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Gwefan Cymru-Catalonia
La Web de Gal
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The Wales-Catalonia Website


Y Gwe-eiriadur
An Internet dictionary of Welsh for speakers of English

 

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Cybi <KƏ-bi> [ˡkəbɪ] (masculine noun)
1
Celtic saint (male) (occus in place names: Caergybi, Ynys Cybi, Llangybi)
2 revived as a man’s name c. 20c.
:_______________________________.

cybolfa
<kə-BOL-va> [kəˡbɔlva] (feminine noun)
1
mess (North)
y gybolfa = the mess

:_______________________________.

cyboli
<kə-BOO-li> [kəˡboˑlɪ] (verb)
1
say stupid things (North)
 
:_______________________________.

cybolwr, cybolwyr <kə-BOO-lur, kə-BOL-wir> [kəˡboˑlʊr, kəˡbɔlwɪr] (masculine noun)
1
(North) person who botches things

:_______________________________.

cybôl <kə-BOOL> [kəˡboːl] (masculine noun)
1
(North Wales) nonsense

:_______________________________.

cybydd, cybyddion
<KƏ-bidh, kə-BƏDH-yon> [ˡkəbɪð, kəˡbəðjɔn] (masculine noun)
1
miser
Hen gybydd, dyna wyt ti An old miser, that’s what you are

Tipyn o gybydd oedd e He was a bit of a miser

gwledd y cybydd the miser’s feast (a potato, onion and bacon stew)

 

ETYMOLOGY: Latin cupīdus (= desirous) < cupīdō (= desire)< cupere (= to desire)

 

:_______________________________.

cybydd-dod
<kə-BƏDH-dod> [kəˡbəðdɔd] (masculine noun)
1
miserliness

 

:_______________________________.

cybydd-dra
<kə-BƏDH-dra> [kəˡbəðdra] (masculine noun)
1
miserliness

 

:_______________________________.

cychod
<KƏ-khod> [ˡkəxɔd] (plural noun)
1
boats (plural of cwch)

:_______________________________.

cychwyn
<KƏKH-win> [ˡkəxwɪn] (verb / masculine noun)
1
(vi) start, have as its origin

Mae Cwm Cadlan yn cychwyn rhwng mynyddau y Cadlan a’r Glog, yn Sir Frycheiniog

Cwm Cadlan (valley of the Cadlan stream) begins between the hills of Y Cadlan and Y Glog, in the county of Brycheiniog

 

2 (vi) (journey, race) to begin, to set off
arwydd cychwyn starting signal
rhoi’r arwydd cychwyn to give the starting signal

bloc cychwyn starting block

llinell gychwyn starting line

cychwyn cam false start


cychwyn i’r môr set out to sea (“begin to the sea”)
c
ychwyn am adre set off for home, set off home

cychwyn ar dramp set off on a wander, start out on an excursion

...cychwyn ar dramp i wlad tramor set off on a journey to a foreign country
cychwyn ar gyflymdra set off at speed, speed off 
...cychwyn ar gyflymdra o’r goleuadau traffig set off at speed from the ttraffic lights

cychwyn ar ôl rhywun set off after somebody, begin to follow somebody

 

postyn cychwyn (horse racing) starting post (“post (of) starting”)
gadael (ceffyl) wrth y postyn cychwyn (in a horse race) - to leave (a horse) standing, rush ahead before another horse has, or other horses have, started to move off

 

cychwyn ar eich taith i set off on one's journey to / towards

ar gychwyn about to start

Mae’r gystadleuaeth dynnu rhaff ar gychwyn The tug-of-war competition is about to begin

 

cychwyn tua make for = begin to walk in the direction of
Cychwynnodd tua'r drws He made for the door

 

3 (vi) start = begin to function

Bydd y gwasanaeth newydd yn cychwyn ar y cyntaf o Fehefin

The new service will begin on the first of June

 

Bydd Cwrs Hyfforddi llawn amser yn cychwyn ym mis Tachwedd

A full-time training course will begin in November

 

4 (vi) cychwyn ar eich gwaith begin a job, undertake a task

Bydd y gweithgor yn cychwyn ar ei waith y mis nesaf The executive committee will begin its work next month

 

cychwyn ar eich gyrfa begin one's career, begin one's working life

Dywedir iddo gychwyn ar ei yrfa fel prentis yn Ffowndri Glaslyn

It is said that he began his working life as an apprentice in the Glaslyn Foundry

 

5 (vt) start, begin, set up, establish, set in motion

Cychwynnodd Cangen Merched y De i hyrwyddo'r achos dirwestol

He began the South Wales Women’s Branch to promote the cause of teetotalism / abstinence from alcohol

 

Bu’n obaith ganddo ers amser i gychwyn siop newydd yn y pentref

It had been a long-time hope of his to start a new shop in the village

 

cychwyn busnes set up a business

cychwyn terfysg start a riot

 

gychwyn gwely winwns start an onion bed, prepare a small patch of land to grow onions

 

5 (vt) set (somebody) on a path

 

cychwyn (plentyn) i’w wely get (a child) off to bed (“start a child to his bed”)

cychwyn (rhywun) ar lwybr dinistr set somebody off on the road to ruin

 

6 (m) beginning = start, outset

 

7 (m) start = place where a journey, a race begins

 

8(m) leap, jump

Y ddraig goch ddyry cychwyn The red dragon gives a leap Welsh motto; see “draig”. The probable reference is to a bull mounting a cow.

Cf English start which has the senses of “jump” and “begin” (a word of Scandinavian origin with “jump” as the original meaning)

 

9 (m) go = energy, iniciative, impetus (in a person)
(North Wales) Does cychwyn arno He’s got no go in him (“there’s no starting / initiative on him”)
digychwyn lacking impetus or initiative
Un digychwyn ’di o He’s got no go in him
 
10 (m) (Welsh Laws) movable goods 

11 ar y cychwyn at first, at the beginning

Meddyliais ar y cychwyn fod y llwynog wedi dianc trwy’r drws

At first I thought the fox had escaped through the door

 

ETYMOLOGY: (cy- prefix) + (chwyn).

The element chwyn (< British < Celtic) is from Celtic *skwin.

Cf Irish scinn (= start, spring; dart, rush; escape, depart suddenly)

 

Cf Latin ascendere (= to climb up), (a- = prefix) + (-scendere; a form of scandere = to climb).

This has given Welsh esgyn (= ascend), and also English ascend.

 

Scandere is also “scan verse” , as in Welsh sganio (from English scan)

 

NOTE: Page 46 / A Welsh Grammar - Historical and Comparative / John Morris-Jones (1864-1929) /1913:

The following words may be mentioned as those most commonly mispronounced: wy is the falling diphthong in cer2226_wy_mwyn_y_ar_ffurf_h_hanner_cylchn ‘vat’, disg2226_wy_mwyn_y_ar_ffurf_h_hanner_cylchl, ‘look, expect’, G2226_wy_mwyn_y_ar_ffurf_h_hanner_cylchnedd ‘Venedotia’, G2226_wy_mwyn_y_ar_ffurf_h_hanner_cylchndid, id., mor2226_wy_mwyn_y_ar_ffurf_h_hanner_cylchn ‘maiden’, ter2226_wy_mwyn_y_ar_ffurf_h_hanner_cylchn ‘ fervent’; it is the rising diphthong in oher2227_wy_gwych_w_y_ar_ffurf_hdd ‘because of’, cych2227_wy_gwych_w_y_ar_ffurf_hn, ‘rise, start’, erch2227_wy_gwych_w_y_ar_ffurf_hn ‘protector, [bed]-side’, ded2227_wy_gwych_w_y_ar_ffurf_hdd ‘happy’

 

:_______________________________.

cychwynfa
<kə-KHWƏN-va> [kəˡxwənva] feminine noun
PLURAL: cychwynféydd <
kə-khwən-VEIDH> [kəxwənˡvəɪð]
1
start, starting place

 

ETYMOLOGY: (cychwynn- stem of cychwyn = to begin) + (-fa suffix = place)

 

:_______________________________.

cychwyniad <kə-KHWƏN-yad> [kəˡxwənjad] masculine noun
PLURAL: cychwyniadau <
kə-khwən-YAA-dai, -de> [kəxwənˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1
start, beginning

2 origin, birth
gwlad eich cychwyniad your country of origin (“(the) country (of) your beginning”)

ETYMOLOGY: (cychwynn- stem of cychwyn = to begin) + (-i-ad abstract noun-forming suffix)

:_______________________________.

cychwynnydd
<kə-KHWƏ-nidh> [kəˡxwənɪð] masculine noun
PLURAL: cychwynwyr <
kə-KHWƏN-wir> [kəxˡwənwɪr]
1
starter (person who gives the signal to begin a race)

gwn cychwynnydd starting pistol (“gun (of) (a) starter”)

gwn y cychwynnydd the starting pistol (“(the) gun (of) the starter”)


:_______________________________.

cyd-
<kiid> [kiːd] (prefix)
1
“together”, con-

In modern coinings, used as an equivalent of the Latin prefix con- (= with) (see below c
ytref, cytsain, cytser)

2 (cyd + t) > (cyd-d) > (cyt-)
..a/ cytew (North Wales)
..........(adj) (liquid) thick, stiff;
.......... (m) egg batter (flour, eggs, milk)
cytew < cyd-dew (cyd- prefix = together) + soft mutation + (tew = fat; thick)

..b/ cytir common land (wood, pasture or waste)
cytir < cyd-dir (cyd- = joint) + soft mutation + ( tir = land)

..c/ cytref conurbation
cytref < cyd-dref (cyd- prefix = together) + soft mutation + (tref = town)

3 (cyd + s) > (cyt-s-)

c
ytsain (= consonant),

c
ytser (= constellation)

:_______________________________.

cyd-adrodd
<kiid-A-drodh> [kiːdˡadrɔð] (verb)
1
recite together

:_______________________________.


cyd-daro
<kiid-DAA-ro> [kiːdˡdɑˑrɔ] v
1 coincide

2
cyd-drawiad (qv) coincidence

ETYMOLOGY: “hitting together” (cyd-
prefix = together) + soft mutation + (taro = to hit, to strike)



:_______________________________.

cyd-ddweud
<kiid-DHWEID> [kiːdˡðwəɪd] verb
1
say to each other

Hebryngwyd ef at ei dadau i fynwent plwyf Llanbrynmair, gan dyrfa fawr o wŷr bucheddol, mewn teimladau drylliog; a phawb yn cyd-ddyweud fod “tywysog a gŵr mawr wedi cwympo yn Israel." (Cofiant y Tri Brawd / E Pan Jones / 1892 / t11)
He was taken to lie with his forefathers in the cemetery of the parish of Llanbrynmair, by a great crowd of non-chapel people, overcome with emotion; everybody said to each other that a ‘prince and a great man had fallen in Israel’.


ETYMOLOGY: (cyd = together) + soft mutation + (dweud = to say)

:_______________________________.

c
yddwyso <kə-DHUI-so> [kəˡðʊɪsɔ] verb
1
condense = change from gas to liquid in contact with a cold surface

ETYMOLOGY: (c
y- intensifying prefix, form of cyf-) + soft mutation + (dwyso = intensify)
Cf. c
ywasgu (= to compress) < gwasgu (= to press, to squeeze)

:_______________________________.

c
yddwysydd <-DHUI-SIDH> [kəˡðʊɪsɪð] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyddwysyddion <-DHUI-sədh-yon> [kəðʊɪˡsəðjɔn] 1 condenser = apparatus for converting vapour into liquid

ETYMOLOGY: (c
yddwys- stem of cyddwyso = to condense) (-ydd noun suffix for indicating a device or an agent)

:_______________________________.

cyd-drawiad
<kid-DRAU-yad> [kɪdˡdraʊjad] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyd-drawiadau <
kid-drau-YAA-dai, -e> [kɪddraʊˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1
coincidence

Nid cyd-drawiad yw bod… it’s no coincidence that

ETYMOLOGY: (cyd-draw- stem of cyd-daro = to coincide) +(
i-ad noun suffix)

:_______________________________.

cyd-drefnedig
<kid-drev-NEE-dig> [kɪddrɛvˡneˑdɪg] adj
1 co-ordinated

ETYMOLOGY: (cyd-drefn- stem of cyd-drefnu = coordinar) + (-edig suffix for forming a past participle adjective)

:_______________________________.

cyd-enwadol
<kiid-en-WAA-dol> [kiːdɛnˡwɑˑdɔl] (adjective)
1
interdenominational
:_______________________________.

cyd-hyd
<kiid-HIID> [kiːdˡhiːd] masculine noun
1
of the same length
bod gyd-led gyd-hyd be as long as it is broad

(bod = to be) + soft mutation + (cyd-led = co-length) + soft mutation + (cyd-hyd = co-width). There is soft mutation of an initial consonant in adverbial phrases. hence cyd > gyd

:_______________________________.

cydio
<KƏD-yo> [ˡkədjɔ] (verb)
1
cydio mewn (+ indefinite noun) get hold of

cydio yn (+ definite noun) get hold of; pick up
cydio yn rhywun gerfydd ei goler grab someone by the collar
cydiais mewn cylchgrawn oedd ar y bwrdd I picked up a magazine that was on the table

cydia yn hwnna get hold of that

cydiodd yn y pysgodyn gerfydd ei gynffon he picked up the fish by its tail

South Wales: citsho

Parry-Williams, Thomas Herbert; Some points of similarity in the phonology of Welsh and Breton (1913): “In S[outh]. W[ales]. a palatalised d has become dsh 

or dj, or even tsh, citsio or citsho (cydio) [= get hold of], sgidje, or sgitshe (esgidiau) [= shoes]. Cf. jawl for diawl [= devil]”

 

citsha yn'o fa (south-east Wales) catch hold of it (= cydia ynddo fe)

 

North Wales: also cydiad

 

2 (fire) catch = start to burn

dyw’r tân ddim yn cydio – mae’r pren yn rhy wlyb the fire’s not catching – the wood’s too wet

 

3 (mechanism) catch = take hold

dyw clo’r drws ddim yn cydio – rhaid imi ei oelio the door lock isn’t catching – I’ll have to oil it

 

4 cydio wrth stick to, get stuck to

mae’r omled wedi cydio wrth y ffrimpan the omelette’s got stuck to the frying pan

 

:_______________________________.

cyd-led
<kiid-LEED> [kiːdˡleːd] masculine noun
1
of the same width
bod gyd-led gyd-hyd be as long as it is broad

(bod = to be) + soft mutation + (cyd-led = co-length) + soft mutation + (cyd-hyd = co-width). There is soft mutation of an initial consonant in adverbial phrases. hence cyd > gydd

:_______________________________.

cydlynu
<kəd-LƏ-ni> [kədˡlənɪ] verb
1 cohere = stick together in a mass

2 co-ordinate
Fe fydd yn gyfrifol am gyd-lynu gweithgareddau marchnata'r coleg
He’ll be the one responsible for co-ordinating the colleges’s marketing activities

ETYMOLOGY: 'stick together' (cyd- prefix = together) + soft mutation + (glynu = to stick) Calque on English cohere < Latin cohaerêre (= stick together), (co- = together) + (haerêre = adhere)
:_______________________________.

cydlynus
<kəd-LƏ-nis> [kədˡlənɪs] adj
1 coherent
fframwaith c
ydlynus coherent framework
strategaeth g
ydlynus coherent strategy

ETYMOLOGY: (cydlyn- stem of cydlynu = cohere) + (-us suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.

cydnabod
<kəd-NAA-bod> [kədˡnɑˑbɔd] (verb)
1
to recognise

:_______________________________.

 

cydnabyddedig <kəd-bə-DHEE-dig> [kədnabəˡðeˑdɪg] (adj)
1
recognised

cymhares gydnabyddedig (f), cymaresau cydnabyddedig common-law wife (“recognised wife”)

ETYMOLOGY: (cydnabydd- stem of cydnabod = recognise) + (-edig past participle suffix, equivalent to English -ed)
:_______________________________.

cydol
<KƏ-dol> [ˡkədɔl] masculine or feminine noun
1
totality, whole (in use only in a number of set expressions)
trwy gydol y nos all night long
am gydol y flwyddyn all year long

ETYMOLOGY: noun ‘the whole’ < adjective ‘total, entire, whole’;
(cyd < cy’yd < cyhyd = so long, as long) + (-ol suffix for forming adjectives)

 

:_______________________________.

cyd-orwedd
<kiid-OR-wedh> &[kiːdˡɔrwɛð] verb
1
cyd-orwedd â to lie together with, to lie alongside


:_______________________________.

cydradd
[KƏD-radh] [ˡkədrað] (adjective)
1
of equal rank
2
c
ymal cydradd co-ordinating clause

:_______________________________.

cydran, cydrannau
<KƏ-dran, kə-DRA-nai, -e> [ˡkədran, kəˡdranaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun)
1
component (for a car)
y gydran = the component

:_______________________________.

c
ydrannol <kə-DRA-nol> [kəˡdranɔl]
1
shared
2
wal g
ydrannol party wall

ETYMOLOGY: (cyd prefix = together) + soft mutation + (rhannol = partial)


:_______________________________.

cyd-synio
<kiid-SƏN-yo> [kədˡsənjɔ] (verb)
1
to agree with
cyd-synio â rhywun to agree with somebody
:_______________________________.

cydweddiad, cydweddiadau
<kəd-WEDH-yad, kəd-wedh-YAA-dai, -e> [kədˡwɛðjad, kədwɛðˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1
analogy
2
camg
ydweddiad false analogy

:_______________________________.

cyd-
weithfa, cyd-weithféydd
<kiid-WEITH-va, kiid-weith-VEIDH> [kiːdˡwəɪθva, kiːiˑdwəɪθˡvəɪð] (feminine noun)
1
cooperative
y gyd-weithfa = the cooperative

:_______________________________.

cyd-weithio
<kiid-WEITH-yo> [kiːdˡwəɪθjɔ] (verb)
1
to cooperate

:_______________________________.

cyd-weithredu
<kiid-weith-REE-di> [kiːdwəɪθˡreˑdɪ] (verb)
1
to collaborate

:_______________________________.

Cydweli
<kəd-WEE-li> [kədˡweˑlɪ] (feminine noun)
1
village, south-west; see Cedweli

:_______________________________.

cydymaith, cymdeithion
<kə-DƏ-maith, -meth, kəm-DEITH-yon> [kəˡdəmaɪθ, -ɛθ kəmˡdəɪθjɔn] (masculine noun)
1
travelling companion

:_______________________________.

cyfaddasiad
<kə-va-DHAS-yad> [kəvaˡðasjad] masculine noun
PLURAL cyfaddasiadau <
kə-va-dhas-YAA-dai, -e> [kəvaðasˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1
adaptation
2
abbreviation (in a dictionary entry) = cfdds.

ETYMOLOGY: (cyfaddas-, stem of cyfaddasu = to adapt) + (-i-ad abstract noun-forming suffix)

:_______________________________.

cyfaddef
<kə-VAA-dhev, kə-VAA-dhe> [kəˡvɑˑðɛv, kəˡvɑˑðɛ] (verb)
Colloquially; cyfadde’

1 to confess

:_______________________________.

cyfadran, cyfadrannau
<kə-VA-dran, kə-va-DRA-nai, -e> [kəˡvadran, kəvaˡdranaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun)
1
university faculty
y gyfadran= the faculty

:_______________________________.

cyfagos
<kə-VAA-gos> [kəˡvɑˑgɔs] (adjective)
1
nearby

:_______________________________.

cyfaill
<KƏ-vailh, -velh> [ˡkəvaɪɬ, ˡkəvɛɬ] masculine noun
PLURAL cyfeillion <
kə-VEILH-yon> [kəˡvəɪɬjɔn]
1
friend
cwrdd â hen gyfeillion meet old friends
cyfeillion bore oes childhood friends (“friends (of) morning (of) life”)
cyfaill mynwesol bosom friend
cyfaill calon bosom friend (“friend (of) heart”)
cyfaill ysgol school friend
cyfaill tywyllodrus a false friend, a friend who deceives (“a deceitful friend”)

2
some phrases with cyfaill i (friend + to)
bod yn gyfaill i mi be a friend of mine, be friends with me, be my friend (“be a friend to me”)
Dyw e ddim yn gyfaill i mi He’s not my friend, He’s no friend of mine
bod yn hen gyfaill i mi be an old friend of mine
mynd yn gyfaill i mi become my friend, become friends with me
cyfaill i’r teulu a friend of the family (“(a) friend to the family”)
cyfaill o artist i mi an artist friend of mine (“(a) friend of artist to me”)

3
Cyfaill ynteu gelyn? (Soldier on watch duty challenging someone unknown) Friend or foe?

4
friend = patron, sponsor, benefactor
cyfaill i’r tlodion a friend of the poor

As cyfeillion ‘friends’ in titles of support groups for some cause or instituion
Cyfeillion yr Amgueddfa Friends of the Museum (society to raise funds for a museum)

5
bod â chyfeillion yn y llys to have friends at court, to know people in an influential position who can help

6
Y cyfaill gwir yn yr ing fe’i gwelir A friend in need is a friend indeed
(“the true friend, in the anguish he is seen” - i.e. he will appear when you are in an anguished situation)

7
Cyfaill Friend, Quaker
Cymdeithas Grefyddol y Cyfeillion The Religious Society of Friends or Cymdeithas y Cyfeillion The Society of Friends - the proper designation of the Christian body founded by George Fox (1624-91) known popularly as the Quakers

8
as part of the title of certain books, almanacs, magazines in the 1800s
Cyfaill Defnyddiol “Useful Friend”
Cyfaill yr Aelwyd (“(the) friend (of) the fireplace / hearth”) magazine 1881-1894

9
Christianity y Cyfaill gorau gaed said of Jesus (“the best friend that was ever had”)

10
Christianity Cyfaill Duw The Friend of God = Abraham, a patriarch of the Old Testament and founder of the Hebrew people

Iago 2:23 A chyflawnwyd yr ysgrythur yr hon sydd yn dywedyd, Credodd Abraham i Dduw, a chyfrifwyd iddo yn gyfiawnder: a Chyfaill Duw y galwyd ef
James 2:23 And the Scripture was fulfilled which saith, Abraham believed God, and it was imputed unto him for righteousness: and he was called the Friend of God

11
(in addressing a friend or friends),
gyfaill, friend!, gyfeillion! friends
(in Welsh there is generally soft mutation of the initial in vocative forms)

Einion, gyfaill da My good friend Einion (in beginning a letter)

ETYMOLOGY: cyfaill < cyfaillt
(cyf- prefix) + (aillt) < British *kom-alt-jos (= joined together; joined in friendship)
The element alt is to be seen

(1) in obsolete Welsh cyfalle (= union, joining together; spouse) < cyfalledd < British *kom-alt-ijâ

(2) in Cornish kevals (= joint, articulation) (British kom-alt),

(3) and in the Irish words alt (= joint, articularion); comhalta (= foster brother, foster sister; member);
and comhaltas (= association)

NOTE: cyfeilles (= female friend) (cyfaill + -es, suffix denoting a female);
y gyfeilles the (female) friend

:_______________________________.

c
yfaint <KƏ-vaint> [ˡkəvaɪnt] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyfeintiau <kə-VEINT-yai, -ye> [kəˡvəɪntjaɪ, -ɛ]
1 volume = space in a container occupied by a liquid or gas
space holding cubical content

ETYMOLOGY:
(c
y- < cyf- prefix = ‘together’) + soft mutation + (maint = size)

:_______________________________.

c
yfair <KƏ-vair -ver> [ˡkəvaɪr, ˡkəvɛr] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyfeiriau <kə-VEIR-yai, -ye> [kəˡvəɪrjaɪ, -ɛ]
1 (obsolete) direction

2 region, place, spot
From this sense is the preposition ar g
yfer (= opposite; ar “facing” + soft mutation + cyfer / cyfair (= direction, place). Cf Scottish fa chomhair (= opposite, literally: “under” + “direction” )

