alwo ўr ARGLWЎDD.
Joel 2:32 And it shall come to pass, that whosoever shall call on the name of the LORD shall be delivered: for in mount Zion and in Jerusalem shall be deliverance, as the LORD hath said, and in the remnant whom the LORD shall call.

Ў Jerwsalem Nefol (qv) The Heavenly Jerusalem = Heaven

Ў Jerwsalem Newydd (qv) The New Jerusalem = Heaven

Ў Jerusalem sўdd frў “the Jerusalem up above” = Heaven

2 Jerusalem (called Salem in Genesis 14:18 / Psalms 76:2 / Hebrews 7:1)

Genesis 14:18 Melchisedec hefyd, brenin Salem, a ddug allan fara a gwin; ac efe oedd offeiriad i DDUW goruchaf:
Genesis 14:18 And Melchizedek king of Salem brought forth bread and wine: and he was the priest of the most high God.

Salmau 76:1 Hynod yw DUW yn Jwda; mawr yw ei enw ef yn Israel (76:2) Ei babell hefyd sydd yn Salem, a’i drigfa yn Seion
Psalms 76:1 In Judah is God known: his name is great in Israel. (76:2)In Salem also is his tabernacle, and his dwelling place in Zion.

Hebreiaid 7:1 Canys y Melchisedec hwn, brenin Salem, offeiriad y Duw Goruchaf, yr hwn a gyfarfu ag Abraham wrth ddychwelyd o ladd y brenhinoedd, ac a’i bendithiodd ef;
Hebrews 7:1 For this Melchisedec, king of Salem, priest of the most high God, who met Abraham returning from the slaughter of the kings, and blessed him;

NOTE: The name also occurs semi-translated into Welsh as Caersalem, through assuming that the first part of the name corresponded to Welsh caer (= fort; walled city); the second part was popularly supposed to be ‘peace’ as in modern Hebrew shalom (= peace)

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Y Jerwsalem Nefol (*Y Jerẃsalem Nefol) ‹je-ru-sa-lem nê-vol› feminine noun
1 the Heavenly City, Heaven

Hebreiaid 12:22 Eithr chwi a ddaethoch i fўnydd Seion, ac i ddinas ў Duw byw, ў Jerwsalem nefol, ac at fўrddiwn o angўlion
Hebrews 12:22 But ye are come unto mount Sion, and unto the city of the living God, the heavenly Jerusalem, and to an innumerable company of angels

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Jerwsalem Newydd (*Jerẃsalem Newydd) ‹je-ru-sa-lem neu-idh› feminine noun
1 the Heavenly City, Heaven

Datguddiad 21.2 A myfi Ioan a welais y ddinas sanctaidd, Jerwsalem newydd, yn dyfod oddi wrth Duw i waered o’r nef, wedi ei pharatoi fel priodasferch wedi ei thrwsio i’w gŵr
Revelation 21.2 And I John saw the holy city, new Jerusalem, coming down from God out of heaven, prepared as a bride adorned for her husband

Datguddiad 3:12 Yr hwn sydd yn gorchfygu, mi a’i gwnaf ef yn golofn yn nheml fy Nuw i, ac allan nid â efe mwyach: ac mi a ysgrifennaf arno ef enw fy Nuw i, ac enw dinas fy Nuw i, yr hon ydyw Jerwsalem newydd, yr hon sydd yn disgyn o’r nef oddi wrth fy Nuw i: ac mi a ysgrifennaf erno ef fy enw newydd i.
Revelation 3:12 Him that overcometh will I make a pillar in the temple of my God, and he shall go no more out: and I will write upon him the name of my God, and the name of the city of my God, which is new Jerusalem, which cometh down out of heaven from my God: and I will write upon him my new name.

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Jesebel (*Jésebel) ‹JE-se-bel› feminine noun

1 Jezebel

Brenhinoedd-2 9:30 A phan daeth Jehu i Jesreel, Jesebel a glybu hynny, ac a golurodd ei hwyneb, ac a wisgodd yn wych am ei phen, ac a edrychodd trwy ffenestr
Kings-2 9:30 And when Jehu was come to Jezreel, Jezebel heard of it; and she painted her face, and tired her head, and looked out at a window.

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jet ‹jet› feminine noun
PLURAL jetiau ‹jet -ye›

1 (water, gas) jet = thin powerful stream

2 jet = nozzle through which a jet of air or water comes

3 jet = jet plane
also: awyren jet
jet ymladd jet fighter

4 llamjet jumpjet

ETYMOLOGY: English jet (= jet plane; thin stream of water) < French jeter (= throw) < Latin jactâre (= throw, frequentative form) < jacere (= throw)

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jetludded ‹jet- lî -dhed› masculine noun
1 jetlag

ETYMOLOGY: (jet = jet) + soft mutation + (lludded = tiredness, weariness)

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ji ‹jii› interjection
1 (to a horse) ji! gee up!