3 acre = measure of land, 4,840 square yards

4 acre = land measuring an acre

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British.
From the same British root: Breton keñver, keñver-douar (= acre)
From the same Celtic root: Irish comhair in the preposition phrase faoi chomhair (= for, intended for); Scottish fa chomhair (= opposite)

:_______________________________.

cyfalaf
<kə-VAA-lav> [kəvˡɑˑlav] masculine noun
1
capital = wealth used for the production of more wealth

2
capital = a person’s savings
byw ar eich cyfalaf live off one’s capital (“live on one’s capital”)

3
capital, = money invested
croniad cyfalaf capital accumulation (“accumulation / gathering (of) capital”)
cyfalaf cyfrandaliadau share capital (“capital (of) shares”)
cyfalaf gweithredol working capital (“capital + working, operative”)
dibrisiad cyfalaf capital depreciation (“depreciation (of) capital”)
enillion cyfalaf capital gains (“gains / earnings (of) capital”)
gwariant cyfalaf capital expenditure (“expenditure (of) capital”)
treth ar enillion cyfalaf capital gains tax (“tax on earnings (of) capital”)

4
Capital = the capitalist class and its interests (cf Llafur = labour)
cyfalaf a llafur capital and labour

ETYMOLOGY: (cyf-, prefix = together) + (alaf (obsolete) = herd of cattle)

:_______________________________.

cyfalafiaeth
<kə-va-LAV-yaith -yeth> [kəvaˡlavjaɪθ, -ɛθ] feminine noun
1
capitalism = economic system where wealth used for production is owned by individuals and not the state

ETYMOLOGY: (cyfalaf = capital) + (-i-aeth, suffix to form abstract nouns)

:_______________________________.

cyfalafol
<kə-va-LAA-vol> [kəvaˡlɑˑvɔl] adjective
1
capitalist

ETYMOLOGY: (cyfalaf = capital) + (-ol = suffix to form adjectives)

:_______________________________.

cyfalafwr
<kə-va-LAA-vur> [kəvaˡlɑˑvʊr] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyfalafwyr <
kə-va-LAV-wir> [kəvaˡlavwɪr]
1
capitalist = person who owns capital; private owner, as opposed to a a state (as an agent of public ownership)

2
capitalist = supporter of capitalism

ETYMOLOGY: (cyfalaf = capital) + (-wr, suffix = man)

:_______________________________.

cyfan
<KƏ-van> [ˡkəvan] (adjective)
1
whole, total, all
mentro’r c
yfan go for broke (“venture the whole lot”)

2
y cyfan o, the whole of, all
bron y cyfan o almost all, nearly all

Mae e’n
treulio bron y cyfan o'i amser hamdden yn y tafarn
He spends nearly all of his leisure time in the pub

y cyfan bron o almost all, nearly all

:_______________________________.

cyfandir, cyfandiroedd
<kə-VAN-dir, kə-van-DII-roidh, -rodh> [kəˡvandɪr, kəvanˡdiˑrɔɪð -ɔð] (masculine noun)
1
continent

:_______________________________.

cyfandirol
<kə-van-DII-rol> [kəvanˡdiˑrɔl] (adjective)
1
continental

:_______________________________.

cyfanfor
<kə-VAN-vor> [kəˡvanvɔr] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyfanforoedd <kə-van-VOO-roidh, -rodh> [kəvanˡvoˑrɔɪð -ɔð]
1
ocean
Dros Gyfanfor a Chyfandir (‘over ocean and continent’) title of a book by William Davies Evans (Aberystwyth 1883) relating his travels in the USA in 1881-2

There is an on-line edition of this book in our website: Type kimkat, gyfanfor into Google search box

ETYMOLOGY: (cyfan = entire, complete) + soft mutation + (môr = sea)

:_______________________________.

cyfannedd
<kə-VA-nedh> [kəˡvanɛð] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyfanheddau <
kə-va-NHEE-dhai, -e> [kəvaˡnheˑðaɪ, -ɛ]
1
dwelling place

Habacuc 1:6 Canys wele fi yn codi y Caldeaid, cenedl chwerw a phrysur, yr hon a rodia a r hyd lled y tir, i feddiannu cyfanheddoedd nid yw eiddynt
Habakkuk 1:6 For, lo, I raise up the Chaldeans, that bitter and hasty nation, which shall march through the breadth of the land, to possess the dwellingplaces that are not theirs

ETYMOLOGY: (cyf- = together) + (annedd = dwelling)

:_______________________________.

cyfannol
<kə-VA-nol> [kəˡvanɔl] adj
1 integrated
Rheoli Ansawdd C
yfannol Integrated Quality Management
cylched gyfannol (f) plural cylchedau c
yfannol integrated circuit
Rhaglen
Ymchwil Gyfannol Integrated Research Programme
cludiant cyfannol integrated transport
trafnidiaeth gyfannol integrated transport

ETYMOLOGY: (cyfann- penultimate syllable form of cyfan = complet) (-ol = suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

cyfansoddi
<kə-van-SOO-dhi> [kəvanˡsoˑðɪ] (verb)
1
to compose

:_______________________________.

cyfansoddiad
<kə-van-SODH-yad> [kəvanˡsɔðjad] (masculine noun)

PLURAL: cyfansoddiadau <
kə-van-sodh-YAA-dai, -e> [kəvansɔðjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1
constitution

2 composition

:_______________________________.

cyfanswm, cyfansymiau
<kə-VAN-sum, kə-van-SƏM-yai, -e> [kəˡvansʊm, kəvanˡsəmjaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1
total amount

:_______________________________.

c
yfar <KƏ-VAR> [ˡkəvar] masculine noun
1
(obsolete) joint ploughing, co-tillage

ETYMOLOGY: (c
yf- prefix = co-, together) + (âr = tillage)
Cornish kevar (= joint tillage ), Breton keñver (= direction; arpent – unit of length)
Cf Irish: comhar (= combined work, co-operation)

:_______________________________.

cyfarch
<KƏ-varkh> [ˡkəvarx] verb
1
greet = say hello to

2
cyfarch ei gilydd say hello to each other, greet each other

ni chyfarchodd yr un o’r ddau ei gilydd neither of the two greeted the other

3
cyfarch (rhywun) fel “chi” use the “chi” form with someone (the polite way of saying “you”, equivalent in use to French “vous”, Catalan “vos”, as distinct from the familiar form “ti”, equivalent to French “tu”, Catalan “tu”)

4
cyfarch gwell i to greet
cyfarch gwell i’w gilydd to greet each other

ETYMOLOGY: the verb is from the noun cyfarch = greeting

:_______________________________.

cyfarch
<KƏ-varkh> [ˡkəvarx] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyfarchion <
kə-VARKH-yon> [kəˡvarxjɔn]
1
greeting
cyfarchion oddi wrth... greetings from...
cyfarchion y tymor (in Christmas cards, etc) compliments of the season, season’s greetings

2
attributive complimentary = given free as a courtesy;
copi cyfarch complimentary copy

ETYMOLOGY: (cyf-, prefix = each other) + (-arch = order)

:_______________________________.

cyfarchfa
<kə-VARKH-va> [kəˡvarxva] feminine noun
PLURAL: cyfarchféydd <
kə-varkh-VEIDH> [kəvarxˡvəɪð]
1
(obsolete) reception place
y gyfarchfa = the reception place

2
possibly “hailing place, place on a riverbank to call a ferry boat from the other bank”
Cyfarchfa Lost place name in Caer-dydd

According to John Hobson Mathews (Mab Cernyw) in 'Cardiff Records' (1889-1911):
“CYFARCHFA (the hailing-place.) An old thatched cottage on the east bank of the river Taff, a little south of Llandaff bridge.”

If this interpretation is correct (hailing place, hallowing point, place on a riverbank to call a ferry boat from the other bank) it is equivalent to the American place name “Hallowing Point”, which George R. Stewart, in “American Place-Names” 1970 notes as occuring in Maryland and Virginia, and defines it as “a place at one end of a ferry passage... where a person had to stand and “hallow”, i.e. halloo or shout to gain the attention of the ferryman on the other side.”

ETYMOLOGY: (cyfarch, stem of the verb cyfarch = greet; call, hail, summon) + (-fa suffix = place)

:_______________________________.

cyfarchiad, cyfarchion
<kə-VARKH-yad, kə-VARKH-yon> [kəˡvarxjad, kəˡvarxjɔn] (masculine noun)
1
greeting

:_______________________________.

c
yfardir <KƏ-VAR-dir> [ˡkəvarˡdɪr] masculine noun
1
(obsolete) joint ploughland

ETYMOLOGY: (c
yfar = co-tillage) + soft mutation + (tir = land)

:_______________________________.

cyfarfod
<kə-VAR-vod> [kəˡvarvɔd] (verb)
1
to meet

:_______________________________.

cyfarfod, cyfarfodydd
<kə-VAR-vod, kə-var-VOO-didh> [kəˡvarvɔd, kəvarˡvoˑdɪð] (masculine noun)
1
meeting

:_______________________________.

cyfartal
<kə-VAR-tal> [kəˡvartal] (adjective)
1
equal
bod
yn gyfartal â’r gofynion be equal to the occasion (“be equal to the requirements”)
2
(football match) drawn

:_______________________________.

cyfarth
<KƏ-varth> [ˡkəvarθ] (verb)
1
to bark

2
gwaeth eich cyfarth na’ch brath your bark is worse than your bite;
(she) gwaeth ei ch
yfarth na’i brath her bark… her bite
(he) gwaeth ei g
yfarth na’i frath his bark… his bite

Gwaeth ei gyfarth na’i frath is said of a man whose angry words are worse than any action he may do, that is, of man who can be very angry but who won’t really carry out any threats he makes

(gwaeth = worse) + (eich = your) + (c
yfarth = bark) + (na = than) + (eich) + (brath = bark)

:_______________________________.

cyfarthiad
<kə-VARTH-yad> [kəˡvarθjad] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyfarthiadau <
kə-varth-YAA-dai, -e> [kəvarθˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]

1
bark; barking

cyfarthiad ci ar y lleuad the barking of a dog at the moon – said of some action which has no effect whatsoever

Ni effeithia fwy arnynt na chyfarthiad ci ar y lleuad
It won’t effect them any more than the barking of a dog at the moon

ETYMOLOGY: (cyfarth-, stem of cyfarth = to bark) + (-iad prefix for forming nouns)

:_______________________________.

cyfarwydd
<kə-VAA-ruidh> [kəˡvɑˑrʊɪð] (adjective)
1
familiar

:_______________________________.

cyfarwyddiadau
<kə-va-ruidh-YAA-dai, -e> [kəvarʊɪðˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ] (plural noun)
1
instructions

:_______________________________.

cyfarwyddo
<kə-va-RUI-dho> [kəvarˡʊɪðɔ] (verb)
1
instruct, advise, guide
2
clinig c
yfarwyddo plant child guidance clinic

:_______________________________.

cyfarwyddwr
<kə-va-RUI-dhur> [kəvarˡʊɪðʊr] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyfarwyddwyr <
kə-va-RUIDH-wir> [kəvarˡʊɪðwɪr] 1 director

Cyfarwyddwr Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru The director of the University of Wales
cyfarwyddwr addysg director of education
cyfarwyddwr gweithredol executive director
cyfarwyddwr ariannol financial director

2
supervisor = tutor supervising the research work of a student

3
guide
cyfarwyddwr ysbrydol spiritual guide

ETYMOLOGY: (cyfarwydd- stem of cyfarwyddo = direct; advise; instruct) + (-wr suffix = man)

:_______________________________.

cyfatal
<kə-VA-tal> [kəˡvatal] (adjective)
variable (weather)

:_______________________________.

cyfathrach
<kə-VATH-rakh> [kəˡvaθrax] (feminine noun)
1
intercourse
y gyfathrach = intercourse

2
sexual intercourse
cyfathrach rywiol sexual intercourse
cyfathrach eneuol oral sex
cyfathrach refrol anal sex

:_______________________________.

cyfathrebu
<kə-va-THRE-bi> [kəvaˡθreˑbɪ] (verb)
1
to communicate

:_______________________________.

cyfeb
<KƏ-veb> [ˡkəvɛb] adjective
1
pregnant (mare, ewe); in foal; in lamb

ETYMOLOGY: “with horse” (cyf- = with) + (eb = horse)

:_______________________________.

Cyfeiliog
<kə-VEIL-yog> [kəˡvəɪljɔg] (feminine noun)
1
locality, north-east

:_______________________________.

cyfeillgar
<kə-VEILH-gar> [kəˡvəɪɬgar] adjective)
1
friendly

:_______________________________.

cyfeillion
<kə-VEILH-yon> [kəˡvəɪɬjɔn] (plural noun)
1
friends; plural of cyfaill

:_______________________________.

cyfeiliorn
<kə-VEIL-yorn> [kəˡvəɪljɔrn] masculine noun
1
stray
buwch gyfeiliorn PLURAL: buchod cyfeiliorn stray cow

ETYMOLOGY: cyfeiliorn < cyfeiriorn < British *kom-are-org-n;

Dissimilation of the sequence r-r, which becomes l-r
(kom = modern Welsh cym-, cf Latin cum = with),
(are = in front of, modern Welsh ar);

as regards the element org-n cf dilorni < dyfal-orni (dyfal- < dyfalu = mock) + (orn = blame)
+ (-u suffix for forming verbs)

:_______________________________.

cyfeilydd, cyfeilyddion
<kə-VEI-lidh, kə-vei-LƏDH-yon> [kəˡvəɪlɪð, kəvəɪˡləðjɔn] (masculine noun)
1
accompanyist

:_______________________________.

cyfeiriad, cyfeiriadau
<kə-VEIR-yad, -kə-veir-YAA-dai, -de> [kəˡvəɪrjad, kəvəɪrˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1
direction, address

i gyfeiriad croes i’r cloc in an anti-clockwise direction

:_______________________________.

cyfeirio
<kə-VEIR-yo> [kəˡvəɪrjɔ] (verb)
1
to refer
2
to direct
cyfeirio’ch ymdrechion tuag at (ryw nod) direct your efforts towards (some goal)
arwydd cyfeirio direction sign

:_______________________________.

cyfelin
<kə-VEE-lin> [kəˡveˑlɪn] feminine noun
PLURAL: cyfelinau <
kə-ve-LII-ne> [kəvɛˡliˑnaɪ, -ɛ]

1
ell, the length between the elbow and the hand
y gyfelin the ell

ETYMOLOGY: (cyf-, prefix = together) + (elin = elbow)

:_______________________________.

cyfenw, cyfenwau
<kə-VEE-nu, kə-VEN-wai, -we> [kəvˡeˑnʊ, kəvˡɛnwaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1
surname
ETYMOLOGY: (cyf-, prefix = together) + (enw = name)

:_______________________________.

cyferbyniol
<kə-ver-BƏN-yol> [kəvɛrˡbənjɔl] (adjectiu)
1 cyferbyniol i opposed to, contrary to
yr oll sydd gyferbyniol i ryddid, dyna yw Toriaeth
everything that goes against freedom, that’s what Toryism is
:_______________________________.

cyff, cyffion
<KIIF, KƏF-yon> [kiːf, ˡkəfjɔn] (masculine noun)
1
stump of tree;
2
cyffion = shackles

:_______________________________.

cyffaith, cyffeithiau
<KƏ-faith / KƏ-feth, kə-FEITH-yai, -ye> [ˡkəfaɪθ / ˡkəfɛθ, kəˡfəɪθjaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1
toffee

:_______________________________.

cyffes, cyffesau
<KƏ-fes, kə-FE-sai, -se> [ˡkəfɛs, kəˡfɛsaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1
confession

:_______________________________.

cyffesu
<kə-FE-si> [kəˡfɛsɪ] (verb)
1
confess

2 cyffesu’ch pechodau confess your sins

:_______________________________.

cyffin
<KƏ-fin> [ˡkəfɪn] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyffiniau <
kə-FIN-yai, -ye> [kəˡfɪnjaɪ, -ɛ]
1
boundary

2
cyffiniau bounds, confines
cyfyngu i gyffiniau’r ysgol restrict to the area of the school, to within the bounds of the school

3
y cyffiniau = the area, the locality, the surrounding district
Tir Iarll a’r Cyffiniau Tir Iarll and the surrounding district

4
Y Gyffin SH7776 (‘the frontier’) locality in the county of Conwy (a suburb on the south side of the town of Conwy)

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Latin confînium (con- = with, finis = limit, boundary, end)

:_______________________________.

cyffiniwr
<kə-FIN-yur> [kəˡfɪnjʊr] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyffinwyr <
kə-FIN-wir> [kəˡfɪnwɪr]
1
borderer, border dweller, one who lives on the border

2
Cyffinwyr De Cymru South Wales Borderers, name of a Welsh regiment based in Aberhonddu / Brecon since 1873 (in the former county of Sir Aberhonddu / Breconshire, in south-eastern Wales, bordering on England)

ETYMOLOGY: (cyffin = frontier) + (-i-wr suffix = ‘man’)

:_______________________________.

cyffordd
<KƏ-fordh> [ˡkəfɔrð] feminine noun
PLURAL: cyffyrdd <
KƏ-firdh> [ˡkəfɪrð]
1
(railway) junction
y gyffordd = the junction

Wedi i’r trên gyrraedd cyffordd y Gaerwen
after the train reached Gaerwen junction

2 (railway) junction = station where railway lines come together
Cyffordd Llandudno (qv) station on the North Wales coastal railway route;
English name: Llandudno Junction

3
road junction
Ym Maes y Frenhines y mae Capel y Morfa, ar g
yffordd Heol Portland a Morfa Mawr, gyferbyn â Neuadd y Dref
Morfa Chapel is in (the square called) Maes y Frenhines, at the junction of (the road called) Heol Portland and (the road called) Morfa Mawr, opposite the town hall

4
motorway junction, place where one can join or leave a motorway

Mae yn hawdd ei gyrraedd o gyffordd 48 yr M4
It’s easy to reach from Junction 48 on the M4 motorway

ETYMOLOGY: (cy- prefix = together) + (ffordd = road)

:_______________________________.

Cyffordd Llandudno
<KƏ-fordh lhan-DID-no> [ˡkəfɔrð ɬanˡdɪdnɔ]
1
station on the North Wales coastal railway route.
English name: Llandudno Junction

2
locality in the county of Conwy, by Cyffordd Llandudno railway station.

English name: Llandudno Junction

(If the general rule for settlement names were to be applied, of spelling them as a single word wherever possible, Cyfforddllandudno would be the form)

ETYMOLOGY: “(the) junction (for) Llandudno” i.e. the junction formed by a branch line off the main Chester to Caergybi (Holyhead) railway line which goes in a northerly direction to the town of Llandudno (cyffordd = junction) + (Llandudno = name of the town to which the branch line goes).

The Welsh name is a direct translation of the English name.

:_______________________________.

cyfforddus
<kə-FOR-dhis> [kəˡfɔrðɪs] (adjective)
1
comfortable

:_______________________________.

cyffredin
<kə-FRE-din> [kəˡfreˑdɪn] (adjective)
1
usual, common, general, frequent

2
Dibarch rh
y gyffredin Familiarity breeds content (“(it-is) without-respect (a thing) (which-is) too common”)

Ni bydd h
ybarch rhy gyffredin Familiarity breeds contempt (“It is not venerable (the thing) too usual”)

3 canfod tir cyffredin find common ground

4 metel cyffredin base metal

:_______________________________.

cyffredinol
<kə-fre-DII-nol> [kəfrɛˡdiˑnɔl] (adjective)
1
general

ETYMOLOGY: (cyffredin = common, general) + (-ol adjectival suffix)


:_______________________________.

cyffro
<KƏ-fro> [ˡkəfrɔ] (m)
1 excitement, commotion, uproar, furore
Aeth yn gyffro trwy’r ystafell pandemonium broke out in the room

2 cyffro meddyliol mental disturbance

:_______________________________.

cyffroi
<kə-FROI> [kəˡfrɔɪ] (v)
1
excite, stir


Er hyn oll prin y cyffry neb;

In spite of all this almost nobody stirs
(Nicander = Morris Williams 1809-74 / “Yr Adgyfodiad” = The Resurrection / 1851)

 

ETYMOLOGY: (cyffro = excitement) + (-i verbal suffix)

:_______________________________.

cyffrous
<kə-FROIS> [kəˡfrɔɪs] (adjective)
1
exciting

ETYMOLOGY: (cyffro = excitement) + (
-us adjectival suffix)
:_______________________________.

cyffty
<KƏF-ti> [ˡkəftɪ] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyfftai <
KƏF-tai> [ˡkəftaɪ]
1
log cabin, log house

ETYMOLOGY: (cyff- < cyff = stump, log) + soft mutation + (tŷ= house) > cýff-dy > cyffty (mutation annulled through the influence of preceding voicelss consonant)

:_______________________________.

cyffur, cyffuriau
<KƏ-fir, kə-FIR-yai, -ye> [ˡkəfɪr, kəˡfɪrjaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1
drug

2
tawddg
yffur suppository (tawdd-, stem of toddi = to melt) + soft mutation + (cyffur = drug)

:_______________________________.

cyffurgi
<kə-FIR-gi> [kəˡfɪrgɪ] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyffurgwn <
kə-FIR-gun> [kəˡfɪrgʊn]
1
junkie, drug addict

ETYMOLOGY: (cyffur = drug) + soft mutation + (ci = dog)

:_______________________________.

cyffurio <kə-FIR-yo> [kəˡfɪrjɔ] verb
1 drug (somebody)

ETYMOLOGY: (cyffur = drug) + (-io suffix for forming verbs)

:_______________________________.

cyffwrdd (â)
<KƏ-furdh> [ˡkəfʊrð] (verb)
1
to touch


:_______________________________.

 

 

cyffylog <kə-FƏ-log> [kəˡfəlɔg] (m)
PLURAL cyffylogod
<kə-fə-LOO-god> [kəfəˡloˑgɔd]
 
1 Scolopax rusticola, woodcock


ETYMOLOGY: cyffylog < ceffylog (noun) < ceffylog (adj, ‘horse-like’, ‘resembling a horse’) (ceffyl = horse) + (-og adjectival suffix) < British *kappilâk-

From the same British root; Breton kefeleg

 

NOTE: In Penfro county cwffwlog

 

:_______________________________.

cyffyrddiad
<kə-FƏRDH-yad> [kəˡfərðjad] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyffyrddiadau <
kə-fərdh-YAA-dai, -de> [kəfərðˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1
touch = act of touching

2
touch = light contact
Teimlodd gyffyrddiad ar ei ysgwydd He felt a touch on his shoulder

3
y cyffyrddiad touch = sense of touch, sensation by which contact is felt

4
touch = application of gentle pressure
Roedd y maen chwyf yn siglo gyda’r cyffyrddiad lleiaf
The rocking stone moved with the lightest touch

5
touch = (art) stroke with a pen, pencil or brush
cyffyrddiad ysgafn a light touch, a light stroke

6
touch = contact
cadw mewn cyffyrddiad â keep in touch with, keep in contact with

7
cyffyrddiad olaf finishing touch

8
touch = small detail which improves an object

Dyma wneud wyneb ar dop y pwdin â cheirios siwgwr. Ac yn wir roedd y cyffyrddiad bach yno yn fodd i wneud y pwdin bach dinod yn llwyddiant mawr
Then I made a face on top of the pudding with glacé cherries. And indeed this little touch was a means to make the insignificant little pudding into a great success

cyffyrddiad bach chwithig an unfortunate touch, small detail which spoils something

Mae’r parc wedi eu gweddnewid, ond mae pob arwydd yn uniaith Saesneg. Cyffyrddiad bach chwithig y dylai’r cyngor feddwl amdano o ddifri
The park has been transformed, but all the signs are in English only. An unfortunate touch that the council should give serious consideration to

ETYMOLOGY: (cyffyrdd- penult stem of cyffwrdd = to touch) + (-iad suffix for forming nouns)

:_______________________________.

cyffyrddus
<kə-FƏR-dhis> [kəˡfərðɪs] = cyfforddus

:_______________________________.

cyfiau
<KƏV-yai> [ˡkəvjaɪ]

1 (obsolete) joint field, field in the ownership of more than one person.
Common in old field names in Wrecsam and Y Waun, north-east Wales

2 Cyfiau name of a farm in Carno, Caer-sŵs, Powys

 

7582_map_100314_wrecsam_y_waun

ETYMOLOGY: “joint plough(land)” (cyf- prefix = together, joint) + (iau = a plough)
Cf Old English “plog”, which meant both “plough” (the implement) and “ploughland (a measure of land; probably based on “the amount of land that can be ploughed in one day”)

 


:_______________________________.

cyfiawn
<KƏV-yaun> [ˡkəvjaʊn] (adjective)
1
just

ETYMOLOGY: (cyf- prefix = together, joint) + (iawn = right, just)
:_______________________________.

cyfiawnder
<kəv-YAUN-der> [kəvˡjaʊndɛr] (masculine noun)
1
justice
2
gwneud cyfiawnder â’r dasg rise to the occasion, be up to the job (“do justice to the task”)

 

ETYMOLOGY: (cyfiawn = just) + (-der noun suffix)

:_______________________________.

cyfiawnháu
<kəv-yaun-HAI> [kəvjaʊnˡhaɪ] (verb)
1
justify
2
Mae’r diben yn cyfiawnháu’r modd The end justifies the means

ETYMOLOGY: (cyfiawn = just) + (-háu suffix for forming verbs from adjectives)

:_______________________________.

cyfieithiad, cyfieithiadau
<kəv-YEITH-yad, kəv-yeith-YAA-de> [kəvˡjəɪθjad, kəvjəɪθˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1
translation

2 camg
yfieithiad mistranslation

3 cyfieithiad rhydd a loose translation, a rough translation (“free translation”)

ETYMOLOGY: (cyfieith-, stem of cyfieithu = translate) + (-i-ad noun suffix)

 

:_______________________________.

cyfieithu
<kəv-YEI-thi> [kəvˡjəɪθɪ] (verb)
1
to translate


2
camgyfieithu mistranslate

:_______________________________.

cyfieithydd, cyfieithyddion
<kəv-YEI-thidh, kəv-yei-THƏDH-yon> [kəvˡjəɪθɪð, kəvjəɪˡθəðjɔn] (masculine noun)
1
translator

ETYMOLOGY: (cyfieith-, stem of cyfieithu = translate) + (-ydd noun suffix denoting an agent)


:_______________________________.

cyflafar
<kəv-LAA-var> [kəvˡlɑˑvar]
1
noisy
2
(m) speaking together, parley, conference

ETYMOLOGY: (cyf-, prefix = together) + soft mutation + (llafar = loud, noisy; spoken)

:_______________________________.

cyflafaredd
<kəv-la-VAA-redh> [kəvlaˡvɑˑrɛð] masculine noun
1
(obsolete) conversation
2
discussion, conferring, settling differences, reconciliation, parley, arbitration

ETYMOLOGY: (cyflafar-, stem of cyflafareddu = discuss together, confer, arbitrate) + (-edd suffix for forming abstract nouns)

:_______________________________.

cyflafareddiad
<kəv-la-va-REDH-yad> [kəvlavarˡɛðjad] masculine noun
1
arbitration

ETYMOLOGY: (cyflafaredd-, stem of cyflafareddu = discuss together, confer, arbitrate) + (-i-ad abstract noun-forming suffix)

:_______________________________.

cyflafareddu
<kəv-la-va-REE-dhi> [kəvlavarˡeˑðɪ] verb
1
arbitrate

2
(m) arbitration
cyflafareddu rhyngwladol international arbitration
llys cyflafareddu court of arbitration
cymal cyflafareddu arbitration clause

ETYMOLOGY: (cyflafaredd = dicussion) + (-u suffix for forming verbs)

:_______________________________.

cyflafareddwr
<kəv-la-va-REE-dhur> [kəvlavarˡeˑðʊr] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyflafareddwyr <
kəv-la-va-REDH-wir> [kəvlavarˡɛðwɪr]
1
arbitrator

ETYMOLOGY: (cyflafaredd-, stem of cyflafareddu = discuss together, confer, arbitrate) + (-i-ad abstract noun-forming suffix)

:_______________________________.

cyflaith
<KƏV-laith -leth> [ˡkəvlaɪθ, -ɛθ] masculine noun
1
toffee, treacle toffee; a sweet made of black treacle, sugar and butter
cyflaith du treacle toffee

ETYMOLOGY: (cyf-, prefix = together) + soft mutation + (probably llaith = humid, damp, wet)

NOTE: cyflaith – literary pronunciation
<KƏV-laith> [ˡkəvlaɪθ]

In the “e-final” districts and in standard colloquial pronunciation cyfleth <KƏV-leth> [ˡkəvlɛθ],

In the “a-final” districts cyflath <KƏV-lath> [ˡkəvlaθ]

:_______________________________.

cyflawni
<kəv-LAU-ni> [kəvˡlaʊnɪ] (verb)
1
commit
2
cyflawni trosedd commit a crime
3
c
yflawni hunanladdiad commit suicide
4
cyflawni hunanddistryw gwleidyddol commit politicial suicide
5
cyflawni pechod commit a sin, to sin

:_______________________________.

cyfle
<KƏV-le> [ˡkəvlɛ] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyfleoedd <
kəv-LEE-oid,, -odh> [kəvˡleˑɔɪð, - ɔð]
1
opportunity, chance, occasion, break (= opportunity)

y cyfle cyntaf a gewch chi
at the earliest opportunity, as soon as ever you can

Fe’i gwnaeth y cyfle cyntaf a gafodd He did it at the first opportunity he had

cael digon o gyfle have plenty of opportunity (“get plenty of opportunity”)

Trueni na fuaset ti’n setlo lawr i wneud rhyw waith pendant. Rwyt ti wedi cael digon o gyfle
It’s a pity you haven’t settled down to do some definite job. You’ve had plenty of opportunity

bod â’ch ll
ygad ar eich cyfle be on the lookout for your chance (to do something), have an eye on the main chance

y cyfle gorau a fu erióed (it was) the chance of a lifetime

ar y cyfle cyntaf at the first opportunity, the first opportunity you get (to do something)

2
cyfle euraid golden opportunity = a very advantageous opportunity

3
achub ar gyfle
seize an opportunity
bachu ar gyfle
seize an opportunity
dal ar gyfle
seize an opportunity

4
cael y cyfle i get the chance to, get the opportunity to

5
cael cyfle i get a chance to
Os ca i gyfle If I get the chance, If I get the opportunity

6
gwneud yn fawr o’r cyfle make the most of the opportunity (“make greatly of the opportunity”)

7
cyfle coll lost opportunity

8
obsolete place

9
(in the district of Dwyfor, North-west Wales)
caethgyfle fix (eg inability to get down from a tree, cliff), predicament
(caeth = restricted) + soft mutation + (cyfle = position, place)

bod wedi mynd i gaethgyfle end up in a blind alley, end up in a real fix
mewn caethgyfle in a fix
y caethgyfle yr oedd Ffrainc ynddo yn ddiweddar the difficult situation that France was in recently

10
neidio ar y cyfle jump at the chance = seize an opportunity with enthusiastically
neidio ar y cyfle i (wneud rhywbeth) jump at the chance (to do something)

11
Chaiff e fawr o gyfle He won’t get much of a chance

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh (cyf-, prefix = intensifier) + soft mutation + (lle = place)

:_______________________________.

cyflenwad, cyflenwadau
<kəv-LEN-wad, kəv-len-WAA-dai, -de> [kəvˡlɛnwad, kəvlɛnˡwɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1
supply
2
atal
y cyflenwad dŵr cut off the water supply

:_______________________________.

cyflenwr
<kəv-LEN-ur> [kəvˡleˑnʊr] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyflenwyr <
kəv-LEN-wir> [kəvˡlɛnwɪr]
1
supplier = person or company providing a product or service

2 cyflenwr adeiladwyr builders’ merchant (“supplier (of) builders”)

3 cyflenwr llongau ship’s chandler (“supplier (of) ships”)

ETYMOLOGY: (cyflenw-, stem of cylenwi = provide, supply) + (-wr, suffix = agent)

:_______________________________.

cyfléus <kəv-LEIS> [kəvˡləɪs] adj
1 convenient

2 cyfléus gan convenient for
os bydd hi'n gyfléus gennyt ti if it's convenient for you
anghyfléus inconvenient

ETYMOLOGY: (cyfle = oportunity) + (-us suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

cyfleuster, cyfleusterau
<kəv-LEI-ster, kəv-lei-STEE-re> [kəvˡləɪstɛr, kəvləɪsˡteˑraɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1
convenience

2 cyfleusterau cyhoeddus
‹kəv lei STE re kə HOI dhis› (plural noun) <kəv-lei-STE-rai, -re kə-HOI-dhis> [kəvləɪsˡteˑrai -ɛ kəˡhɔɪðɪs]
public convenience

:_______________________________.

cyfliw
<KƏV-liu> [ˡkəvlɪʊ] adjective
1
obsolete of the same colour, homochromous
2
pan fo gyfliw gŵr a llwyn
at nightfall, at dusk (“when man and bush are the same colour”)

ETYMOLOGY: (cyf- = together) + soft mutation + (lliw = colour)

:_______________________________.

cyflo
<KƏF-lo> [ˡkəflɔ] adjective
1
(cow) in calf
buwch gyflo, PLURAL: buchod cyflo cow in calf, cows in calf

ETYMOLOGY: (cyf- = together) + soft mutation + (llo = calf)
cf Breton kevleue = in calf

:_______________________________.

cyflog
<KƏV-log> [ˡkəvlɔg] masculine and feminine noun
PLURAL: cyflogau <
kəv-LOO-gai, -ge> [kəvˡloˑgaɪ, -ɛ]
North Wales - masculine noun y cyflog
South Wales - feminine noun y gyflog

1
salary = payment for one’s work or service
Fe’i penodwyd yn athro cynorthwyol am gyflog o £20,000 y flwyddyn
He was appointed as an assistant teacher at a salary of £20,000 a year

2
cyflog mwnci = derisory pay, peanuts (“salary (of) (a) monkey”)
cael cyflog mwnci be paid peanuts
talu cyflog mwnci pay peanuts

3
reward

Rhufeiniaid 6:23 Canys cyflog pechod yw marwolaeth; eithr dawn Duw yw bywyd tragwyddol, trwy Iesu Grist ein Harglwydd
Romans 6:23 For the wages of sin is death; but the gift of God is eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord

Pedr-2 2:13 Ac a dderbyniant gyflog anghyfiawnder
Peter-2 2:13 And shall receive the reward of unrighteousness

4
South Wales employment agreement, terms for hiring, engagement for service (an agreement made between a farmhand / servant / maid, and a master or mistress)

torri ar eich cyflog (employee) break one’s agreement

South Wales gwneuthur cyflog gwas take on a servant, hire a servant (“make (an) agreement (of) servant”)

South Wales gwneuthur eich cyflog hire onself out as a servant, enter into an agreement as a servant (“make your agreement”)

5
adjective = hired, employed
gwas cyflog = hired servant
Dw i ddim ond gwas cyflog I’m only doing my job (“I’m just a hired servant” – i.e. I can only do what I’ve been told to do)
morwyn gyflog = hired maid

6 isafswm
yr Isafswm Cyflog Cenedlaethol the National Minimum Wage, the minimum salary which employers must pay workers in in the English state
(isaf = lowest) + (swm = sum, total, quantity

ETYMOLOGY: (cyf- = together) + soft mutation + (llog = profit, wage)

:_______________________________.

cyflogadwy
<kəv-lo-GAA-dui> [kəvlɔˡgɑˑdʊɪ] adjective
1 employable

ETYMOLOGY: (cyflog-, stem of cyflogi = to employ) + (-aeth = adjectival suffix)

:_______________________________.

cyflogaeth
<kəv-LOO-gaith -geth> [kəvˡloˑgaɪθ, -ɛθ]

feminine noun
1
employment

2
cyflogaeth lawn full employment

3
gorgyflogaeth overemployment - the situation of people having to work too many hours for a subsistence income

4
tangyflogaeth underemployment - the situation of people working only partially or being overqualified for a low-paying job

ETYMOLOGY: (cyflog-, stem of cyflogi = to employ) + (-aeth = suffix for forming abstract nouns

:_______________________________.

cyflogai
<kəv-LOO-gai> [kəvˡloˑgaɪ] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyflogeion <
kəv-lo-GEI-on> [kəvlɔgˡəɪɔn]
1
(USA: employe) (Englandic: employee)

ETYMOLOGY: (cyflog-, stem of cyflogi = to employ) + (-ai = suffix, person who is the object of an action

:_______________________________.

cyflog clir
<KƏV-log-KLIIR> [ˡkəvlɔg ˡklɪr] masculine noun
1
take-home pay, net salary

ETYMOLOGY: ‘clear salary’

:_______________________________.

cyflogedig
<kəv-lo-GEE-dig> [kəvlɔˡgeˑdɪg] adjective
1
(person) stipendary, receiving a salary
ynad cyflogedig stipendary magistrate

2
(work, employment) gainful = paid
gwaith cyflogedig = paid work, gainful employment

3
hunan-gyflogedig self-employed

4
masculine noun : Bible hired person

Malachi 3:5 A mi a nesâf atoch chwi i farn; a byddaf dyst cyflym yn erbyn yr hudolion, ac yn erbyn y godinebwyr, ac yn erbyn yr anudonwyr, ac yn erbyn camatalwyr cyflog y cyflogedig
Malachi 3:5 And I will come near to you to judgment; and I will be a swift witness against the sorcerers, and against the adulterers, and against false swearers, and against those that oppress the hireling in his wages

ETYMOLOGY: (cyflog-, stem of cyflogi = to employ) + (-edig = suffix, past participle, passive)

:_______________________________.

cyflogi
<kəv-LOO-gi> [kəvˡloˑgɪ]
verb with an object
1
employ = make use of a person’s labour in return for payment

2
take on, hire = engage a person to work
Gwn am ysgolion sy’n ei chael yn wirioneddol anodd cyflogi staff
I know of schools which are finding it a real problem to hire staff

3
hire = give payment for borrowing something
Yr unig ffordd i deithio yn Wisconsin y pryd hwnnw ydoedd cyflogi gwedd neu gerdded

The only way to travel in Wisconsin in those days was to hire a pair (of oxen and a cart) or to walk

verb without an object
4
hire servants for the year
ffair gyflogi hiring fair (where farm labourers and servants would go in the hope of being taken on for a year by a farmer) (until the early 1900s)

5
engage oneself as a servant / farmhand / maid, enter service with
Mi gyflogodd o efo Jôs Pen-bryn am flwyddyn
He hired himself out to Jones of Pen-bryn farm for a year

6
Adran Gyflogi Department of Employment (government department)

7
swyddfa g
yflogi employment agency; employment office

NOTE: a colloquial form is clogi / c’logi <KLO-gi> [ˡklɔgɪ]

ETYMOLOGY: (cyflog = salary) + (-i suffix to form verbs)

:_______________________________.

cyflogwr
<kəv-LOO-gur> [kəvˡloˑgʊr] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyflogwyr <
kəv-LOG-wir> [kəvˡlɔgwɪr]
1
employer
2
y cyflogwyr the employers

ETYMOLOGY: (cyflog-, stem of cyflogi = to employ) + (-edig = agent suffix)

:_______________________________.

cyflói
<kəv-LOI> [kəvˡlɔɪ] verb
1
(cow) calve
‘Myswynog’ neu ‘byswynog’ a ddywedir am fuwch heb gyfloi, ac o ganlyniad ddim yn llaetha
‘Myswynog’ or ‘byswynog’ is the word used for a cow which has never calved, and so does not give milk

2
impregnate (bull impregnating a cow)

Job 21:10 Y mae eu tarw hwynt yn cyfloi, ac ni chyll ei had; ei fuwch ef a fwrw lo, ac nid erthyla
Job 21:10 Their bull gendereth, and faileth not; their cow calveth, and casteth not her calf.

ETYMOLOGY: (cyflo = in calf) + (-i suffix for forming verbs)

:_______________________________.

cyfluniad
<kəv-LIN-yad> [kəvˡlɪnjad] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyfluniadau <
kəv-lin-YAA-dai, -e> [kəvlɪnˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ] 1 configuration = form given to a programme or computer system so that it is appropriate for specific purposes

ETYMOLOGY: (cyflun-, stem of cyflunio = configure) + (-iad = suffix for forming nouns)

:_______________________________.

cyflunio
<kəv-LIN-yo> [kəvˡlɪnjɔ] verb
1
configure = insert information to shape a program or computer system

Nid yw'r porwr wedi ei gyflunio i fedru anfon post-e The browser isn’t configured to send e-mail
2
cyflunio yn shape into, transform into, make into

ETYMOLOGY: (cyf- = intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (llunio = to shape, to form)

:_______________________________.

c
yflusg <KƏV-LISK> [ˡkəvˡlɪsk] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyflusgion <kəv-LƏSK-yon> [kəvˡləskjɔn]
1
(music) slur

ETYMOLOGY: (c
yf- prefix = together) + soft mutaiton + (llusg = dragging)

:_______________________________.

c
yflusgo <kəv-LƏ-sko> [kəvˡləskɔ] verb
1
(music) slur
c
yflusgo dau nodyn slur two notes

ETYMOLOGY: (c
yf- prefix = together) + soft mutation + (llusg = to drag)

:_______________________________.

cyflwr
<KƏV-lur> [ˡkəvlʊr] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyflyrau <
kəv-LƏ-rai, -re> [kəvˡləraɪ, -ɛ]
1
condition = situation, state, existing circumstances

mewn c
yflwr gwael in a bad state, in a bad way, serious condition

Yr oedd y ty newydd ar y pryd mewn llawer gwaeth cyflwr nag yr hen dy
At the time the new house was in a far worse state then the old house

Mae pryder am gyflwr y coedwigoedd hyn
There is concern about the condition of these woods

2
(health) condition, state
mewn cyflwr gwael
in a serious condition, very poorly, in a pretty bad way, in quite a bad state,

3
(grammar) case
cyflwr meddiannol genitive case
cyflwr traws o’r gair hwn an oblique case of this word

4
condition = ailment

cost y cyffuriau a ragnodir yn fynych gan feddygon ar gyfer cyflyrau fel arthritis rhiwmatoid
the cost of the drugs often prescribed by doctors for conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis


bod yn fodlon i’ch cyflwr be satisfied with your lot in life

 

(Apocrypha) Eccelsiasticus 40:18 Melys yw buchedd yr hwn a weithio, ac a fyddo bodlon i'w gyflwr; gwell na'r ddau yw yr hwn a gaffo drysor.

(Apocrypha) Eccelsiasticus 40:18 To labour, and to be content with that a man hath, is a sweet life: but he that findeth a treasure is above them both.

 


ETYMOLOGY: (1400-; cyflwr < cyflwrw (cyf-, prefix, ‘together’) + soft mutation + (llwrw = path, form)

:_______________________________.

cyflwyno
<kəv-LUI-no> [kəvˡlʊɪnɔ] (verb)
1
to present
2 cyflwyno (rhywun i rywun arall) introduce (somebody) to (someone else)
Cyflwynodd ei frawd i’r offeiriad. He introduced his brother to the vicar

:_______________________________.

cyflychwyr <kəv-LƏKH-uir> [kəvˡləxʊɪr] (m)
1 twilight, dusk

Yn llwydni'r cyflychwyr ddiwrnod talu'r rhent t25 Plant y Gwrthrwm / Gwyneth Vaughan / 1908 In the greyness of the dusk of the rent payment day

ETYMOLOGY: cyflychwyr < cyflychwr (cyf- prefix = together) + soft mutation + (llychwr = (obsolete) daylight, light, brightness).

wr > hwyr under the influence of the word hwyr (= evening).

:_______________________________.

cyflymder <kəv-LƏM-der> [kəvˡləmdɛr] (m)
1
speed

2 pace

gosod y cyflymder to set the pace

pennu’r cyflymder to set the pace

 

ETYMOLOGY: (cyflym- < cyflym = fast, quick, rapid) + (-der noun sufix)

NOTE: Also cyflymdra

 

:_______________________________.

cyflymdra <kəv-LƏM-dra> [kəvˡləmdra] (m)
1
speed

2 pace

gosod y cyflymdra to set the pace

pennu’r cyflymdra to set the pace

 

ETYMOLOGY: (cyflym- < cyflym = fast, quick, rapid) + (-dra noun sufix)

NOTE: Also cyflymder

 

:_______________________________.

cyflymu
<kəv-LƏ-mi> [kəvˡləmɪ] (verb)
1
to go quicker, to accelerate; to make go quicker, to accelerate

:_______________________________.

cyflym
<KƏV-lim> [ˡkəvlɪm] (adjective)
1
quick, rapid, fast

:_______________________________.

cyfnerthedig
<kəv-ner-THEE-dig> [kəvnɛrθˡeˑdɪg] adjective
1
reinforced
concrid cyfnerthedig reinforced concrete

ETYMOLOGY: (cyfnerthu = strengthen) + (-edig = past participle passive suffix)

:_______________________________.

cyfnewid
<kəv-NEU-id> [kəvˡnɛʊɪd] (m)
1
exchange
cyfnewid teg fair exchange

ETYMOLOGY: (cyf- prefix = together) + (newid = to change)

:_______________________________.

cyfnewidfa
<kəv-neu-ID-va> [kəvnɛʊˡɪdva] (m)

PLURAL: cyfnewidféydd <
kəv-neu-id-VEIDH> [kəvnɛʊɪdˡvəɪð] (m)
1
interchange = highway intersection

Cyfnewidfa’r Gabalfa the Gabalfa Interchange ST1679
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/39500

ETYMOLOGY: (cyf- prefix = together) + (newid = to change)

:_______________________________.

cyfnewidiol
<kəv-neu-ID-yol> [kəvnɛʊˡɪdjɔl] (adjective)
1
(weather) changeable

ETYMOLOGY: (cyfnewid-i- stem of c
ynewid = to change, to exchange) + (-ol = adjectival suffix)

:_______________________________.

cyfnither, cyfnitheroedd
<kəv-NII-ther, kəv-ni-THEE-roidh, -rodh> [kəvˡniˑθɛr, kəvnɪˡθeˑrɔɪð, -rɔð] (feminine noun)
1
female cousin
y gyfnither = the cousin
Often reduced colloquially to c’nither / y g’nither

:_______________________________.

cyfnod, cyfnodau
<KƏV-nod, -kəv-NOO-dai, -de> [ˡkəvnɔd, kəvˡnoˑdaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1
period

:_______________________________.

c
yfnodol <KƏV-NOO-DOL> [ˡkəvˡnoˑdɔl] adjective
1
periodic
2
staggered = arranged in a series of time periods instead of all at once
m
ynediad cifnodol staggered entry

ETYMOLOGY: (c
yfnod = period) + (-ol suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

cyfoethog
<kə-VOI-thog> [kəˡvɔɪθɔg] (adjective)
1
rich

:_______________________________.

cyfoglyn
<kə-VOG-lin> [kəˡvɔglɪn] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyfoglynnoedd, cyfoglynnau <
kə-vog-LƏ-noidh -nodh, -nai, -ne> [kəvɔgˡlənɔɪð -ɔð, kəvɔgˡlənaɪ, -ɛ]
1
emetic = a medicine to induce vomiting

ETYMOLOGY: (first recorded example: 1708) (cyfog- stem of cyfogi = to vomit) + soft mutation + (llyn = liquid )

:_______________________________.