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ji-binc, ji-bincod ‹ji BINGK, ji BING kod› (masculine noun)
1 chaffinch

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jime ‹ji -me› feminine noun
1 county of Caerfyrddin chimney
See: shimnai

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jìn ‹JIN› (masculine noun)
1 gin

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jiraff (*jiráff), jiraffod ‹ji RAF, ji RA fod› (masculine noun)
1 giraffe

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jiws ‹jius› masculine noun
1 Englishism juice (standard word: sudd)
Ymgyrch Gymraeg i hybu yfed jiws buwch
A Welsh-language campaign to promote drinking "cow juice"

ETYMOLOGY: English juice < French jus < Latin iûs

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Job ‹joob› masculine noun
1 man’s forename, Job

Ffўnnon Job name of a well in the town of Caerfyrddin.

Heol Ffўnnon Job street name in the town of Caerfyrddin.

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jocer ‹jo -ker› masculine noun
PLURAL jocers ‹jo -ker›
1 joker = person who plays jokes on people

2 joker = card 53 in a pack, used in poker

ETYMOLOGY: English joker (= person who plays jokes on people); (to joke) + (-er agent suffix)
NOTE: north-east, south-east jocar

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joscyn ‹jos -kin› masculine noun
PLURAL joscyns ‹jos -kins›
1 (America: hick, hayseed) (Englandic: country bumpkin, clodhopper)

ETYMOLOGY: English dialect joskin
..a/ possibly from the French given name Josquin
..b/ however it is more likely to be a variant of bumpkin (from to bump, i.e. clumsy person) with a first element similar in meaning - to joss (dialect English, = to jostle, to bump)

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jwg, jygiau ‹JUG, JƏG ye› (masculine noun)
1 jug

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jwmper ‹JUM per› (masculine noun)
1 jumper

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jwncet ‹JUNG ket› (masculine noun)
1 junket

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jygiau ‹JƏG ye› (plural noun)
1 jugs; see jwg

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jynced ‹jəng -ked› masculine noun
PLURAL jyncedi, jyncedau ‹jəng- ke -di, -de›
1 junket = coagulated milk sweetened with sugar, or flavoured, and eaten as a dessert

2 A trip at public expense which is ostensibly as part of official duty but is in fact for pleasure (with this sense, originally an American expression taken into Englandic and from here into Welsh)

3 junket = intense celebration (with this sense, originally an American expression taken into Englandic and from here into Welsh)

Ar ôl blynyddoedd o baratoi mae drysau’r Eisteddfod Genedlaethol, neu’r jynced blynyddol chwedl Gwilym Owen, wedi agor ar y maes yn Ninbych
After years of preparation the doors of the National Eisteddfod, or the annual junket as Gwilym Owen calls it, have opened on the field in Dinbych

ETYMOLOGY: English junket (= custard served on reeds) < junket (= basket made of reeds) < French jonquette < jonc (= reed) < Latin juncus (= reed)

NOTE: also jyncet, jwncet

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jynci ‹jəng -ki› feminine noun
PLURAL jyncis, jyncïod ‹jəng –kis, jəng-kii-od›
1 junkie, drug addict

ETYMOLOGY: English junkie < junk (= heroin; rubbish)

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jyngl ‹jəng -gəl› feminine noun
PLURAL jynglau ‹jəng -gle›
1 jungle = equitorial forest
ar batrôl yn y jyngl on patrol in the jungle

2 jungle = dense plant growth
Mae’r ardd wedi mynd yn jyngl
The garden’s become a jungle

3 jungle = chaos, anarchy
Erbyn heddiw y mae anfoes y jyngl yn tarfu ar ein tawelwch
Nowadays the immorality of the jungle disturbs our tranquillity

ETYMOLOGY: English jungle < 1700+ Hindi jangal < Sanskrit jângala (= wild place)

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K, k ‹kee› feminine noun
1) eleventh letter of the twenty-six letter Roman alphabet
...1 a, 2 b, 3 c, 4 d 5 e, 6 f, 7 g, 8 h, 9 i, 10 j, 11 k, 12 l, 13 m, 14 n, 15 o, 16 p, 17 q, 18 r, 19 s, 20 t, 21 u, 22 v, 23 w, 24 x, 25 y, 26 z
2) (does not appear in the twenty-nine letter Welsh alphabet)

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kántrev A spelling we use here in English explanations for Welsh cantref (qv), which would be misprnounced by English-speakers if the Welsh spelling were used.

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kúmmud A spelling we use here in English explanations for Welsh cwmwd (qv), which would be misprnounced by English-speakers if the Welsh spelling were used. There is in fact an existing English term in use – commote – but we have preferred to use a word which more accurately represents the Welsh pronuciation

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kg (abbreviation)
1 kg

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kw- ‹-›
1 Initial Latin ‹kw-› “qu” corresponds to Celtic kw, which has become p in the British languages (Welsh, Cornish, Breton)

Thus many Latin words with kw- have Welsh counterparts with p-

perth (= hedge), Latin quercus (= oak tree)
pwy (= who?), Latin quis (= who?)
pedwar (= four), Latin quattor (= four)
pump (= five), Latin quinque (= five)

The original ‹p› has become ‹b› when not in an initial position
Thus pobi (= to cook) < pop-, corresponding to Latin kokw- in coquere (= to cook)

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