cyfr- <KƏVR> [kəvr] prefix
1 intensifying prefix = completely, very

cyfrwys cunning (cyfr- + unknown element gwys <gwiis> [gwiːs] )

cyfrgoll completely lost

amgyffred (= to understand) (am = around) + (cyfr = complete) + rhed- = to run) > (cyffred-)

cyffredin (= general) (cyfr = complete) + (rhed- = to run) + (-in adjectival suffix)

ETYMOLOGY: British *kom-ro < *kom-pro
Cf Latin cum (= with), pro (= for)

:_______________________________.

cyfradd
<KƏV-radh> [ˡkəvrað] feminine noun
PLURAL: cyfraddau <
kəv-RAA-dhai, -dhe> [kəvˡrɑˑðaɪ, -ɛ]
1
rate = price, charge per unit;
y gyfradd = the rate

cyfradd gyfnewid = rate of exchange;
cyfradd unffurf = flat rate

2
rate = comparative amount, proportional measure
cyfradd genedigaethau birth rate

3
rate = price with reference to a standard
cyfradd llog rate of interest

4
rate = relative speed of change of a variable
cyfradd trydarthu = transpiration rate

5 cyfradd wahaniaethol differential rate

ETYMOLOGY: (cyf- prefix = together) + soft mutation + (gradd = degree)

:_______________________________.

cyfradd adennill
<KƏV-radh ad-E-nilh> [ˡkəvrað adˡɛnɪɬ] feminine noun
PLURAL: cyfraddau adennill <
kəv-RAA-dhai, -dhe ad-E-nilh> [kəvˡrɑˑðaɪ -ɛ adˡɛnɪɬ]
1
rate of return = the amount of profit generated
y gyfradd adennill = the rate of return

ETYMOLOGY: (cyfradd = rate) + (adennill earn again)

:_______________________________.

cyfradd benodol
<KƏV-radh be-NOO-dol> [ˡkəvrað bɛˡnoˑdɔl] feminine noun
PLURAL: cyfraddau penodol <
kəv-RAA-dhai –dhe pe-NOO-dol> [kəvˡrɑˑðaɪ -ɛ pɛˡnoˑdɔl]
1 set rate
y gyfradd benodol = the set rate

ETYMOLOGY: (cyfradd = rate) + soft mutation + (penodol = fixed)

:_______________________________.

cyfradd cyfnewid
<KƏV-radh kəv-NEU-id> [ˡkəvrað kəvˡnɛʊɪd] feminine noun
PLURAL: cyfraddau cyfnewid <
kəv-RAA-dhai –dhe kəv-NEU-id> [kəvˡrɑˑðaɪ -ɛ kəvˡnɛʊɪd]
1 rate of exchange
y gyfradd cyfnewid = the rate of exchange

ETYMOLOGY: (cyfradd = rate) + (cyfnewid = change)

:_______________________________.

cyfraddiad
<kəv-RADH-yad> [kəvˡraðjad] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyfraddiadau <
kəv-radh-YAA-dai, -de> [kəvraðˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1
rating = process of establishing a rate
2
rating = score

:_______________________________.

cyfradd leol
<KƏV-radh LEE-ol> [ˡkəvrað ˡleˑɔl] feminine noun

PLURAL:
cyfraddau lleol <kəv-RAA-dhai –dhe ɬeˑɔl> [kəvˡrɑˑðaɪ -ɛ ɬeˑɔl]
1
local rate = price for making a local telephone call
y gyfradd leol = the local rate

ETYMOLOGY: (cyfradd = rate) + soft mutation + (lleol = local)

:_______________________________.

cyfraith, cyfreithiau
<KƏV-raith, -reth, kəv-REITH-yai, -ye> [ˡkəvraɪθ / ˡkəvrɛθ, kəvˡrəɪθjaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun)
1
law
y gyfraith = the law

2
gweithredu’r gyfraith apply the law, enforce the law
rhoi’r gyfraith mewn grym apply the law, enforce the law
parch at y gyfraith respect for the law

3
cymryd y gyfraith yn eich dwylo eich hunan take the law into your own hands

4
rhoi’r gyfraith ar (rywun) take (someone) to court, prosecute (someone)
5
yn enw’r gyraith in the name of the law

6
cyfreithiwr
lawyer / cyfreithiol legal / cyfreithlon legal / anghyfreithlon illegal

7 cyfreithiau gorthrymus repressive laws
cyfreithiau gormesol repressive laws

:_______________________________.

cyfranc
<KƏV-rangk> [ˡkəvraŋk] feminine or masculine noun
PLURAL: cyfrangau <
kəv-RANG-ai, -e> [kəvˡraŋaɪ, -ɛ]
1
(obsolete) tale, history, story.

y gyfranc / y cyfranc = the story

It occurs in the name of the seventh tale in the Mabinogion compilation,
Cyfranc Lludd a Llefelys
<KƏV-rank LHIIDH a lhe-VEE-lis> [ˡkəvraŋk ˡɬiːð a ɬɛˡveˑlɪs] (‘the tale of Lludd {and his brother} Llefelys”)

ETYMOLOGY: cyfranc = (1) tale < (2) history of a battle < (3) battle.

(cyf- prefix = ‘together’) + soft mutation + (the obsolete element *rhanc = satisfaction < Celtic *ro-ank-, probably meaning ‘reaching, attaining’).

*Rhanc is the basis of the verb in the expression rhyngu bodd (= to gratify, to please)

 

There is a corresponding word in Irish: comhrac (= battle, encounter)

:_______________________________.

Cyfranc Lludd a Llefelys
<KƏV-rank LHIIDH a lhe-VEE-lis> [ˡkəvraŋk ˡɬiːð a ɬɛˡveˑlɪs]
1
tale in the Mabinogion (‘the tale of Lludd {and his brother} Llefelys”)

:_______________________________.

cyfrandaliwr, cyfrandalwyr
<kəv-ran-DAL-yur, kə-vran-DAL-wir> [kəvranˡdaljʊr, kəvranˡdalwɪr] (masculine noun)
1
shareholder

:_______________________________.

cyfraniad, cyfraniadau
<kəv-RAN-yad, kəv-ran-YAA-dai, -de> [kəvˡranjad, kəvranˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1
contribution

:_______________________________.

cyfrannedd
<kəv-RA-nedh> [kəvˡranɛð] masculine noun
1
proportion
mewn cyfrannedd gwrthdro â inversely proportional to (“in an inverse proportion with”)
mewn cyfrannedd union â directly proportional to (“in an direct proportion with”)

ETYMOLOGY: (cyfrann- = penult form before a vowel of cyfran = portion) + (-edd suffix)

:_______________________________.

cyfrannu
<kəv-RA-ni> [kəvˡranɪ] (verb)
1
contribute

:_______________________________.

cyfrdy <KƏVR-di> [ˡkəvrdɪ] m
1 (obsolete) beerhouse, tavern

ETYMOLOGY: cyfrdy < cyrfdy (penult form of cwrf = beer) + soft mutation + ( = house). Modern Welsh cwrw (= beer) < cwrwf < *cwryf < cwrf


:_______________________________.

cyfredol <kəv-REE-dol> [kəvˡreˑdɔl] adjective
1 current

yn ystod y flwyddyn ariannol gyfredol during the current financial year


:_______________________________.

c
yfrei <KƏV-rei> [ˡkəvrəɪ] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyfreion <
kəv-REI-on> [kəvˡrəɪɔn]
1
(obsolete) leash = a rope or chain for restraining a dog, etc
fel cŵn ar gyfreion straining at the leash (“like dogs on leashes”): eager to begin some task

ETYMOLOGY: Possibly a variant of cyfrwy (qv) (= saddle).
Breton has kevre (= leash, tether)

:_______________________________.

cyfreithiol
<kəv-REITH-yol> [kəvˡrəɪθjɔl] (adjective)
1
legal

:_______________________________.

cyfreithiwr, cyfreithwyr
<kə-VREITH-yur, kə-VREITH-wir> [kəˡvrəɪθjʊr, kəˡvrəɪθwɪr] (masculine noun)
1
lawyer

:_______________________________.

cyfreithlon
<kəv-REITH-lon> [kəvˡrəɪθlɔn] (adjective)
1
legal

:_______________________________.

cyfres, cyfresi
<KƏ-vres, kə-VRE-si> [ˡkəvrɛs, kəˡvrɛsɪ] (feminine noun)
1
series
y gyfres = the series

2 drama gyfres
<DRA-ma GƏV-res> [ˡdrama ˡgəvrɛs] (feminine noun)
drama which is part of a series (on radio, TV)

:_______________________________.

cyfrif (‘cyfri’)
<KƏV-ri> [ˡkəvrɪ] (verb)
1
to count

2
Peidiwch â chyfri’r cywion cyn iddyn nhw ddeor
Don’t count your chickens before they are hatched
(“cease with counting the chickens before to-them them hatching”)

:_______________________________.

cyfrif, cyfrifon
<KƏV-ri, kəv-RII-von> [ˡkəvrɪ, kəvˡriˑvɔn] (masculine noun)
1
account

2
ar sawl cyfrif in many respects
ar lawer cyfrif in many respects

3 ar gyfrif yn y byd on any account

:_______________________________.

cyfrifiad
<kəv-RIV-yad> [kəvˡrɪvjad] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyfrifiadau <
kəv-riv-YAA-dai, -de> [kəvrɪvˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1
census = a count of a population

2
census = information from a count of the population, with additional information such as place of birth, age, sex, occupation, (and in Wales, ability to speak Welsh) and so on

3
census = any official count (eg traffic census)

4
computation, counting, reckoning

ETYMOLOGY: (cyfrif-i = stem of cyfrif = to count) + (-ad, suffix for forming nouns)

:_______________________________.

cyfrifiadur
<kəv-riv-YAA-dir> [kəvrɪvˡjɑˑdɪr] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyfrifiaduron <
kəv-riv-ya-DII-ron> [kəvrɪvjaˡdiˑrɔn]
1
computer

ETYMOLOGY: “counter”, “computer”, “reckoner” (cyfrif-i = stem of cyfrif = to count, to compute, to reckon) + (-adur = suffix indicating a machine)

:_______________________________.

cyfrifiadureg
<kəv-riv-ya-DII-reg> [kəvrɪvjaˡdiˑrɛg] (feminine noun)
1
computer science

:_______________________________.

cyfrifol
<kəv-RII-vol>  <kəvˡriˑvɔl> (adjective)
1
responsible

:_______________________________.

cyfrifoldeb
<kəv-ri-VOL-deb> [kəvrɪˡvɔldɛb] (masculine noun)
1
responsibility = obligations

2
responsibility = liablity, ability to be responsible for one’s conduct
cyfrifoldeb lleihaëdig dimished responsibility

3
Bonedd a ddwg gyfrifoldeb Noblesse oblige, to be born into the nobility implies just behaviour and the need to act according to high moral principles
(“(it is) nobility which brings responsibility”)

:_______________________________.

cyfrifydd
<kəv-RII-vidh> [kəvˡriˑvɪð] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyfryddion, cyfrifwyr <
kəv-RƏDH-yon, kəv-RIV-wir> [kəvˡrəðjɔn, kəvˡrɪvwɪr]
1
accountant = person who maintains and audits the accounts of businesses
2
cyfrifydd siartredig chartered accountant

ETYMOLOGY: (cyfrif- stem of cyfrif = to count) + (-ydd agent suffix)

:_______________________________.

cyfrinach, cyfrinachau
<kə-VRII-nakh, -kə-vri-NAA-khai, -e> [kəˡvriˑnax, kəvrɪˡnɑˑxaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun)
1
secret
y gyfrinach = the secret

2
Rw i ar fy llw i gadw’r gyfrinach I’ve sworn not to tell the secret, I’m sworn to secrecy (“I’m on my oath to keep the secret”)

3
gollwng cyfrinach let out a secret, reveal a secret, let a secret slip out, let slip a secret
datgelu cyfrinach (i rywun) reveal a secret (to someone), let (someone) into a secret

4 cael cyfrinach o groen rhywun prise / wheedle a secret out of somebody (“get a secret from the skin of someone)”

5 Nid cyfrinach ond rhwng dau, rhwng tridyn, cannyn a’i clyw tell a secret to more than one person and it becomes everybody’s secret (“(it is) not a secret except between two; between three people, one hundred people will hear it”)

Rhin deuddyn, cyfrin yw; rhin tridyn, cannyn a’i clyw tell a secret to more than one person and it becomes everybody’s secret (“secret of two people, (it is) (a) secret that-it-is; secret of three people, one hundred people will hear it”)

 

6 chapel society meeting

Un noson digwyddodd fod yno gyfrinach anarferol o faith

One night there happened to be a meeting there [that was] unusually long


:_______________________________.

cyfrinachedd <kə-vri-NAA-khedh> [kəvrɪnˡɑˑxɛð] (masculine noun)
1
secrecy
perygl i gyfrinachedd security risk (“(a) danger to secrecy”)

:_______________________________.

cyfrinachgar <kə-vri-NAKH-gar> [ˡkəvrɪnˡaxgar] adjective
1 secretive

ETYMOLOGY: (c
yfrinach = secret) + (-gar suffix for forming adjectives, meaning ‘fond of’, < car-, the root of caru = to love)

:_______________________________.

cyfrinair, cyfrineiriau
<kə-VRII-nair, kə-vri-NEIR-yai, -e> [kəˡvriˑnaɪr, kəvrɪˡnəɪrjaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1
password

:_______________________________.

cyfrol, cyfrolau
<KƏ-vrol, -kə-VRO-lai, -e> [ˡkəvrɔl, kəˡvrɔlaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun)
1
volume (= book)
y gyfrol= the volume

:_______________________________.

cyfrwy, cyfrwyau
<KƏ-vrui, kə-VRUI-ai, -e> [ˡkəvrʊɪ, kəˡvrʊɪaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1
saddle = leather seat for a horse rider

lliain cyfrwy saddle-cloth ("cloth (of) saddle")

bod yn y cyfrwy be in the saddle = be in a commanding position, in control, in power

 

2 saddle = seat on a bicycle


2
(landscape) saddle = saddle-shaped hill, col (= saddle-like formation, dip between two higher parts of a ridge), pass between hills
 

 
ETYMOLOGY: (cyf- prefix = together) +
soft mutation + (rhwy)

Cf modrwy (= ring), aerwy (in Breton the corresponding word is kevre = leash, tether, tie, bond)

 

NOTE: Variants are:

cyfrwydd <KƏ-vruiɪdh> [ˡkəvrʊɪð] (county of Ceredigion) -dd is added at the end;

cowrw <KƏ-vruiɪdh, kə-VRUIDH-ai, -e> [ˡkəvrʊɪɪð, kəˡvrʊɪɪðaɪ, -ɛ] (South-west Wales) final wy reduced to –w (a typical development in southern Welsh), [v] becomes [w], and the obscure vowel becomes “o”. Cf taflu (= to throw) > towlu in the south

 


:_______________________________.

Y Cyfrwy <KƏ-vrui> [ˡkəvrʊɪ] (masculine noun)

1 “the saddle” SH7013 a mountain in Gwynedd (Height: 811 metrres)

 

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/358687 (here the saddle shape is clearly seen)

 

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/358653

 

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1025875

 

ETYMOLOGY: “The saddle”. See previous entry

 

:_______________________________.

 

cyfrwydd, cyfrwyddau <KƏ-vruɪdh, kə-VRUIDH-ai, -e> [ˡkəvrʊɪð, kəˡvrʊɪðaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)

1 See cyfrwy
:_______________________________.


cyfrwysgall <kə-VRUIS-galh> [kəˡvrʊɪsgaɬ] adjective
1 crafty, wily, cunning

ETYMOLOGY: (cyfrwys = wily, cunning) + soft mutation + ( call = sensible)

:_______________________________.

cyfrwyso <kə-VRUIS-o> [kəˡvrʊɪsɔ] verb
1 become crafty, wily, cunning
2 make crafty, wily, cunning

ETYMOLOGY: (cyfrwys = astute, cunning, wily, crafty) + (-o suffix for forming verbs)

:_______________________________.

cyfryngol <kə-VRƏ-ngol> [kəˡvrəŋɔl] adj
1 media (qualifier)
y cwmnïau cyfryngol blaenllaw yng Nghymru the leading media companies in Wales

ETYMOLOGY: (cyfryng- < cyfrwng = medium, cyfryngau = media) + (-ol suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.

cyfuchlin <kə-VIKH-lin> [kəˡvɪxlɪn] m
PLURAL: cyfuchlinau <kə-vikh-LIN-yai, -e> [kəvɪxˡlɪnjaɪ, -ɛ]
1 contour line
map cyfuchlin = contour map

ETYMOLOGY: (cyfuch- = equal height) + soft mutation + ( llin = line )

:_______________________________.

cyfun <KƏ-vin> [ˡkəvɪn] adjective
1
comprehensive = including everything

ysgol gyfun comprehensive school (school for pupils of all abilities, instead of the traditional English model of a ‘grammar school’ ysgol ramadeg for academically competent students who are expected to stay at school until the age of 18 and enter tertiary education, and the ‘secondary modern’ school (ysgol uwchradd fodern) for students who are prepared for work at 16.

2
combined, united
(Teyrnas Gyfun Prydain Fawr a Gogledd Iwerddon – translation of the official English name for the English state ‘The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland’)

Y Deyrnas Gyfun “the United Kingdom” = a short title for the English state, sometimes as an initialism – y D.G. (ə dee eg)

3
prefix = integrat, combinat
(a) trefn = order, cyfundrefn = system
(b) rhif = number, cyfunrhif = combination, number of a combination lock (of safe, etc)

ETYMOLOGY: (cyf- prefix = together) + (un = one)

:_______________________________.

cyfundrefn
<kə-VIN-drevn> [kəˡvɪndrɛvn] feminine noun
PLURAL: cyfundrefnau <
kə-vin-DREV-nai, -e> [kəvɪnˡdrɛvnaɪ, -ɛ]
1
system
y gyfundrefn nerfol the nervous system
y gyfundrefn heulol the solar system

2
organisation
Cyfundrefn y Cenhedloedd Unedig (CCU) the United Nations Organisation (UNO)

ETYMOLOGY: (cyfun = joint ) + soft mutation + (trefn = order)

:_______________________________.

c
yfuno <kə -VII-no> [ˡkəˡviˑnɔ] verb
1
(verb with an object) join together, combine, bring together
c
yfuno busnes â phleser combine business with pleasure

2
(Chemistry)
(verb without an object) combine = to come together and form a new compound
(verb with an object) combine = to cause to come together and form a new compound

ETYMOLOGY: (c
yf- = prefix, ‘together’) + (uno = combine, unite)

:_______________________________.

cyfunol
<kə-VII-nol> [kəˡviˑnɔl] adjective
1
collective
fferm gyfunol collective farm (farm organised on the the principle of collectivism – the political theory that the means of production belong to every individual; or the practical application of this by placing a workplace under government control, though supposedly it is in the ownership of the workers who work there )

ETYMOLOGY: (cyfun = united) + (-ol suffix for forming adjectives); or (cyf- prefix = together) + (unol = united)

:_______________________________.

cyfunrhywiol <kə-vin-HRIU-yol>  [ˌkəvɪnˡhriujɔl] adjective
1
homosexual, gay

ETYMOLOGY: (cyfunrhyw = same sex) + (-iol, suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

cyfuwch <KƏV-iukh> [ˡkəviux]
NOTE: colloquially cuwch
<KII-ukh> [ˡkiˑux]
1
so high, as high, of equal height

cyfuwch â
as high as, the same height as, equal in height to

2
cuwch ysgwydd shoulder high

Y diwetha' welais i ar Jack oedd ei weld e'n cael ei gario cuwch ysgwydd trwy'r stryd (Hen Wlad fy Nhadau / Jack Jones, translated into Welsh by Kitchener Davies (1902–1952) / 1938 t74)
The last thing I saw of Jack was that he was being carried shoulder high through the street

ETYMOLOGY: (cyf- prefix indicating equality) + (uwch = higher, < uchel = high)

:_______________________________.

cyfweld (â)
<kəv-WELD> [kəvˡwɛld] (verb)
1
to interview

ETYMOLOGY: cyfwéld < cyfwel’d < cyfweled

“see together” (cyf- prefix, = together) + soft mutation + (gweled = to see)
:_______________________________.

cyfweliad, cyfweliadau
<kəv-WEL-yad, kəv-wel-YAA-dai, -e> [kəvˡwɛljad, kəvwɛlˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1
interview

:_______________________________.

cyfwelydd, cyfwelwyr
<kəv-WEE-lidh, kəv-WEL-wir> [kəvˡweˑlɪð, kəvˡwɛlwɪr] (masculine noun)
1
interviewer

:_______________________________.

cyfwlch
<KƏ-vulkh> [ˡkəvʊlx] adj
1
(obsolete) complete, entire, whole

2 C
yfwlch old Welsh personal name

3 c
yfylchi (qv) (in place names) circular fort

ETYMOLOGY: cyfwlch is (cyf- prefix = together) + (an unknown element wlch, with a possible meaning of ‘circle’)

:_______________________________.

cyfylchi
<kə-VƏl-xi> [kəˡvəlxɪ] (feminine noun)
1
round fort, circular fort

There are three places in Wales where the name appears:

..a/ In the south-east, by Pont-rhyd-y-fen in Castell-nedd ac Aberafan county:
Y Gyfylchi (= the fort), Bwlch y Gyfylchi (= the pass of Y Gyfylchi), Craig y Gyfylchi (= the rock of Y Gyfylchi), Capel y Gyfylchi (= the chapel of Y Gyfylchi)

..b/ In the south-east, in the county of Mynwy / Monmouth, between Llaneuddogwy and Tryleg:
Y Gyfylchi

..c/ In the north-west there is Dwygyfylchi [dui gə vəl khi] Village (SH7377) in Conwy, between Penmaen-mawr and Penmaen-bach

Thers is mention of the place in the 1500s as
y ddwy gyfylchi “the two forts” (y definite article) + soft mutation + (dwy = two) + soft mutation + (cyfylchi = fort)

 

..d/ Gyfylchau, farm near Llanerfyl, Powys

 

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/314131 map



7012_cymru_oren_cyfylchi_081028

(delwedd 7012)


ETYMOLOGY: cyfylchi < (cyfylch- < cyfwlch = complete, perfect; circle) + (-i noun suffix)

Cyfwlch is (cyf- prefix = together) + (an unknown element wlch, with a possible meaning of ‘circle’)

NOTE: Is –i a pluralising suffix? Possibly the meaning is ‘(two) concentric circles’ or ‘(two) circles side by side’. In Ar Draws Gwlad – Ysgrifau ar Enwau Lleoedd / Gwasg Carreg Gwalch / 1997, Gwynedd O. Pierce - although he gives no explanation of the name cyfylchi - suggests that the soft mutation here is one that occurred in older Welsh after the definite article to denote a dual form.

The soft mutation was formerly used in dual plurals – that is, to indicate that a plural form was referring to ‘two only; no more than two’

There is a vestige of this old dual plural in the plural form gefelliaid (twins) from gefell (= twin)
<GEE-velh, ge-VELH-yaid, -yed> [ˡgeˑvɛɬ, gɛˡvɛɬjaɪd, -jɛd]

Although after the definite article the expected form “y gefeilliaid” is generally used, “yr efelliaid”, with soft mutation of the initial ‘g’, occurs too,.

:_______________________________.

cyfyng
<KƏ-ving> [ˡkəvɪŋ] masculine noun
1
hardship, distress

2
(obsolete) strait; narrow place
Place names examples:

..1/ Y Cyfyng – narrow passage by Yr Wybrnant in the parish of Dolwyddelan; here there is Pontcyfyng (SJ7357) (between Capelcurig and Betws-y-coed, North-west Wales)

< Pont y Cyfyng (bridge of Y Cyfyng)

..2/ Y Cyfyng, Ystalyfera (SN7608); here there is “Cyfyng Road” (which would be Heol y Cyfyng in Welsh) between Ystalyfera and Pant-teg to the south

ETYMOLOGY: from the adjective cyfyng (= narrow)

:_______________________________.

cyfyngedig
<kə-və-NGEE-dig> [kəvəˡŋeˑdɪg] (adjective)
1
limited, restricted

:_______________________________.

cyfyng-gyngor
<KƏ-ving-GƏ-ngor> [ˡkəvɪŋ ˡgəŋɔr] (masculine noun)
1
tight spot, problem
bod ar gyfyng-gyngor
<bood ar GƏ-ving-GƏ-ngor> [boːd ar ˡgəvɪŋ ˡgəŋɔr] be in a fix, be in a bit of a fix

:_______________________________.

cyfyngiad, cyfyngiadau
<kə-VƏNG-yad, -kə-vəng-YAA-dai, -e> [kəˡvəŋjad, kəvəŋˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1
restriction

2 cyfyngiad amser time limit
cyfyngiad amser caeth strict time limit


:_______________________________.

cyfyngol <kə-VƏ-ngol> [kəˡvəŋɔl] (adjective)
1
restrictive

:_______________________________.

cyfyngu <kə-VƏ-ngi> [kəˡvəŋɪ] (verb)
1
to restrict

:_______________________________.

cyfyrder, cyfyrdyr <kə-VƏR-der, kəv-VƏR-dir> [kəˡvərdɛr, kəˡvərdɪr] (masculine noun)
1
second cousin (male)

:_______________________________.

cyfyrderes, cyfyrderesau <kə-vər-DEE-res, -kə-vər-de-RE-sai, -e> [kəvərˡdeˑrɛs, kəvərdɛˡrɛsaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun)
1
second cousin (female)

:_______________________________.

cyhoedd <KƏ-hoidh> [ˡkəhɔɪð] (m)
1
public

y cyhoedd the public

nueadd y cyhoedd public hall

:_______________________________.

cyhoeddi
<kə-HOI-dhi> [kəˡhɔɪðɪ] (verb)
1
to publish

2
to make public
cyhoeddi’ch gwarth eich hun to cry stinking fish (“make public your own shame”)

3
c
yhoeddi rhywun yn euog declare somebody guilty

:_______________________________.

cyhoeddiad, cyhoeddiadau
<kə-HOIDH-yad, -kə-hoidh-YAA-dai, -e> [kəˡhɔɪðjad, kəhɔɪðˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1
publication

ETYMOLOGY: (cyhoedd-, stem of cyhoeddi = to make public, to publish) + (-iad noun suffix)


:_______________________________.

cyhoeddus
<kə-HOI-dhis> [kəˡhɔɪðɪs] (adjective)
1
public = not private

2
public = for the benefit of the public, available to the public (for example, provided by a local or central administration)

cerbyd cyhoeddus public service vehicle

y farn gyhoeddus public opinion

llyfrgell gyhoeddus public library
trafnidiaeth g
yhoeddus public transport

 

siarad yn gyhoeddus (n) public speaking; (v) speak in public

ETYMOLOGY: (cyhoedd-, stem of cyhoedd = the public) + (-us adjectival suffix)

:_______________________________.

cyhoeddwr
<kə-HOI-dhur> [kəˡhɔɪðʊr] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyhoeddwyr <
kə-HOIDH-wir> [kəˡhɔɪðwɪr]
1
publisher = a person who produces and distributes periodicals or books

2
publisher = a firm in the publishing business; publishing house, publishing firm, publishing company
Hughes a’i Fab, Cyhoeddwyr, Gwrecsam Hughes and Son, Publishers, Wrecsam (imprint in the book ‘Perlau Awen Islwyn’, 1909)

3
announcer = person who makes the announcements (about forthcoming
services and visiting preachers, chapel activities, etc) in a Nonconformist chapel

Cyhoeddwr ym Methania oedd William Jones
William Jones was an announcer in Bethesda chapel

ETYMOLOGY: (cyhoedd-, stem of cyhoeddi = to publish) + (-iad agent suffix, = ‘man’)

:_______________________________.

cyhuddiad
<kə-HIDH-yad> [kəˡhɪðjad] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyhuddiadau
<kə-hidh-YAA-dai, -e> [kəhɪðˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1
accusation = an assertion that someone has done wrong

2
charge = formal accusation that a person is is guilty of an offence or crime
taflu pob cyhuddiad at
throw the book at (“throw every accusation at”)

ETYMOLOGY: (cyhudd-, stem of cyhuddo = to accuse) + (-iad suffix for forming abstract nouns)

:_______________________________.

cyhuddo
<kə-HII-dho> [kəˡhiˑðɔ] (verb)
1
to accuse

2 cyhuddo (rhywun) o fod yn (gwneud rhywbeth) accuse (somebody) of (doing something)

:_______________________________.

cyhydedd <kə-HƏ-dedh> [kəˡhədɛð] m
PLURAL: cyhydeddau  <kə-hə-DEE-dhai, -e> [kəhəˡdeˑðaɪ, -ɛ]
1 equator

2 equinox
Gwyl Fair y Cyhydedd 25 March, Lady Day “feast (of) Mary (at) the equinox”

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh (cyhŷd = of the same length) + (-edd) + (-edd suffix for forming abstract nouns)

Cf Breton keheder

:_______________________________.

cyhydeddol <kə-hə-DEE-dhol> [kəhəˡdeˑðɔl] adj
1 equatorial
Gini Gyhydeddol = Equatorial Guinea

ETYMOLOGY: (cyhydedd = equator) + (-ol suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

cylch, cylchoedd
<KILKH, KƏL-khoidh, -khodh> [kɪlx, ˡkəlxɔɪð, -ɔð] (masculine noun)
1
circle = geometric shape

2
circle, group of people who meet for a specific purpose
cylch trafod discussion group

3
trogylch (tro= turn, turning ) + soft mutation + ( cylch = circle )

..1/ (USA: traffic circle, roundabout) (Englandic: roundabout) = central island at a road junction around which traffic circulates in one direction; junction with such an island

..2/ circus = circular area where streets converge

4 theatr gylch theatre in the round

 

5 orbit (but the usual word is trogylch)

 

 
:_______________________________.

cylched <KƏL-khed> [ˡkəlxɛd] (feminine noun)
PLURAL: cylchedau <kəl-KHEE-dai, -e> [kəlˡxeˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1 circuit = path of an electric current
y gylched = the circuit

2 cylched gyfannol (f) plural cylchedau cyfannol integrated circuit

ETYMOLOGY: (cylch- [ə] penultimate-syllable form of cylch [ɪ] = circle) + (suffix -ed

:_______________________________.

cylchfa, cylchféydd <KƏLKH-va, kəlkh-VEIDH> [ˡkəlxva, kəlxˡvəɪð] (feminine noun)
1
zone
y gylchfa = the zone
2
cylchfa ragod buffer zone

:_______________________________.

cylchfan <KƏLKH-van> [ˡkəlxvan] masculine or feminine noun
PLURAL: cylchfannau <
kəlkh-VA-nai, -e> [kəlxˡvanaɪ, -ɛ]
1
(USA: traffic circle) (Englandic: roundabout) = central island at a road junction around which traffic circulates in one direction; junction with such an island
y cylchfan / y gylchfan = the roundabout

Also: trogylch

ETYMOLOGY: (cylch-
[ə], penult form of cylch [ɪ] = circle ) + soft mutation + ( man = place)

:_______________________________.

cylchffordd
<KƏLKH-fordh> [ˡkəlxfɔrð] feminine noun
PLURAL: cylchffyrdd <
KƏLKH-firdh> [ˡkəlxfɪrð]

1 (American: beltway) (Englandic: ring road) road around the periphery of a town or city
y gylchffordd = the beltway

ETYMOLOGY: ("circle-road", circular road)
(cylch-
[ə], penult form of cylch [ɪ] = circle ) + ( ffordd = road)

:_______________________________.

cylchgrawn, cylchgronau
<KƏLKH-graun, kəlkh-GROO-nai, -e> [ˡkəlxgraʊn, kəlxˡgroˑnaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1
magazine, journal, periodical

 

ETYMOLOGY: ("circle-hoard / treasure") (cylch- [ə], penult form of cylch [ɪ] = circle ) + soft mutation + (crawn = hoard / store / accumulation / treasure). i.e. circulating collection of articles

 

:_______________________________.

cylionen, cylion
[kəlˡjoˑnɛn, ˡkəljɔn] (feminine noun)
1
fly
y gylionen the fly

wedi ei chwythu gan gylion fly-blown = full of eggs or larvae of flies, full of maggots

â chwyth cylion arno fly-blown

:_______________________________.

cyll
<KILH> [kɪɬ] plural
1
hazel trees; plural of collen
llwyn cyll hazel grove

coed cyll hazel wood

:_______________________________.

cyll
<KILH> [kɪɬ] verb
1 (he / she) will lose < colli to lose
Third person singular indicative present-future (literary form – the colloquial form would be colliff / collith)


Rhy lawn, a gyll Grasp all, lose all (“too full, he will-lose”)


:_______________________________.

cyllell, cyllyll <KƏ-lhelh, KƏ-lhilh> [ˡkəɬɛɬ, ˡkəɬɪɬ] (feminine noun)
1
knife (colloquially: cylleth, cyllyth)
y gyllell = the knife

blaen y gyllell the thin end of the wedge, a small beginning of a process which will lead to worse things (“the tip of the knife”)
cyllell lem a sharp knife

2
cyllell boced, cyllyll poced
<KƏ-lhelh-BO-ked, KƏ-lhilh PO-ked> [ˡkəɬɛɬ ˡbɔkɛd, ˡkəɬɪɬ ˡpɔkɛd] (feminine noun)
pocket knife

3
bod â’ch c
yllell yn (rhywun) have your knife in somebody, be constantly hostile or unfair towards somebody


Mae e â’i g
yllell ynof o hyd He’s always getting at me (“He has his knife in me constantly”)

4 Cystal bys a bawd â chyllell a fforc Fingers were made before forks (in excusing oneself for not eating with a knife and fork) (“(it-is) as-good (a ) finger and thumb as (a) knife and fork”)

:_______________________________.

cyllid, cyllidau
<KƏ-lhid, kə-LHII-dai, -e> [ˡkəɬɪd, kəˡɬiˑdaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1
budget

:_______________________________.

cyllido
<kə-LHII-do> [kəˡɬiˑdɔ] (verb)
1
to finance
2
cwmni cyllido finance company, one which finances HP (higher-purchase) sales

:_______________________________.

cylltyrau
<kəlh-TƏ-rai, -e> [kəɬˡtəraɪ, -ɛ] (plural noun)
1
coulters; see cwlltwr

:_______________________________.

cyllyll
<KƏ-lhilh> [ˡkəɬɪɬ] (plural noun)
1
knives; see cyllell

:_______________________________.

cymain
<KƏ-main> [ˡkəmaɪn] masculine noun
1
a form of cymaint = so much, as many
cymain un everyone, all without exception

Ephesiaid 5:33 Ond chwithau hefyd cymain un, felly cared pob un ohonoch ei wraig, fel ef ei hunan; a'r wraig edryched ar iddi berchi ei gŵr
Ephesians 5:33
Nevertheless let every one of you in particular so love his wife even as himself; and the wife see that she reverence her husband.

:_______________________________.

cymaint
<KƏ-maint, KƏ-mint> [ˡkəmaɪnt, ˡkəmɪnt] (masculine noun)
1
as much, so much
c
ymaint â as big / much / many as
cymaint arall
<KƏ-mint AA-ralh> [ˡkəmɪnt ˡɑˑraɬ] as much again
cymaint arall (o rywbeth) the same amount again (of something)

2 hanner c
ymaint half as big / much / many
Rhowch hanner cymaint imi eto Give me half as much again
hanner c
ymaint â half as big / much / many as
hanner c
ymaint eto half as big / much / many again

3 dwywaith cymaint twice as big
bod ddwywaith cymaint â be twice as big as

teirgwaith cymaint â three times as big as
teirgwaith cymaint o (bobl) three times as many (people)
bod deirgwaith cymaint o (bobl) three times as many (people)

pedair gwaith cymaint â four times as big as
bod bedair gwaith cymaint â four times as big as

pum gwaith cymaint â five times as big as
bod bum gwaith cymaint â be five times the size of

bod bum gwaith cymaint o (bobl) be five times as many (people)
bod bum gwaith cymaint o (hylif) be five times as much (liquid)

chwe gwaith cymaint â six times as big as
bod chwe gwaith cymaint o (bobl) six times as many (people)

 

4 y tri chymaint a quantity three times as much

mae ef yn mynnu cael mwy na'r tri chymaint ag a roes i mi

he wants to have more than three times what he gave me

5 cymaint ddwywaith twice as big

bod cymaint ddwywaith â be twice as big as
bod cymaint ddwywaith arafach â be twice as slow as

cymaint deirgwaith â three times as big as
cymaint deirgwaith o (bobl) three times as many (people)

cymaint bedair gwaith â four times as big as
cymaint bedair gwaith o (bobl) four times as many (people)

cymaint bum gwaith â five times as big as
cymaint bum gwaith o (bobl) five times as many (people)

 

cymaint chwe gwaith â six times as big as
cymaint chwe gwaith o (bobl) six times as many (people)

6
yn gymaint â insomuch as, but rather
Nid tref yw Wrecsam,
yn gymaint â phentre mawr
Wrecsam isn’t a town insomuch as a large village

7 cymaint fyth a fynnoch chi as much / many as you like
Cymaint ag y gall e wneud fydd (gwneud rhywbeth)

He’ll find it hard to, he’ll find it an effort to, he’ll find it a job to, he’ll have his work cut out to..., it’ll be one helluva job for him to... (“it’ll be as much as he can do to...”)

8 lawn cymaint just as much, to the same extent

Rw i’n hoffi’r darlun bach ‘ma – ond rw i’n hoffi’r darlun arall lawn cymaint
I like this small picture – but I like the other picture just as much
(lawn fully < llawn = full) + (cymaint so much, the same quantity). There is soft mutation of an initial consonant in adverbial phrases, hence dydd > ddydd (d > dd)

9 so much
There is soft mutation of an initial consonant in adverbial phrases, hence cymaint > gymaint (c > g)
(= so often) Pam mae e gymaint ar ei ben ei hunan? Why is he alone so much?
y naill gymaint â’r llall one as much as the other, equally
Rwy i’n hoffi’r naill gymaint â’r llall I like them both equally, I like one as much as the other

:_______________________________.

c
ymal <KƏ-MAL> [ˡkəmal] masculine noun
PLURAL: cymalau <kə-MAA-lai, -le> [kəˡmɑˑlaɪ, -lɛ]
1
(anatomy) joint = place where two bones meet
cymal y glun hip joint

2 knuckle

3 c
ymal cyflafareddu arbitration clause

4 (plant stem) joint = part of stem from which a branch or leaf grows

5 (mechanical device) joint = articulation, place where two parts are joined, either rigidly or allowing movement

6 (meat) joint = portion of a carcass of a size suitable for cooking

7 (grammar) clause
c
ymal addef concessive clause
c
ymal amod conditional clause
c
ymal canlyniad consecutive clause
c
ymal cydradd co-ordinating clause
c
ymal isradd subordinating clause
c
ymal perthynol relative clause

8
(legal document) clause

9 (car) part

10 cryd c
ymalau rheumatism (“fever (of) joints”)

11 (South Wales) dod i’ch c
ymal get into one’s stride (in some task)
cael eich c
ymal get into one’s stride (in some task)

12 (North Wales) hel eich ch
ymalau walk, get moving

13 limb, branch

torri’n gymalau dismember

14 (county of Penfro)
ymladd cymalau fight with the bare fists

15
ystwytho cymalau bestir oneself (“flex joints”)

16
trwy bob cymal cynhaliaeth “by that which every joint supplieth”, (the nerves and ligaments in ancient medical science were considered to give life)

Epistolau Sant Paul at y Effesiaid
4:16 O'r hwn y mae'r holl gorff wedi ei gydymgynnull a'i gydgysylltu, trwy bob cymal cynhaliaeth, yn ôl y nerthol weithrediad ym mesur pob rhan, yn gwneuthur cynnydd y corn, i'w adeiladu ei hun mewn cariad
Ephesians 4:16 From whom the whole body fitly joined together and compacted by that which every joint supplieth, according to the effectual working in the measure of every part, maketh increase of the body unto the edifying of itself in love

ETYMOLOGY: (c
ym- < cyn = together) + (*mal = member);
*mal < British < Celtic *
mel-so < mel- (member; to join)


Cornish mell (=articulation; link of a chain; vertebra), Breton mell (= articulation; vertebra),

cf Greek mélos (= song)

:_______________________________.

c
ymalwst <kə -MAA-lust> [ˡkəˡmɑˑlʊst] masculine noun
1 gout = inflamation of the big toe from uric acid deposited in the joint

ETYMOLOGY: (c
ymal = joint, articulation ) + soft mutation + (gwst = pain)



:_______________________________.

cymanfa
<kə-MAN-va > [kəˡmanva] (feminine noun)

PLURAL: cymanfaoedd <kə-man-VAA-oidh, -odh> [kəmanˡvɑˑɔɪð, -ɔð]
1
assembly, convention, meeting, congress
y gymanfa the assembly

Cymanfa'r Cenhedloedd Unedig (qv) United Nations Assembly

 

Deuteronomium 9:10 ççA rhoddes yr Arglwydd ataf y ddwy lech faen, wedi eu hysgrifennu â bys Duw; ac arnynt yr oedd yn ôl yr holl eiriau a lefarodd yr Arglwydd wrthych yn y mynydd, o ganol y tân, ar ddydd y gymanfaççç

Deuteronomy 9:10 And the LORD delivered unto me two tables of stone written with the finger of God; and on them [was written] according to all the words, which the LORD spake with you in the mount out of the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly.

 

2 district assembly of representatives of the Baptist Church

 

3 district assembly of representatives of the Congregational Church


4 cymanfa ganu, cymanfaoedd canu (qv)
<kə-MAN-va GAA-ni, kə-man-VAA-oidh, -odh, KAA-ni> [kəˡmanva ˡgɑˑnɪ, kəmanˡvɑˑɔɪð, -ɔð, ˡkɑˑnɪ] hymn-singing festival. See the separate entry below

 

 5 cymanfa garolau (qv) <kə-MAN-va ga-ROO-lai, -e> [kəˡmanva gaˡroˑlaɪ, -ɛ] carol service

6 cymanfa ysgolion (qv)
<kə-MAN-va ə-SKOL-yon> [kəˡmanva əˡskɔljɔn] school-choir festival
 
5 profusion
Daw’r ffiwsia yn wreiddiol o Dde America ac y mae iddi gymanfa o flodau piwsgoch The fuchsia comes originally from South America and it has a profusion of purplish-red flowers


ETYMOLOGY: (cyman = society) + (-fa suffix = place)


NOTE: Some Points of Similarity in the Phonology of Welsh and Breton,
T.H. Parry-Williams, 1913
In W[elsh], however, the interchange of ­f and dd is quite common, especially in the dial[ect]s…
One example given of the change f > dd is cymanfa (a congregation, convention) > cymandda

 
:_______________________________.

 

cymanfa bwnc <kə-MAN-va BUNGK> [kəˡmanva ˡbʊŋk] (feminine noun)

PLURAL: cymanfaoedd pwnc <kə-man-VAA-oidh, -odh, PUNGK> [kəmanˡvɑˑɔɪð, -ɔð, ˡpʊŋk]


1 a gathering of Sunday schools for discussing parts of Scripture previously studied
See also: cymanfa holi, cymanfa ysgolion

 

 

ETYMOLOGY: (cymanfa = assembly) + soft mutation + (pwnc = subject, theme, matter)


 
:_______________________________.

 

cymanfa ddirwest <kə-MAN-va DHIR-west> [kəˡmanva ˡðɪrwɛst] (feminine noun)

PLURAL: cymanfaoedd dirwest <kə-man-VAA-oidh, -odh, DIR-west> [kəmanˡvɑˑɔɪð, -ɔð, ˡdɪrwɛst]

1 temperance meeting = gathering with speeches and hymn-singing in order to support the cause of abstinence from alcoholic drink

 

Also as cymanfa ddirwestol <kə-MAN-va dhir-WEST-ol> [kəˡmanva ðɪrˡwɛstɔl]

Cymanfa d[d]irwest yn Nefyn a Sais yn gofyn i hen gymeriad beth oedd ar fynd yn y capel, ac yntau'n ateb: 'O it is a sing-song against the beer.' Llafar Gwlad, 1986, Rhif 10

A temperance meeting in Nefyn and an Englishman asks an old character what was going on in the chapel, and the latter answers, 'Oh, it is a sing-song against the beer.’
 

ETYMOLOGY: (cymanfa = assembly) + soft mutation + (dirwest = teetotalism, abstinence from alcoholic drink)


:_______________________________.


cymanfa ganu <kə-MAN-va GAA-ni> [kəˡmanva ˡgɑˑnɪ] (feminine noun)

PLURAL: cymanfaoedd canu <kə-man-VAA-oidh, -odh, KAA-ni> [kəmanˡvɑˑɔɪð, -ɔð, ˡkɑˑnɪ]
 
1 hymn-singing festival, community singing (= gathering to sing hymns)

In the United States a cymanfa ganu is referred to in English by non-Welsh-speaking Welsh descendants in the soft-mutated form, gymanfa ganu, resulting in the unfortunately incorrect title of the organisation promoting this kind of event as the WNGGA, the Welsh National Gymanfa Ganu Association, when it should be the WNCGA, the Welsh National Cymanfa Ganu Association.

 

http://www.wngga.org/ (2008-12-06)

“The Welsh National Gymanfa Ganu Association, North American Welsh cultural organization. Promotion of everything Welsh, particularly the Gymanfa Ganu (Guhmonva Gonee) or Welsh Singing Festival.”

ETYMOLOGY: (cymanfa = assembly) + soft mutation + (canu = singing)
 
 
:_______________________________.

cymanfa garolau <kə-MAN-va ga-ROO-lai, -e > [kəˡmanva gaˡroˑlaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun)

PLURAL: cymanfaoedd carolau <kə-man-VAA-oidh, -odh, ka-ROO-lai, -e > [kəmanˡvɑˑɔɪð, -ɔð, kaˡroˑlaɪ, -ɛ]

 

1 carol service
 
Ar nos Sul, Rhagfyr 5ed 1993, cynhaliwyd Cymanfa Garolau yng Nghapel Gwynfil, Llangeitho

On Sunday night, 5 December 1993, a carol service was held in Gwynfil Chapel, Llangeitho


ETYMOLOGY: (cymanfa = assembly) + soft mutation + (carolau = carols, plural of carol = carol)


 
:_______________________________.

cymanfa gyffredinol <kə-MAN-va gə-fre-DII-nol > [kəˡmanva gəfrɛˡdiˑnɔl] (feminine noun)

PLURAL: cymanfaoedd gyffredinol <kə-man-VAA-oidh, -odh, gə-fre-DII-nol > [kəmanˡvɑˑɔɪð, -ɔð, kəfrɛˡdiˑnɔl]


1 general assembly = supreme governing body (of the Presbyterian Church in Wales, formerly the Calvanistic Methodists)
Cymanfa Gyffredinol yr Eglwys Bresbyteraidd the general assembly of the Presbyterian Church


ETYMOLOGY: (cymanfa = assembly) + soft mutation + (cyffredin = general)

 
 
:_______________________________.


cymanfa holi <kə-MAN-va HOO-li > [kəˡmanva ˡhoˑlɪ] (feminine noun)

PLURAL: cymanfaoedd holi <kə-man-VAA-oidh, -odh, HOO-li> [kəmanˡvɑˑɔɪð, -ɔð, ˡhoˑlɪ]

 

1 gathering of Sunday schools for discussing parts of Scripture previously studied
See also: cymanfa bwnc, cymanfa ysgolion


ETYMOLOGY: (cymanfa = assembly) + (holi = to ask; to catechise)



:_______________________________.

 

cymanfa’r Cenhedloedd Unedig <kə-MAN-var ken-HED-loidh, -odh, i-NEE-dig > [kəˡmanvar kɛnˡhɛdlɔɪð, -ɔð, ɪˡneˑdɪg] (feminine noun)

PLURAL: cymanfaoedd y Cenhedloedd Unedig <kə-man-VAA-oidh, -odh, ə ken-HED-loidh, -odh, i-NEE-dig > [kəmanˡvɑˑɔɪð, -ɔð, ə kɛnˡhɛdlɔɪð, -ɔð, ɪˡneˑdɪg]

 
1 United Nations Assembly

 

ETYMOLOGY: (cymanfa = assembly) + (Y Cenhedloedd Unedig = The United Nations)

:_______________________________.

 

cymanfa ysgolion <kə-MAN-va ə-SKOL-yon> [kəˡmanva əˡskɔljɔn] (feminine noun)

PLURAL: cymanfaoedd ysgolion <kə-man-VAA-oidh, -odh, ə-SKOL-yon > [kəmanˡvɑˑɔɪð, -ɔð, əˡskɔljɔn]


1 a gathering of Sunday schools for discussing parts of Scripture previously studied
See also: cymanfa bwnc, cymanfa holi

 

 

ETYMOLOGY: (cymanfa = assembly) + (ysgolion = schools, plural of ysgol = school), ysgol being uderstood as meaning Ysgol Sul (= Sunday school)


:_______________________________.

cymantoledd <kə-man-TOO-ledh> [kəmanˡtoˑlɛð] (m)

1 equilibrium
cymantoledd economaidd economic equilibrium


:_______________________________.

 

cymanwlad <kə-MAN- ulad> [kəˡmanwlad] (feminine noun)

PLURAL: cymanwledydd <kə-man-uLEE-didh > [kəmanˡwleˑdɪð]
1 commonwealth = group of countries united for certain common purposes


2 commonwealth = federation of states and territories with certain responsibilities carried out by a central government, and others by the smaller governments
 


ETYMOLOGY: (cyman = society) + soft mutation + (gwlad = country)

:_______________________________.

Cymanwlad Awstralia <kə-MAN- ulad au-STRAL-ya> [kəˡmanwlad aʊˡstralja] (feminine noun)

 
1 the Australian Commonwealth, the title of the federation of Australian states
seren y Gymanwlad commonwealth Star = the Australian seven-pointed star, approved 1908

ETYMOLOGY: (cymanwlad = commonwealth) + (Awstralia = Australia)

:_______________________________.


Cymanwlad Lloegr <kə-MAN- ulad LHOI-ger> [kəˡmanwlad ˡɬɔɪgɛr] (feminine noun)

1 the English Commonwealth, a loose alliance of the English state (United Kingdom) and its dependencies and ex-colonies

ETYMOLOGY: (cymanwlad = commonwealth) + (Lloegr = England)
 
:_______________________________.

cymar <KƏ-mar> [ˡkəmar] masculine or feminine noun
PLURAL: cymheiriaid <kə-MHEIR-yaid, -yed> [kəˡmhəɪrjaɪd, -ɛd]
1 companion

2 spouse, marriage partner, husband

3 spouse, marriage partner, wife

4 counterpart

5 (animal, bird) mate

6 equal

7 partner in a dance
Roedd yn gymar perffaith iddi yn y ddawns
He was a perfect partner for her in the dance

8 amlgymharus promiscuous
(aml-, prefix = multi ) + soft mutation + (cymharus)
cymharus
: (cymhar- penultimate syllable stem < cymar = pair) + (-us suffix for forming adjectives)

9 Mae i bob celwydd ei gymar One lie leads to another (“there is to every lie its partner”)

ETYMOLOGY: cymar < cymhar < British *compar- < Latin compar-em (< adjective = equal to each other) < (com- together) + (par equal);


cymheriaid < (cymhar- penultimate syllable stem) + (-iaid sufix plural)

:_______________________________.

cymaroldeb
<kə-ma-ROL-deb> [kəmaˡrɔldɛb] masculine noun
1
comparability

ETYMOLOGY: (cymarol- / cymharol = comparative) + (-deb suffix for forming abstract nouns)

:_______________________________.

cymdeithas, cymdeithasau
<kəm-DEI-thas, kəm-dei-THA-sai, -e> [kəmˡdəɪθas, kəmdəɪˡθasaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun)
1
society
y gymdeithas = the society

2 Cymdeithas Dafydd ap Gwilym
<kəm-DEI-thas DAA vidh ap GWII-lim>

[kəmˡdəɪθas ˡdɑˑvɪð ap ˡgwiˑlɪm]
‘the society of Dafydd ap Gwilym’, a Welsh literary society formed in the late 1800’s by Welsh students at the University of Oxford, England. Dafydd ap Gwilym was the foremost medieval Welsh poet

3 Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymráeg
<kəm-DEI-thas ər yaith gəm-RAIG> [kəmˡdəɪθas ər jaɪθ gəmˡraɪg]
‘the society for the Welsh language’ - a pacificist direct-action organisation founded in the 1960’s to campaign for the linguistic rights of Welsh-speakers
http://www.cymdeithas.com/cartref.htm

4 cymdeithas rieni ac athrawon PLURAL cymdeithasau rhieni ac athrawon
parent-teacher association

:_______________________________.

cymdeithas tai
<kəm-DEI-thas-TAI> [kəmˡdəɪθasˡtaɪ] feminine noun
PLURAL: cymdeithasau tai <
kəm-dei-THA-se TAI> [kəmdəɪˡθasɛ ˡtaɪ]
1
housing association = non-profit organisation providing rented housing for a community

ETYMOLOGY: “association (of) houses” (cymdeithas = association) + (tai = houses, plural of ty = house)

:_______________________________.

cymdogaeth, cymdogaethau
<kəm-DOO-geth, -kəm-do-GEI-thai, -e> [kəmˡdoˑgaɪθ, -ɛθ kəmdɔˡgəɪθaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun)
1
neighborhood (Englandic: neighbourhood)
y gymdogaeth the neighborhood

 

plismona cymdogaeth to police a neighbourhood

:_______________________________.

cymdogion
<kəm-DOG-yon> [kəmˡdɔgjɔn] (plural noun)
1
neighbors (Englandic: neighbours); see cymydog

:_______________________________.

cymell
<KƏ-melh> [ˡkəmɛɬ] (verb)
1
to urge

:_______________________________.

cymedrol
<kə-ME-drol> [kəˡmɛdrɔl] (adj)
1
moderate

2 unadventurous
Rh
ywbeth cymedrol iawn yw hi, ynte
She's very unadventurous, isn't she?

:_______________________________.

cymen
<KƏ-men> [ˡkəmɛn] (adj)
1 tidy
2 anghymen untidy
(an- = negative prefix) + nasal mutation + (cymen = tidy)

:_______________________________.

cymer
<KƏ-mer> [ˡkəmɛr] masculine noun
PLURAL: cymerau <
kə-MEE-rai, -e> [kəˡmeˑraɪ, -ɛ]
1
confluence

2 a frequent element in place names;
..1/ Pentrellyncymer (“village by the lake of the confluence”),
..2/ Pontycymer (“bridge by the confluence”),
..3/ Rhydcymerau (“ford of the confluences”) etc

ETYMOLOGY: British *kom-ber (kom = together) + (ber = carry, take; flow).

This is also the basis of the Welsh verb cymeryd / cymryd (= to take).

From the same British root: Cornish kemmer (= confluence), Breton kember (= confluence), and the Breton place name Kemper (called by the French “Quimper”).

Besides cymer and cymeryd, the element ber occurs too in the following words in Welsh:
(a) aber (= confluence, river mouth, estuary),
(b) adfer (= restore),
(c) arfer (= practise),
(d) diabred (= withheld, held back, refused),
(e) diferu (= to drip),
(f) gofer (= run-off, ditch, stream).

It is related to
(a) Irish beir (= carry),
(b) English to bear (= to carry),
(c) Greek pherein (= to carry, to bring, as in the English word of Greek origin “paraphernalia” – miscellaneous items, but originally ‘personal property of a married woman’; para = alongside, beyond)

NOTE: in South-west Wales the plural cymerau is colloquially cwmere
‹ku-mê-re›

:_______________________________.

Y Cymer
<ə KƏ-mer> [ə ˡkəmɛr]
1
locality in the county of Castell-nedd ac Aberafan (SS 8696)
...1961: population: 4,551; proportion of Welsh-speakers: 17%
...1971: population: 4,470; proportion of Welsh-speakers: 9%


2 (SH 7219) monastery in Llanelltud (district of Meirionnydd in the county of Gwynedd)

3 (ST 0290) locality in the county of Rhondda-Cynon-Taf
<HRON-dha KƏ-non TAAV> [ˡhrɔnða ˡkənɔn ˡtɑːv]
Also: Cymer Rhondda

:_______________________________.

cymêr
<kə-MEER> [kəˡmeːr] masculine noun
North Wales
1
character, real character = a person with an interesting eccentric personality
Collwyd cymêr pan fu farw Stan Bevan (Phylip Hughes) yng Nghwmderi
Cwmderi
(fictional village in a long-running drama series on Welsh-language TV) saw the loss of a real character with the death of Stan Bevan (played by Phylip Hughes) (“it was lost a character when Stan Bevan died...”)

ETYMOLOGY: short form of cymeriad = character

:_______________________________.

cymeradwyaeth
<kə-me-ra-DUI-aith -eth> [kəmɛraˡdʊɪaɪθ, -ɛθ] (feminine noun)
1
approval, recommendation
y gymeradwyaeth the approval

:_______________________________.

cymeradwyo
<kə-me-ra-DUI-o> [kəmɛraˡdʊɪɔ] (verb)
1
approve, recommend

:_______________________________.

cymeriad, cymeriadau
<kə-MER-yad, kə-mer-YAA-dai, -e> [kəˡmɛrjad, kəmɛrˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1
character
Mae hynny’n groes i’w gymeriad It’s out of character for him (“that is contrary to his character”)

2 (North Wales) tenancy, agreement, lease, contract

Mae Robert Gruffudd wedi’i droi allan o’r Hafodolau a mae John Thomas, y Siop Goch, wedi cael y cymeriad
Robert Gruffudd has been turned out of / evicted from Hafodolau and John Thomas, from Siop Goch (i.e. red shop of the carpenter), has got the tenancy
:_______________________________.

cymeryd
<kə-MEE-rid> [kəˡmeˑrɪd] (verb)
1
to take, variant of cymryd

:_______________________________.

cymesur
<kə-ME-sir> [kəˡmɛsɪr] (adjective)
1
cymesur â commensurate with, in proportion to, in proportion with

heb fod yn gymesur â out of proportion to, out of proportion with

 
Nid yw’r gyflog yn gymesur ag urddas y swydd The salary is not commensurate with the importance (“dignity”) of the job

:_______________________________.

cymesuredd
<kə-me-SII-redh> [kəmɛˡsiˑrɛð] masculine noun
1
proportion = correct relationship
colli’ch synnwyr cymesuredd lose your sense of proportion
colli pob amcan am gymesuredd lose all sense of proportion

2 symmetry

ETYMOLOGY: (cymesur = equitative, symmetrical) + (-edd, suffix)

:_______________________________.

cymesurol
<kə-me-SII-rol> [kəmɛˡsiˑrɔl] adjective
1
proportional

ETYMOLOGY: (cymesur = equitative, symmetrical) + (-ol, suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

cymhedrol
<kəm-HE-drol> [kəmˡhɛdrɔl] (adjective)
1
moderate

:_______________________________.

cymhleth
<KƏ-mhleth> [ˡkəmhlɛθ] (adjective)
1
complicated

:_______________________________.

cymdda
<KƏM-dha> [ˡkəmða] masculine noun
South-east Wales
1
For more information on the following place names see cimdda (= common land) (of which cymdda is a variant)

(1) Y Cymdda-bach – formerly the name of a cottage in Llan-daf (Caer-dydd).

(2) Y Cymdda-bach - formerly the name of a small thatched house blown down in a storm in 1895 on the south side of Parc y Rhath (Caer-dydd).

(3) Nant Cymdda Bach (= nant y cymdda bach) stream between Llantrisant and Beddau (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf)

(4) Coed y Cymdda name of a wood east of Gwenfô (county of Bro Morgannwg)

(5) Y Cymdda SS9183 common land south of Y Sarn (county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr)
A street by this place has the same name: Y Cymdda

7502_cymdda_090422
:_______________________________.

cymhares
<kəm-HAA-res> [kəmˡhɑˑrɛs] feminine noun
PLURAL: cymaresau <
kə-ma-RE-sai, -e> [kəmaˡrɛsaɪ, -ɛ]
1
companion
y gymhares = the companion

2 wife

cymhares gydnabyddedig (f), cymaresau cydnabyddedig common-law wife (“recognised wife”)

3 counterpart

4 (animal, bird) mate

5 peer, equal

6 (dance) partner

ETYMOLOGY: (cymhar-, a form of cymar
(= partner) before a final element of one syllable) + (-es noun suffix indicating a female)

:_______________________________.

cymhariaeth
<kə-MHAR-yaith -yeth> [kəˡmharjaɪθ, -ɛθ] feminine noun
PLURAL: cymariaethau <
kə-mar-YEI-thai, -e> [kəmarˡjəɪθaɪ, -ɛ]
1
comparison
y gymhariaeth the comparison
2
cymariaethol comparative

ETYMOLOGY: (cymhar- < cymharu
= to compare) + (-aeth suffix for forming nouns)

:_______________________________.

cymharol
<kə-MHAA-rol> [kəˡmhɑˑrɔl] adj
1
comparative
gradd gymharol (adjectives) comparative degree

2 comparatively, fairly
cymharol fychan comparatively small
cymharol fyr fairly small

3 cymaroldeb comparability

ETYMOLOGY: (cymhar- < cymharu
= to compare) + (-ol suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

cymharu
<kə-MHAA-ri> [kəˡmhɑˑrɪ] verb
1
(verb with an object) compare

2
mate, pair off
Mae ysgyfarnogod yn cymharu rhwng Chwefror a Medi gan esgor ar dri neu bedwar torllwyth
Hares mate between February and September and produce three or four litters

ETYMOLOGY: (cymhar-, a form of cymar
‹= partner› before a final element of one syllable) + (-u suffix for forming verbs)

:_______________________________.

cymharus
<kə-mhaa-ris> [kəmhɑˑrɪs] adj
1
compatible
ieuo’n gymharus (of a man and woman) make a good match (“yoke compatibly”)

ETYMOLOGY: (cymhar-, a form of cymar
‹= partner› before a final element of one syllable) + (-us suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

cymhedrol
<kəm-HE-drol> [kəmˡhɛdrɔl] adjective
1
erroneous form of cymedrol. Etymologically there is no ‘h’. Influenced by similar words where the ‘h’ is indeed present –


cymhelliad (= motive) < cymell (= urge)
cymhennu (= tidy up) < cymen (= tidy)
cymhlethu (= to complicate) < cymhleth = complex, complicated)
cymhwyso (= adapt) < cymwys (= suitable)
cymhorthdal (= subsidy, literally ‘help payment’) < cymorth (= help) etc

:_______________________________.

cymla
<KƏM-la> [ˡkəmla] masculine noun
1
(Place names, South-east Wales) common land. Variant of cimla (qv)

:_______________________________.

cymod <KƏ-mod> [ˡkəmɔd] masculine noun
PLURAL: cymodau <kə-MOO-dai, -e> [kəˡmoˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1
atonement
gwneud cymod am (rywbeth) make atonement for

2 reconciliation

3 Cymdeithas y Cymod <kəm-DEI-thas ə KƏ-mod> [kəmˡdəɪθas ə ˡkəmɔd] Fellowship of Reconciliation

4 Dydd y Cymod Day of Atonement (Jewish festival)

ETYMOLOGY: (cym- prefix = together) + soft mutation + (bod = being) > *cymfod > cymod

:_______________________________.

cymodi <kə-MOO-di> [kəˡmoˑdɪ] verb
1
reconcile = cause to leave aside a dispute

2 become reconciled, make it up, make up, patch up one’s differences with

3 dygymod â reconcile oneself to, resign oneself to, come to terms with, accept and be content with, come round to
(dy- intensifying prefix ) + soft mutation + (cymod = to reconcile , a variant of cymodi = reconcile)

ETYMOLOGY: (cymod = reconciliation) + (-i suffix for forming verbs)

:_______________________________.

cymoedd
<KƏ-moidh -modh> [ˡkəmɔrð, ˡkəmɔð] (plural noun)
1
valleys; see cwm

:_______________________________.

cymorth, cymhorthau
<KƏ-morth, kə-MHOR-thai, -e> [ˡkəmɔrθ, kəˡmhɔrθaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1
help, aid

:_______________________________.

Cymraeg (“Cymráeg”)
<kəm-RAIG> [kəmˡraɪg] (feminine noun)

1 Welsh
y Gymraeg = the Welsh language

gwraig Gymraeg ei hiaith a Welsh-speaking woman, a woman whose language is Welsh (“Welsh her language”)

 

see Cymraeg eich iaith below

2 in broken Welsh, in bad Welsh, in halting Welsh


mewn C
ymraeg bratiog (= ragged) <kəm-RAIG BRAT-yog> [kəmˡraɪg ˡbratjɔg]


mewn Cymraeg drylliog (= shattered)


mewn Cymraeg clapiog (= lumpy)
<kəm-RAIG KLAP-yog> [kəmˡraɪg ˡklapjɔg]


mewn Cymraeg cerrig calch (= “Welsh (of the) limestone (quarries)”)  <kəm-RAIG KE-rig-KALKH> [kəmˡraɪg ˡkɛrɪg ˡkalx] - from the Welsh spoken by limestone quarry workers in the south-east in the 1700s, 1800s who were immigrants to Wales from Somerset)


Cymráeg ceffylau
<kəm-RAIG ke-FƏ-lai, -e> [kəmˡraɪg kɛˡfəlaɪ, -ɛ] bad Welsh, poor Welsh, broken Welsh ( = “Welsh (of) horses”. i.e. (query) ?Welsh like the neighing of horses)

3 Cymraeg carbwl garbled Welsh, mangled Welsh
siarad Cymraeg carbwl speak bad Welsh

4 Does fawr o Gymráeg rhyngddyn nhw They’re not speaking to each other, They’ve fallen out, They’re not on good terms with each other (“there’s not much Welsh between them”)

:_______________________________.

Cymraeg (“Cymráeg”)
<kəm-RAIG> [kəmˡraɪg] adjective

1 Welsh

yr Iaith Gymraeg the Welsh language

2 Welsh-speaking = (territory) having Welsh as its language
Maelor Gymraeg medieval division ('cwmwd') of the country (‘gwlad’) of Powys
“(the part of the district called) Maelor (which is) English-speaking / inhabited by English people”

:_______________________________.

Cymraeg eich iaith (“Cymráeg”)  
<kəm-RAAIG əkh YAITH> [kəmˡrɑˑɪg əx ˡjaɪθ] adjective
1
Welsh-speaking = (person) able to speak Welsh
pobl ifainc Cymráeg eu hiaith young Welsh-speakers

2 Welsh-speaking = (community) using Welsh as the usual language
Rhaid sicrháu mai’r Gymráeg yw’r unig gyfrwng dysgu yn yr ardaloedd Cymráeg eu hiaith

We must ensure that Welsh is the sole medium of instruction in Welsh-speaking areas

ETYMOLOGY: Cymraeg eich iaith = “Welsh your language”. See eich for other examples of this construction

:_______________________________.

Cymraeg Patagonia (“Cymráeg”)
<kəm-RAAIG pa-ta-GON-ya> [kəmˡrɑˑɪg pataˡgɔnja] feminine noun
1
the Welsh of Patagonia - the variant of the language spoken by the descendents of the Welsh immigrants who arrived in 1865 and after, characterized originally by a phonology resembling northern Welsh (apparently through the influence of Welsh teachers and chapel leaders mostly from the North), but nowadays with a heavily Castilianised phonology amongst the youngest speakers; with a lexis including a few words which are nowadays obsolete in the Welsh of modern Wales, some neologisms from the nineteenth century which gained currency here but did not gain acceptance in the ordinary language in Wales, and loan words from Castilian; for examples of this latter category, see hecterw (= hectare), tshacra (= farm), naffta (= petrol)

:_______________________________.

Cymraes (“Cymráes”)
<kəm-RAIS> [kəmˡrɑɪs] feminine noun
PLURAL: Cymraësau, Cymryesau <
kəm-ra-E-se, kəm-ri-E-sai, -e> [kəmraˡɛsaɪ, -ɛ, kəmrɪˡɛsaɪ, -ɛ]
1
Welshwoman = woman born in Wales;
y Gymráes = the Welsh woman
cyd-Gymráes = fellow-Welshwoman
Cymráes iaith cyntaf = a Welshwoman whose first language is Welsh, native Welsh speaker

2 Welshwoman = woman of Welsh descent (parents, grandparents, great-grandparents, etc)
Nid Saesnes go iawn mohoni. Cymráes yw hi o dras - cafodd ei thad-cu ei eni yn Llangynwyd

3
Welshwoman = a person who speaks Welsh

4 Welshwoman = a person who lives in Wales and considers herself Welsh even though she was not born in Wales and is not of Welsh descent

5 Welshwoman = inhabitant of the ‘Hen Ogledd’ - the Old North, Welsh territories before the invasion of the Anglians around the 900s, especially Ystrad Clud (now Strathclyde, Scotland) and Rheged (now Cumbria, England)

6 Cymráes lân a thorough Welshwoman (“a pure Welshwoman”)
Cymráes lân loyw a thorough Welshwoman (“a pure and clear Welshwoman”)
Cymráes o waed coch cyfa a thorough Welshwoman (“a Welshwoman of complete red blood”)


7 ...o Gymráes = Welsh (“of (a) Welshwoman”)
mam o Gymráes a Welsh mother

8 Cymráes o’r De a southerner (“Welshwoman from the south”)

9 Cymráes uniaith Welshwoman who speaks only Welsh, monoglot Welshwoman
Cymráes ddi-Gymraeg non-Welsh-speaking Welshwoman, a Welshwoman who doesn’t know the language of her own country

10 Cymráes Gymraeg Welsh-speaking Welshwoman - an expression which reflects the state of the Welsh language today, after centuries of official policy to eradicate it, where four out of five inhabitants of Wales are unable to speak the language of their country. The same expression applied to the English would sound odd in the extreme - an English-speaking Englishwoman

11 Cymráes Llundain one of the London Welsh, London Welshwoman
Cymráes Patagonia a Welshwoman from Patagonia

ETYMOLOGY: British *kom-brog-issâ > Welsh Cym||es > Cym|ráes. For the meaning of *kom-brog- see Cymro
NOTE: in the South, the form Cymreiges is common instead of Cymráes

:_______________________________.

Cymreig (“Cymréig”)
<kəm-REIG> [kəmˡrəɪg] (adjective)
1
Welsh (people, country; not the language, which is Cymraeg)
pabi Cymréig (Meconopsis cambrica) Welsh poppy

2 pro-G
ymréig pro-Welsh
gwrth-G
ymréig anti-Welsh

3 ffug-Gymreig pseudo-Welsh

4
helygen Gymreig (Salix fragilis var decipiens) Welsh willow

:_______________________________.

Cymreigaidd
<kəm-REI-gaidh -gedh> [kəmˡrəɪgaɪð, -ɛð] adjective
1
Welsh in language and character, not Anglicised
siroedd Cymreigaidd fel Ceredigion, Dinbych a Chonwy, a rhai Seisnigaidd fel Casnewydd, Caerffili a Rhondda Cynon Taf
Welsh (non-Anglicised) counties such as fel Ceredigion, Dinbych and Conwy, and English (Anglicised) ones like Casnewydd, Caerffili and Rhondda Cynon Taf

ETYMOLOGY: (Cymreig adjective = Welsh) + (-aidd suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

Cymreigedig
<kəm-reig-EE-dig> [kəmrəɪgˡeˑdɪg] adjective
1
Welshified

ETYMOLOGY: (Cymreig-i-, stem of Cymreigio = to Cymricise, make Welsh) + (-edig, suffix for forming adjectives with a passive past particle meaning)

:_______________________________.

Cymreigeiddiad
<kəm-rei-GEIDH-yad> [kəmrəɪˡgəɪðjad] masculine noun
PLURAL: Cymreigeiddiadau <
kəm-rei-geidh-YAA-dai, -e> [kəmrəɪgəɪðˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1
Cymricisation, Welshification, Wallicisation

ETYMOLOGY: (Cymreigeidd-i-, stem of Cymreigeiddio = to Cymricise, make Welsh) + (-ad, suffix for forming nouns)

:_______________________________.

Cymreigeiddio
<kəm-rei-GEIDH-yo> [kəmrəɪˡgəɪðjɔ] verb
1
Cymricise
Nid enw Cymraeg mo ‘Rhyl’ yn y bôn ond gair Saesneg wedi ei Gymreigeiddio
‘Rhyl’ isn’t a Welsh name in origin but an English word that has been Cymricised

ETYMOLOGY: (Cymreigaidd = Welsh) + (-io suffix for forming verbs)

:_______________________________.

Cymreiges
<kəm-REI-ges> [kəmˡrəɪgɛs] feminine noun
PLURAL: Cymreigesau <
kəm-rei-GE-sai, -e> [kəmrəɪˡgɛsaɪ, -ɛ]
South Wales
1
Welshwoman
y Gymreiges = the Welsh woman

ETYMOLOGY: (Cymreig adjective = Welsh) + (-es noun suffix to indicate a female)

:_______________________________.

Cymreigiad
<kəm-REIG-yad> [kəmˡrəɪgjad] masculine noun
PLURAL: Cymreigiadau <
kəm-reig-YAA-dai, -e> [kəmrəɪgˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1
Cymricisation, adaption = giving a Welsh form to a foreign word

Prin y gellid disgwyl gweld y gair Cymraeg am “prion” yn ein geiriaduron. Efallai y byddai “preion” yn gystal Cymreigiad â’r un
You’re hardly likely to find the Welsh word for “prion” in our dictionaries. Maybe “preion” would be as good an adaptation as any

2 Cymricisation; Cymricised form; a word which has been adapted into Welsh from another language

3 translation into Welsh
Cyhoeddodd Gymreigiad gan Dyfed o rai o emynau Sankey, dan y teitl Y Tlws Cerddorol
(The poet) Dyfed published a Welsh translation of some of Sankey’s hymns, under the title “Y Tlws Cerddorol” (the musical treasure)

ETYMOLOGY: (Cymreig-i-, stem of Cymreigio = to Cymricise, make Welsh) + (-ad, suffix for forming nouns)

:_______________________________.

Cymreigio
<kəm-REIG-yo> [kəmˡrəɪgjɔ] verb
1
translate into Welsh

2 Cymricise = (visually) introduce Welsh on signs, etc; (socially) encourage Welsh society to use the Welsh language
ymgyrch i Gymreigio siopau’r dref
a campaign to Cymricise the town’s shops

3 (institution, administration, business) adopt a Welsh-language policy

ETYMOLOGY: (Cymreig = Welsh) + (-io = suffix for forming verbs). The adjective Cymreig however means ‘Welsh but without reference to the Welsh language’ (with the meaning of ‘Welsh-language’ the adjective is the same as the name of the language, Cymráeg)

:_______________________________.

Cymreigiwr
<kəm-REIG-yur> [kəmˡrəɪgjʊr] masculine noun
PLURAL: Cymreigwyr <
kəm-REIG-wir> [kəmˡrəɪgwɪr]
1
person skilled in Welsh, Welsh scholar

2 person who has great love for the Welsh language and Welsh literature

3 Welsh speaker

4 ‘Cymriciser’, person who seeks to introduce the Welsh language into ambits from which it has been excluded, person who seeks to make an institution or community Welsh in sentiment and language

Cymreigiwr y gyfraith. Ym marw Syr William Mars-Jones, collodd Cymru un o’r gwyr cyfraith mwyaf ei ymroddiad i Gymreigio’r system gyfreithiol yng Nghymru (Cymro 20 01 99)
Cymriciser of the law. With the death of Sir William Mars-Jones Wales has lost one of the lawyers with the greatest dedication / commitment to Cymricising the legal system in Wales

ETYMOLOGY: (Cymreig- stem of Cymreigio = to Cymricise) + (-i-wr = agent suffix)

:_______________________________.

Cymreigrwydd
<kəm-REIG-ruidh> [kəmˡrəɪgrʊɪð] masculine noun
1
Welshness = (person) characteristics which show a person to be Welsh - such as knowledge of the Welsh language, always using the language in Wales, loyalty to one’s district and country, identification with the people of Wales, interest and involvement in Welsh cultural life, or religious life, or Welsh politics

Yr oedd rhai o’r modelau’n ‘priodi’n dda’ chwedl hwythau. Bronwen Pugh yn priodi’r Arglwydd Astor cefnog (ac anghofio’i Chymreigrwydd yn llwyr) (Cymro 27 04 94)
Some of the models ‘married well’ as they put it. Bronwen Pugh married the rich Lord Astor (and forgot her Welshness completely)

Sawl gwaith a ydym ni wedi gweld cyd-Gymry oedd yn bleidiol i’r iaith yn ei hieuenctyd yn diosg eu Cymreigrwydd cyn gynted ag yr oedd gwneud hynny yn fantais i’w gyrfa?
How many times have we seen fellow Welsh people who were supporters of the language in their youth divesting themselves of their Welshness as soon as doing so was advantageous to their career?

2 Welshness = Welsh language and culture
rhaid achub ar bob cyfle i hybu Cymreigrwydd
we must seize every opportunity to promote Welshness

3 (community) Welsh-speaking, Welsh in character and outlook
Ac yntau’n lle mor Seisnig erbyn heddiw, mae’n syndod sylweddoli Cymreigrwydd Cwm-bach Aber-dâr yr adeg honno
With it being such an English place today, it’s surprising to realise the Welshness of Cwm-bach (by) Aber-dâr at that time

ETYMOLOGY: (Cymreig = Welsh) + (-rwydd, suffix for forming abstract nouns)

:_______________________________.

Cymreigydd
<kəm-REI-gidh> [kəmˡrəɪgɪð] masculine noun
PLURAL: Cymreigyddion <
kəm-rei-GƏDH-yon> [kəmrəɪˡgəðjɔn]

1 person with great knowledge of Welsh, Welsh scholar

2 person who has great love for the Welsh language and Welsh literature; devotee
Cyhoeddwyd “Ystên Sioned” yn 1882 gan Silvan Evans. Gwnaeth y Cymreigydd hylon hwn wasanaeth mawr i’r wlad trwy gyhoeddi’r gyfrol glodwiw hon
“Ystên Sioned” was published in 1882 by Silvan Evans. This cheerful devotee of the Welsh language did the country a great service by publishing this commendable book

3 (nineteenth century) Y Cymreigyddion a Welsh literary and historical association (“the Welshmen / the Welsh scholars”)

Mae yn y brif-ddinas lawer o gannoedd o Gymry, ond nid oes dros ugain, un amser, yn ymgyfarfod yn ystafell y Cymreigyddion
Seren Gomer 1835. Diffyg Gwladgarwch yn Mhlith y Cymry, ac Adfeiliad y Gymraeg.
There are in the capital city (= London) many hundreds of Welsh people, but there are no more at any one time than twenty who meet in the room of the Cymreigyddion
Seren Gomer 1835 (“The Lack of Patriotism among the Welsh, and the Decay of the Welsh Language”)

Cymdeithas Cymreigyddion y Fenni Abergavenny Welsh Society, established in 1833 (“(the) society (of) (the) Welsh scholars (of) Y Fenni”)

Neuadd y Cymreigyddion Cymreigyddion Hall, a meeting place for members of a Cymreigyddion society; such a place is mentioned as being above the Llew Gwyn (White Lion Inn) in Merthyrtudful in 1846

ETYMOLOGY: (Cymreig adjective, = Welsh) + (-ydd = suffix for forming nouns)

:_______________________________.

CYMRICISED FORMS OF ENGLISH PLACE NAMES

(INCLUDING PLACE NAMES IN WALES OF ENGLISH ORIGIN):

Bryste Bristol, England (from the older English form Bristow).

Ednob <ED-nob> ɛdnɔb] Locality in England near the Welsh border; a village 9km north-west of Colunwy (Clun), in the parish of Mainstone (SO2787) (county of Shropshire). English name: Edenhope

Efsam
<EV-sam> ɛvsam] Evesham (Worcestershire, England)

Einsiob
<EIN-shob> əɪnʃɔb] Evenjobb (SO2662), village in Powys, 6km south-east of Llanandras.

Henffordd
<HEN-fordh> hɛnfɔrð] Hereford, England. The English name means ‘army road’; the Welsh form is a reinterpretation of the name as “old road”.

Lerpwl Liverpool, England (from an older English form Lerpool).

Llwydlo Ludlow, England

Llundain London, England.

Prestatyn (county of Flint, Wales).

Y Rhyl (county of Dinbych, Wales).

:_______________________________.

Cymro
<KƏM-ro> [ˡkəmrɔ] masculine noun
PLURAL: Cymry <
KƏM-ri> [ˡkəmrɪ] 1 Welshman = man born in Wales; (archaic, facetious: Cambrian)


cyd-Gymro = fellow-Welshman


Cymro iaith gyntaf = a Welshman whose first language is Welsh, native Welsh speaker


Nid oes ond un o’r pedwar tiwtor ar ddeg yn Gymro iaith gyntaf
Only one of the fourteen tutors is a native Welsh-speaker

2
Welshman = man of Welsh descent (parents, grandparents, great-grandparents, etc)


Nid Sais go iawn mohono. Cymro yw e o dras - cafodd ei dad-cu ei eni yn Llangynwyd
He’s not a real Englishman. He’s a Welshman by descent - his grandfather was born in Llangynwyd

3
Welshman = a person who speaks Welsh

 
4
Welshman = a person who lives in Wales and considers himself Welsh even though he was not born in Wales and is not of Welsh descent

5
Welshman = inhabitant of the ‘Hen Ogledd’ - the Old North, Welsh territories before the invasion of the Anglians around the 900s, especially Ystrad Clud (now Strathclyde, Scotland) and Rheged (now Cumbria, England)

6
Sais-Gymro anglicised Welshman, English Welshman, Welshman ignorant of the language of his people
(Sais = Englishman) + soft mutation + (Cymro = Welshman)
y Sais-Gymry the English Welsh

7
Cymro di-Gymraeg (“Welshman without Welsh”) anglicised Welshman, English Welshman, non-Welsh-speaking Welshman, Welshman ignorant of the language of his people

8
Cymro glân a thorough Welshman (“a pure Welshman”)

Dewch Gymry glân / I wrando ar ein cân / Fel bu y fordaith rownd yr Horn
Come fellow-Welsh (“you thorough Welsh people, you fine splendid Welsh people, you true Welsh people”) / To listen to our song / How the voyage was around the Horn (= tip of South America) (from the folk song “Rownd yr Horn”)

Cymro glân gloyw a thorough Welshman (“(a) pure (and) clear Welshman”)
Cymro o waed coch cyfa a thorough Welshman (“a Welshman of complete red blood”)

9
Name often given to a dog (just as dogs in England have typical names cf Fido, Rover)

10
Name often given to a horse
‘Hwntw’ a ‘Cymro’ oedd enwau ceffylau Llwyn-brith
The horses at Llwyn-brith farm were called ‘Hwntw’ (= southern Welshman) and ‘Cymro’ (= Welshman)

11
...o Gymro
= Welsh (“of (a) Welshman”)

tad o Gymro a Welsh father

tad a mam o Gymry a babi o Sais a Welsh father and a Welsh mother and an English child (= English-speaking, who doesn’t know Welsh)

yr actor o Gymro the Welsh actor

Y mae deng mlynedd ar hugain neu fwy ers i mi weld yr actor o Gymro, Hugh Griffith, yn y ffilm ‘Tom Jones’
It’s thirty years or more since I saw the Welsh actor, Hugh Griffith, in the film ‘Tom Jones’

12
tri chynnig i Gymro = third time lucky (“three tries for a Welshman”)

13 (vocative) Gymry = Welsh people, my fellow Welsh people
A chofiwch, Gymry, gwlad yw Cymru â thraddodiad a iaith ar wahân i unrhyw wlad arall
And remember, my fellow Welsh people, that Wales is a country with a tradition and language different to any other country

14
yr hen Gymry, the British = the ancestors of the Welsh people, before the Germanic conquest circa 500-800

Fe ddaethom ni wedyn i Gaer Gorun yr hen Gymry - ‘Corinium’ y Rhufeiniaid neu ‘Cirencester’ y Saeson
After we arrived in Caer Gorun of the British - ‘Corinium’ according to the Romans or ‘Cirencester’ according to the English

15
yr hen Gymry, the old Welsh, the Welsh in days gone by, our Welsh forefathers, our ancestors

gwin yr hen Gymry facetious name for spring water (“the wine of the old Welsh, the ancient Welsh”)

Trysorid y ‘glain nadroedd’, fel y’i gelwir gan rai, gan lawer o’r hen Gymry.
The ‘adder stones’ (a kind of amulet) as they called them were regarded as a treasure by many of the Welsh in days gone by

16
Cymro o’r De a southerner (“Welshman from the south”)

Cymry o’r De southerners, Southern Welsh, Welsh people from the south, South Walians

Cymry o’r De oedd y rhan fwyaf o drigolion y pentref hwnnw ym Mhennsylfania
Most of the inhabitants of that village in Pennsylvania were southern Welsh people

17
Gymro the Welshman, or Welsh-speaker.
(soft mutation of Cymro = Welshman; epithets had soft mutation of the first consonant)

Found as an epithet sometimes in parish registers, rolls, registers, etc. It seems strange that a Welshman should have such a name within Wales, but it may be that it occured in predominantly English environments such as fortified towns, or in bilingual social groups, such as the gentry families which began to abandon their native language and become English following the annexation of Wales to England in 1536.

An individual who was unable to speak English may have been called this by other Welsh-speakers to distinguish him from somebody of the same name who did not speak Welsh, or who was bilingual in Welsh and English

(Welshmen able to speak English, or who perhaps had lived in England, sometimes had the epithet Sais = Englishman; English-speaker, which has given rise to the surname Sayce).

Examples of Gymro are:

(1) Dafydd Gymro name of an individual in the year 1326 in the village of Cas-bwnsh (county of Penfro) (i.e. near the southern English-speaking area of the county of Penfro)

(2) Siôn ap Rhys Gymro in Aberhonddu in the year 1538 (i.e. in a Norman-English castletown)

(3) Gerallt Gymro Gerald the Welshman, translation of “Giraldus Cambrensis”, (Gerald of Wales), the name used by the Latin writer Gerald de Barri (c1146-1223), a Welshman of a mixed Norman settler and native Welsh background

18
Gymro - in the county of Penfro this in used in the sense of ‘home-made’, in reference to agricultural implements. Here it has the form Gimro
arad Gimro home-made plough (= aradr Gymro, if written in standard Welsh)

19 Cymro uniaith
Welshman who speaks only Welsh, monoglot Welshman
Cymro di-Gymraeg non-Welsh-speaking Welshman, a Welshman who doesn’t know the language of his own country

20
Cymro Cymraeg Welsh-speaking Welshman - an expression which reflects the state of the Welsh language today, after centuries of official policy to eradicate it, where four out of five inhabitants of Wales are unable to speak the language of their country. The same expression applied to the English would sound odd in the extreme - an English-speaking Englishman

Cymry Cymraeg - Welsh-speaking Welsh people

21
Y Cymro (= the Welshman) name of a Welsh-language weekly newspaper (see separate entry)

22
Cymru (qv) Wales - a spelling variant of Cymry = Welsh people

23
Y Cymry ar wasgar the Welsh diaspora, the Welsh people scattered all over the world

24
Cymry Llundain
the Welsh people who live in London, the London Welsh
Cymry Patagonia the Welsh of Patagonia, the Patagonian Welsh

25
Bro’r Cymry Welshry, district occupied by the Welsh (im medieval times, in a territory divided between Welsh and English inhabitants)

ETYMOLOGY: Literally ‘compatriot, fellow countryman’.

 

Cymro < British kom-brog- = person from the same country, compatriot; (kom- = together) + (brog- = country)


(in modern Welsh kom- survives as the prefixes cy-, cym-, cyn-; related to the Latin prefix co-, com-, con-)

In modern Welsh it is equivalent to the elements
(cym- prefix) + soft mutation + (bro = district, country) > *Cymfro > Cymro (with the loss of
[v]).

Breton: kenvroad, kenvroiz (= compatriot, compatriots)

NOTE:
(1) Sometimes in South-east Wales Cymro > Cwmro.
<KUM-ro> [ˡkʊmrɔ]
This seems to be on the analogy of various southern words where the y in standard Welsh indicates an underlying w, as in derivatives of words with an original w – and possibly in particular the word cwm (= valley); the plural is cymoedd (= valleys); southern cwmo’dd

 

(2) In the county of Penfro in the south-west Cymro > Cimro. <KIM-ro> [ˡkɪmrɔ]

(3) The name of the country - Cymru (= Wales) - is an adapted spelling from the 1500s of Cymry (= the Welsh people). Cymru is pronounced
<KƏM-ri> [ˡkəmrɪ], exactly the same as Cymry.

(4) The Welsh name for ‘France’ (Ffrainc) is also a plural noun referring to the inhabitants - literally it is ‘the Francs’, from Ffranc (= a Frank).

:_______________________________.


Y Cymro
<ə-KƏM-ro> [ə ˡkəmrɔ] masculine noun
1
A weekly Welsh-language newspaper published since 1932 (“the Welshman”)

:_______________________________.

Cymroaidd <kəm-ROO-aidh -edh> [kəmˡroˑaɪð, -ɛð] (adj)
1 (archaic) Welsh in character or behaviour; Cymric

Ar ei ddyfodiad atom yn América yr oedd yn ei holl berson yn berffaith Gymroaidd
On his coming to us in America he was in all his person perfectly Welsh

Y mae rhywbeth digon Cymreig neu 'Gymroaidd', fel y byddai'r Arglwyddes Llanofer yn ei ddweud, ynghylch y ffordd y mae trigolion di-Gymraeg Blaenau’r Cymoedd yn byw
There is something quite Welsh or ‘Cymric”, as Lady Llanover would say, about the way the English-speaking inhabitants of the Heads of the Valleys live

2 (obsolete) Welsh = of the Welsh people

Seren Gomer 1836, tudalen 340
Sefydliad Cymdeithas Gymroaidd yn y Casbach
Mr. Gomer - Gan fod yn ddywenydd o'r mwyaf genych glywed, yn nghyd â'ch plant gwasgaredig, am y Cymdeithasau Cymroaidd sydd yn cael eu sefydlu, o bryd i bryd, gan feibion Gomer, yr ydym ni, tua Mynwy, wedi bod yn hir megys yn cysgu mewn llonyddwch a difaterwch am ein Hiaith a'n cenedl, pan oedd canwyllau yn cael eu goleuo mewn amryw fanau ar hyd y Dywysogaeth, a thrwy fod y cyfryw ganwyllau yn taflu ychydig ddefnynau o'r goleu hyd atom ni, trwy gyfrwng y Cyhoeddiadau clodwiw, deffrowyd rhai o honom er ys tymmor hir yn nghylch codi Cymdeithas Gymroaidd,


The founding of a Welsh Society in Cas-bach

 

(NOTE: In English, Castleton. Cas-bach was originally yn Sir Fynwy / Monmouthshire; now administratively part of Caer-dydd / Cardiff).

Mr. Gomer, As you, as well as your children scattered about, are very happy to hear aboput Welsh Societies being founded, from time to time, by the sons of Gomer (NOTE: Welsh people), we, in Monmouthshire, have long been as it were sleeping in peacefulness and indifference to our language and nation, when candles were being lighted in various places throughout the Principality, and since those candles have been casting glimmers of light towards us, by means of praiseworthy publications, for quite some time now some of us have been awakened in the matter of founding a Welsh Society.

:_______________________________.

cymrodedd <kəm-ROO-dedh> [kəmˡroˑdɛð] (m)
1 compromise, agreement
Rhyw fath o gymrodedd rhwng y gramadegwr a'r llenor yw Cymraeg safonol
Standard Welsh is a kind of compromise between the grammarian and the writer

ETYMOLOGY: cymrodedd < *cymrawdedd < *cymfrawdedd
(cym- = together) + soft mutation + (brawd = judgement, verdict) + (-edd suffix for forming abstract nouns)
:_______________________________.

Cymro di-Gymraeg
<KƏM-ro dii-gəm-RAIG> [ˡkəmrɔ diˑgəmˡraɪg] masculine noun
PLURAL: Cymry di-Gymraeg <
KƏM-ri...> [ˡkəmrɪ...] 1 English Welshman, non-Welsh-speaking Welshman, Welshman who doesn’t know the language of his country

2
Cymry di-Gymraeg English Welsh people, non-Welsh-speaking Welsh people,Welsh people who don’t know the language of their country

NOTE: Welsh became a minority language within Wales around 1900. Nowadays the English Welsh, English immigrants, and English-speaking immigrants from other countries form over 80% of the population of Wales. Slightly less than twenty per cent are Welsh-speaking (Welsh people and assimilated immigrants). (Recently (2007) there are indications of a modest increase in the percentage of the inhabitants of Wales who have at least some ability in the language)

Before this unusual situation arose and when the majority of the inhabitants of Wales were Welsh-speaking (many of them monoglot Welsh), there was no special term for Welsh people ignorant of the language of the country, and they were referred to simply as ‘Saeson’ (English people, English speakers). In colloquial Welsh, this is often still the case.

ETYMOLOGY: (Cymro = Welshman) + (di-Gymraeg = ‘Welsh-less’)

:_______________________________.

Cymru
<KƏM-ri> [ˡkəmrɪ] feminine noun
1
Wales, Cambria
A Celtic nation in the mountainous and hilly western part of south central Britain. (‘Celtic’ is a linguistic term – meaning ‘speaking a language derived from the Common Celtic of the Continent’ and is not an ethnic term).

The Welsh, like the Cornish and Bretons, are the surviving remnants of the British-speaking peoples (in a sense ‘island Gauls’, being identical with the Gauls who lived in what is present-day France, Northern Italy and Belgium).

 

These ‘island Celts’ are probably pre-Celtic peoples who adopted the Celtic language (for whatever motive) which had its origins in middle or eastern Europe. In Britain, it was probably adopted from newcomers who had settled among the existing population: Modern Celts (i.e. peoples speaking a Celtic language until the present era) are unlikely to be the the descendents of invaders who replaced an existing pre-Celtic population.

The British (i.e. these speakers of the British language) populated the whole of the island until around 400 AD when waves of invaders came from the east, this time Germanic peoples who began a centuries-long conquest and settlement.

 

Eventually these newcomers (after some three hundred years) were in possession of most of the territories of the British in the southern portion of the island of Britain. A united kingdom, England, emerged.

 

The British language underwent a profound change around the time of this invasion – in the 500s – and became recognisably today’s language, and is referred to as Old Welsh.

 

 (The British / Welsh territories of the north of the island were overrun by the Scots, who had come over from Ireland moving southwards and eastwards, and the Anglian English, moving northwards)

Again, much of the Germanic conquest may have been through subjugation and assimilation, or merely sharing territory which resulted in the new arrivals eventually assimilating the Welsh-speakers (British became Welsh at the time of this conquest), rather than through killings or expulsion.

In spite of the loss of most of their territory, the independent Welsh were able to resist foreign domination for over eight hundred years in the part of the island which is today Wales – a broad mountainous western peninsula, difficult for an invader to overrun and retain.

England was conquered by the Normans in 1066, who within a few years had already secured a foothold in Wales, but it took two hundred years before the English Normans managed to penetrate this last portion of land occupied by the native British and bring it under their control.

The English Crown claimed the territory as its own through conquest, and under the Statute of Rhuddlan (1284) (a castletown in the north-west of Wales), the Welsh rulers recognised English domination of their lands.

Two hundred and fifty years later, between 1536 and 1542, the Welsh lands were formally annexed to England (though the laws enacted were not laws of annexation as such, but ones of extending English customs and adminstrative practices into Wales)

Although now part of the English state, the territory of the Welsh retained the name (‘Wales’) by which they had been known for centuries in English, though this area was now regarded as a regional appendage to England.

(The Scottish portion of the English state is simply ‘Scotland’. The English portion of it called officially “England and Wales”, although this does not imply any kind of co-federation of equals, or any recognition of Wales as being a country apart from England).

From the time of this annexation there was no government to represent Wales as a whole; only local government was allowed to the Welsh, being a replica of the local government system in England. (In fact, the territory in the more troublesome western coastal fringe had already been divided into English-type counties after 1284, some two hundred and fifty years before).

Wales is often referred to as a ‘principality’ though this is a meaningless term administratively – it merely reflects an arrangement within the royal family where the heir to the throne is known as the ‘Prince of Wales’, a title dating from 1301 to indicate English supremacy over Wales after the military defeat of the surviving independent Welsh leaders.

The English name “Wales” is literally “(the) foreigners”, from an obsolete English word with the radical form “wal-”. The name has developed a locative meaning “(the land of) (the) foreigners”.

 

The sense is more exactly “people who are not Germanic like us” and it may have referred to “people who speak a Celtic language”. However since it was not used to describe the Irish, it may be that the name did not refer to the difference in language but to the fact that these non-Germaninc tribes were “people of the Roman Empire”.

 

At any rate “wal- ” did not have the connotation that ‘foreigners’ may have in modern English.

The same word is used in modern German – in Switzerland, ‘Welsch’
[velsh] refers to the French-speaking Swiss - and also to Romansch speakers.

 

The word though does not seem to apply to any language they may have spoken, but to their non-Germanic Romanised society, though it may have been first applied to them when they were Celtic speakers (Gaulish). They later adopted Latin after the conquest by the Romans of the Gauls and the incorporation of their lands into the Roman Empire.

The element “wal-” occurs in English “walnut” (the foreign nut, the nut from the south of Europe), and in numerous place names in England “Walton” (the village of the Welsh people), from the time of the gradual English occupation of Welsh lands. (In some cases, though, “wal-“ may be “wall, fence”)

Under the terms of the 1536-42 annexation, the Welsh were allowed to continue to live in their home territory, but were discriminated against if they did not adopt English language and culture. Welshmen could become administrators in Wales only if they spoke English.

In reality, these prohibitions had little effect. Welsh was excluded from the law courts and administration, but the people continued to speak their own language outside these specialised ambits. Wales now posed no military threat to England, and was not of any real concern for the English state, which had other ‘domestic’ preoccupations – such as the subjugation of the Scots and the Irish, and later on the establishment of an Empire across the globe.

Although the Welsh gentry had become progressively English in outlook and language after the annexation (and some gentry families long before this), the mass of the people remained monolingual Welsh.

Welsh identity was not seriously threatened until the latter half of the 1800s, when the government of England embarked on a course of linguicide or cultural genocide and began to apply measures aimed at eradicating Welsh (and the Scots language, and Scottish) from what was considered to be English territory (although the policy was presented as one of ‘enlightening’ the non-English peoples of the islands.

 

This destruction of Celtic languages as a form of ‘civilisation’ is still the general English perception of the process; very few English people would accept that it is cultural genocide). Many Welsh people, who could not see this policy for what it was, were in favour of this extension of English in Wales – perhaps not understanding that the state intended it to replace rather then complement the native language.

As a result of this systematic eradication of the language – a process which many Welsh people, both non-Welsh-speakers and Welsh-speakers, have come to accept and even encourage in the belief that it represents ‘progress’ – there are today no monoglot Welsh people (apart maybe from infants, and some adults with diseases of senility who have lost competence in their second language, English).

All Welsh people can speak English, and only one out of five of the population of Wales is able to speak Welsh at all. (However, considering the massive influx of outsiders into Wales in modern times, the percentage of Welsh-speakers as a proportion of those born in Wales would be somewhat higher. According to the 2001 Census, around a quarter of the population is foreign-born, the vast majority being English people)

Indeed, to most Welsh people today it seems monstrous to suggest that anyone should be monoglot Welsh, though the existence of monoglot English people, and in surrounding countries monoglot Norwegians, Danes, Dutch, French, Icelanders, or Germans is regarded as being completely natural! (There are though some Welsh speakers in Patagonia who also speak Castilian but have no knowledge of English. This is considered by English people in general to be exotic in the extreme, since Welsh is always seen as secondary to the English language, and Welsh bilingualism in another language is incomprehensible to them)

For many of these incomers, Wales is a part of Greater England, and the language and culture of the native people are held in contempt (“Why do I have to learn another language to live in my own country?” is a usual question). At present, assimilation of English and other immigrants is very unusual – so unusual as to be newsworthy in Welsh-language newspapers and magazines.

Another problem is that many Anglicised Welsh people also view with contempt their native culture, or at least have no desire to see it being any other than a folkloric vestige.

In part it can be explained a feeling of inferiority caused by their lack of acceptance by the English as equals. Showing their dislike of their own language endears them to the English, they believe. However the very fact of being Welsh – even though an individual may be enthusiastically pro-English – is enough to prevent one’s acceptance as being ‘just as English’ as the English themselves. For in spite of their Anglophilia, often they are suspected by the English as being crypto-Welsh speakers or secret Welsh patriots anyway, however much they may profess their contempt for or indiffernce to the language of their own country and its separate identity.

It seems that attitudes are beginning to change however, and prejudice against the language is not as virulent today amongst native Welsh people (both monoglot English and even bilinguals!) and long-established immigrants as it was in the 1970s and 1980s. Recent immigrants (the great majority are English people) tend to be the most aggressively anti-Welsh-language segment of the inhabitants of Wales.

Continuing immigration of English-speaking people, especially into the heartlands of the country which until now have resisted the imposition of English language, culture, and values, and the exodus of Welsh-speakers partly as a result of this influx, and partly due to the political and economic policies of the English state which are neglectful of Wales, and rural Wales in particular, remain a grave problem, and there is a great deal of pessimism in these areas that Welsh will cease to be a community language (and hence a ‘normal’ language) within the next two decades (i.e. by 2020).


2
y Gymru Rydd Free Wales, the future independent and free Wales, Wales free of English overlordship

gwlad ffraegar a chynhennus iawn fydd y Gymru Rydd (Cymro 24 06 92)
Free Wales will be a very quarrelsome and contentious country

Cymru Rydd slogan, graffito – Free Wales (i.e. “(We want a) free Wales”, we want to be free from foreign domination)

3
y Gymru Gymraeg, Welsh-speaking Wales, Welsh-speaking people; the parts of the country or those in Welsh society who have resisted the imposition of the language and culture of England

4
Cymru gyfan the whole of Wales
drwy Gymru gyfan throughout Wales
Roedd yn adnabyddus drwy Gymru gyfan
He was well known through the whole of Wales

5
yng Nghymru i gyd in all Wales

6
Cymru am byth Wales for ever (patriotic slogan)

7
gollwng deigryn dros Gymru see a man about a dog, have a pee (“to shed a tear for Wales”)

8 Cumru Name of a township in Berks County, Pennsylvania.
The first landowner was Hugh Jones, who bought 1,000 acres of land in Cumru Township in Lancaster County in the year 1732. (Berks County was formed out of Lancaster County in 1752)
The name is a form of Cymru (= Wales), with the spelling of the vowel of the first syllable changed to “u”.

..a/ Although “y” is the obscure vowel (“mid central unrounded vowel”) , which also exists in English of course, there is no special symbol for it in English. Since the letter “u” in English can represent the half-open unrounded vowel between back and front (phonetic symbol - an inverted “v”) (as in run, sun, hunt, etc) has almost the same sound, in Anglicising spellings of Welsh place names it is often seen.
Examples from Wales are Crymlyn > “Crumlyn” (curved valley), Dyffryn > “Duffryn” (= valley).

..b/ The final u of “Cymru / Cumru”, pronounced as
[i] in South Wales (and a variant [i] sound in the north) has been misunderstood as an English “u”. If this place name “Cumru" had been spelt “Cumri” in English it would have retained more of the original Welsh pronunciation.

9
USED AS AN ATTRIBUTE
..a/ Welsh, of Wales, belonging to Wales, representing Wales, situated in Wales; for Wales or the Welsh people (Note: no soft mutation after a feminine noun)

..1/ Canolbarth Cymru (= Central Wales)

..2/ Gardd Cymru (“(the) Garden (of) Wales”), an epithet for Bro Morgannwg, the coastal lowland west of Caer-dydd

..3/ Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru “(the) national library (of) Wales”, (llyfrgell is a feminine noun)

..4/ Plaid Cymru = 'the party of Wales', name of the nationalist party
(plaid
(= political party) is a feminine noun)

..5/ plant ysgol Cymru Welsh schoolchildren

..6/ Prifysgol Cymru “(the) government (of) Wales”, the Welsh government (prifysgol is a feminine noun)

..b/ When it is used with the meaning “made in Wales, produced in Wales, characteristic of Wales / according to Welsh practice / of the type found in Wales” rather than “belonging to Wales” the soft-mutated form Gymru is found after singular feminine nouns

biff Cymru
...tramorwyr yn canu clodydd biff Cymru people from abroad singing the praises of Welsh beef

cwrw Cymru Welsh beer, beer made in Wales

cynnyrch Cymru
product or products made in Wales (“(a) product (of) Wales”)

gwlanen Gymru Welsh flannel (i.e. made in Wales, or resembling the type found in Wales)

menyn Cymru Welsh butter

ETYMOLOGY: Cymru < Cymry = Welsh people. The spelling change was introduced in the 1500s to differentiate the two senses of “Welsh population” and “Welsh territory”
Cornish: Kembri (= Wales), Breton: Kembre (= Wales); (these are probably late forms).
Note that Irish has An Bhreatain Bheag “Little Britain” = Wales,
and An Bhreatainn Mhór “Big Britain” (= the island of Britain). Brittany is An Bhriotáin in Irish. Scottish has Cuimridh (= Wales), an adaptation of the Welsh name C
ymru.

NOTE:
(1) The name is a respelling of Cymry, literally “Welsh people”, used in the sense of “Gwlad y Cymry” (the land of the Welsh). By the 1500s “u” and “y”, originally representing different sounds, were both pronounced as “y”. The use of ‘u’ was a useful spelling differentiation to indicate the country rather than its inhabitants.

(2) The Welsh word for France - Ffrainc has a similar origin - ‘Franks’, the plural of Ffranc ‘a Frank’,

(3) Also Welsh Sweden < English Sweden < Scandinavian Sweden (= ‘the Swedes’)

(4) Cymru, like all names of countries and towns in Welsh, is a feminine noun, and so there is soft mutation of the initial consonant of a following adjective

rhydd = free; Cymru Rydd (qv) free Wales
Cymraeg = Welsh (in language); Cymru Gymraeg = Welsh-speaking Wales

:_______________________________.

Cymru a Lloegr
<KƏM-ri a LHOI-ger> [ˡkəmrɪ a ˡɬɔɪgɛr]
1
England and Wales (literally: Wales and England).

:_______________________________.

Cymru Coch
<KƏM-ri KOOKH> [ˡkəmrɪ ˡkoːx] masculine noun
1
Y Cymru Coch popular name for the magazine Cymru (1891-1927)

ETYMOLOGY: “the red Cymru” (from the colour of its cover). Cymru is a feminine noun, but since here Cymru is the magazine (cylchgrawn, a masculine noun), there is no soft mutation after Cymru. See Cymru Goch

:_______________________________.

Cymru Goch
<KƏM-ri-GOOKH> [ˡkəmrɪˡ goːx] feminine noun
1
name of a Welsh Socialist organisation

ETYMOLOGY: “Red Wales” (Cymru = Wales) + soft mutation + (coch = red)

:_______________________________.

Cymry
<KƏM-ri> [ˡkəmrɪ] (plural noun)
1
Welshmen; Welsh people. See Cymru = Wales

:_______________________________.

cymryd
<KƏM-rid> [ˡkəmrɪd] (verb)
1
take
- cymryd diddordeb mewn
<KƏM-rid di-DHOR-deb meun> [ˡkəmrɪd dɪˡðɔrdɛb mɛʊn] (verb) take an interest in

2 cymryd arnoch ddiofryd tlodi take a vow of poverty

3 cymryd hynny a wnaiff hi (container, receptacle) take as much as it can hold

4 cymryd clap (actor at the end of a performance) take a bow

5 cymryd trugaredd ar (rywun) take pity on someone

6 C
ymer e neu beidio Take it or leave it (“take it or refrain”)

7 cymryd gormod o gegaid bite off more than you can chew (“take (an) excess of mouthful”)

8 cymryd cam ffôl do something rash (“take (a) foolish step”)

9 cymryd y gyfraith yn eich dwylo eich hunan take the law into your own hands

:_______________________________.

cymudo
<kə-MII-do> [kəˡmiˑdɔ] verb
1
commute = travel regularly between two points, as between home and a place of work

ETYMOLOGY: adaptation of the English word commute (from Latin commutâre). Cymudo is based on the verb mudo (= to move), from British < Latin mutâre (= to change).
(cym- Welsh prefix corresponding to the Latin prefix com-) + (mud-) + (-o, suffix for forming verbs)

:_______________________________.

cymudwr
<kə-MII-dur> [kəˡmiˑdʊr] masculine noun
PLURAL: cymudwyr <
kə-MID-wir> [kəˡmɪdwɪr]
1
commuter, a person who commutes

ETYMOLOGY: (cymud-, stem of cymudo = to commute) + (-wr suffix denoting an agent for forming nouns)

:_______________________________.

cymun
<KƏ-min> [ˡkəmɪn] masculine noun
PLURAL: cymunau <
kə-MII-nai, -e> [kəˡmiˑnaɪ, -ɛ]
1
Y Cymun (in full Y Cymun Bendigaid) Communion, Holy Communion = the celebration of the Eucharist, commemoration of the Last Supper with the consecration of bread and wine
derbyn eich cymun cyntaf receive first communion

2
Holy Communion - name of a religious service

Eglwys Sant Eleth (Amlwch). 8am. Cymun Bendigaid (Saesneg)
Saint Eleth’s Church (Amlwch). 8am. Holy Communion (English-language service) (advert in Yr Herald, 06 08 94)

3
cwpan cymun communion cup

4
bwrdd cymun communion table; South Wales bord gymun communion table

5
Sul y Cymun Communion Sunday = any Sunday on which communion takes place

ETYMOLOGY: Latin commûniô (= general participation) < commûnis (= common)

:_______________________________.

Cymun Bendigaid
<KƏ-min ben-DII-gaid -ged> [ˡkəmɪn bɛnˡdiˑgaɪd, -ɛd] masculine noun
1
Holy Communion. See cymun = communion

:_______________________________.

cymundeb, cymundebau
<kə-MIN-deb, kə-min-DEE-bai, -e> [kəˡmɪndɛb, kəmɪnˡdeˑbaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1
communion

:_______________________________.

cymuned
<kə-MII-ned> [kəˡmiˑnɛd] feminine noun
PLURAL: cymunedau <
kə-mi-NEE-dai, -e> [kəmɪˡneˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1
community
y gymuned = the community
rhan o gymuned Gymraeg Llundain
part of the London Welsh community

Cymuned”, mudiad a ffurfiwyd yn y flwyddyn 2001 i amddiffyn y cymunedau Cymraeg
“Cymuned” (= community), a movement which was formed in the year 2001 to defend the Welsh-speaking communities
http://www.cymuned.org/

2
gofal yn y gymuned community care (for example, help for people with mental illness who are able to live within a community instead of being confined to a hospital)

3
community = administrative unit created in 1974

ETYMOLOGY: adaptation of the English word community; cym- = com(m)-, uned = unit(y)

:_______________________________.

cymwys
<KƏ-muis> [ˡkəmʊɪs] (adjective)
1
apt, suitable
ymgeledd cymwys helpmate = helpful wife or husband, ‘help meet’
The English word ‘helpmate’ results from a misunderstanding of
'an helpe meet (= suitable) for him'

In Genesis 18:20
Hefyd
yr Arglwydd Dduw a ddywedodd, Nid da bod y dyn
ei hunan; gwnaf iddo
y
mgeledd cymwys iddo...
(18:20) Ac Adda a enwodd enwau ar
yr holl anifeiliaid, ac
ar ehediad
y
nefoedd ac ar holl fwystfilod y maes;
ond ni chafodd efe i Adda
y
mgeledd cymwys iddo
Genesis 18:20 And the Lord God said, It is not good that the
man should be alone; I will make him an help meet for him...
(18:20) And Adam gave names to all cattle, and to the fowl of the air,
and to every beast of the field; but for Adam there was not
found an help meet for him

Yn y flwyddyn 1797, yn mhen dwy flynedd wedi ei urddiad, efe a gymerodd Mary Brees y Coed, yn ymgeledd cymwys iddo ei hun (Cofiant y Tri Brawd / E Pan Jones / 1892 / t12 )
In the year 1797, two years after his ordination, he took Mary Brees from Y Coed as a wife (“suitable help”)

2 straight
mor gymwys â saeth (“as straight as an arrow”) as straight as an arrow, as straight as a ramrod Also: mor gymwys â'r saeth (“as straight as the arrow”)

In the South: mor gwmws...

:_______________________________.

cymydau
<kə-MƏ-dai, -e> [kəˡmədaɪ, -ɛ] (plural noun)
1
See: cwmwd

:_______________________________.

cymydog, cymdogion
<kə-MƏ-dog, kəm-DOG-yon> [kəˡmədɔg, kəmˡdɔgjɔn] (masculine noun)
1
neighbor

:_______________________________.

cymylau
<kə-MƏ-lai, -e> [kəˡməlaɪ, -ɛ] (plural noun)
1
clouds; see: cwmwl

:_______________________________.

cymylog
<kə-MƏ-log> [kəˡməlɔg] (adjective)
1
cloudy

:_______________________________.

cymynrodd
<kə-MƏN-rodh> [kəˡmənrɔð] feminine noun
PLURAL: cymynroddiau, cymynroddion <
kə-mən-RODH-yai, -ye, -yon> [kəmənˡrɔðjaɪ, -jɛ, -jɔn]
1 legacy, bequest

Gadawodd gymunroddion mewn arian i’w wasanaethyddion yn y Friog er cof am eu gwasanaeth cywir iddo (Plant y Gorthrwm / 1908 / Gwyneth Vaughan (= Anne Harriet Hughes 1852-1910 t166)
He left bequests in money to his servants in the Friog in appreciation of (“in memory of”) their honest service to him

ETYMOLOGY: cymynrodd < cymunrodd (cymun = communion ) + soft mutation + ( rhodd = gift, donation)

:_______________________________.

cymysgu
<kə-MƏ-ski> [kəˡməskɪ] (verb)
1
mix up

:_______________________________.

cymysg
<KƏ-misk> [ˡkəmɪsk] (adjective)
1
mixed up

 

2 (South-east) cymysg trachymysg mixed together thoroughly
cyfuno dau beth gymysg trachymysg mix two things together thoroughly

:_______________________________.

cyn
<KIN> [kɪn] (preposition)
1
before
cyn cinio
<kin KIN-yo> [kɪn ˡkɪnjɔ] before dinner
codi pais cyn piso first things first (“lift a petticoat before pissing”)

2
equative comparisons = as
cyn ddistawed â’r bedd as silent as the grave
cyn dloted â...
<kin-DLO-ted> [kɪn ˡdlɔtɛd] (adjective) as poor as
cyn gynted ag y...
<kin-GƏN-ted ag ə> [kɪnˡgəntɛd ag ə] (phrase) as soon as
cyn lleied â...
<kin-LHEI-ed a> [kɪnˡɬəɪɛd a] (adverb) as little as, as few as
cyn wynned â’r eira
= as white as snow

3
cyn y
<kin ə> [kɪn ə] (conjunction) before

:_______________________________.

..1 cyn- <KIN> [kɪn] prefix
1
pre-
clinig cyn geni ante-natal clinic


:_______________________________.

..2 cyn- <KƏN> [kən]
1
first element in compound words or derivatives with the sense of ‘dog / warrior’.
Cf the modern word cŵn (= dogs), the plural form of ci (= ‘dog, hound’; formerly also ‘warrior’)

1/ cyndyn (= stubborn)
‘dog tight’ (cyn-) + soft mutation + (tyn = tight)

2/ cynddaredd (= rage, rabies)
‘dog dizziness’ (cyn-) + soft mutation + (dâr = ?giddy, dizzy) + (-edd suffix for forming nouns)

3/ cynffon (= tail)
‘dog stick’ (cyn-) + (ffon = stick)

4/ cynllyfan (literary word; dog’s leash, dog’s lead)
‘dog rope’ (cyn-) + (llyfan = rope)

5/ cyndy (obsolete; = kennel)
‘dog house’ (cyn-) + soft mutation + (ty = house)

6/ cyna (also cwna) be in heat (said of a bitch)

(“dog-seeking”)

7/ Cynon (man’s name)
(cyn- = warrior) + (-on = suffix used in names of deities)

:_______________________________.

-cyn
<KIN> [kɪn]

1 diminutive suffix

bryncyn hillock (bryn = hill)

Y Twyncyn
(“the hillock “) district in Dinaspowys, county of Bro Morgannwg, South-east Wales (twyn = hill)

:_______________________________.

cyna
<KƏ-na> [ˡkəna] verb
NOTE: also: cwna
1
North Wales (bitch) be in heat; mae’r ast yn cwna the bitch is in heat

ETYMOLOGY: (cyn-, historical stem of the word ci = dog) + (-a)

:_______________________________.

cynadledda
<kə-nad-LEE-dha> [kənadˡleˑða] verb
1
confer, talk

ETYMOLOGY: (cynadledd-, stem of cynhadledd = conference, debate, talk) + (-a)

:_______________________________.

cynadleddau
<kə-nad-LEE-dhai, -e> [kənadˡleˑðaɪ, -ɛ]
1
plural form of cynhadledd = conference

:_______________________________.

c
ynadleddfa <kə-nad-LEDH-va> [kənadˡlɛðva] feminine noun
PLURAL: cynadleddféydd <kə-nad-ledh-VEIDH> [kənadlɛðˡvəɪð]
1 conference room

ETYMOLOGY: (c
ynadledd-, stem of cynhadledd = conference, debate, talk) + (-fa suffix = place

:_______________________________.

c
ynadleddwr <kə-nad-LEEDH-ur> [ˡkənadˡleˑðʊr] masculine noun
PLURAL: cynadleddwyr <kə-nad-LEDH-wir> [kənadˡlɛðwɪr]
1 person attending a conference, conference-goer (USA: conferee)

Bydd llety ar gael
yng Ngwesty Glan-y-môr ar gyfer y cynadleddwyr Accommodation will be available un the Glan-y-môr guest house for those attending the conference

ETYMOLOGY: (c
ynadledd-, stem of cynhadledd = conference, debate, talk) + (-wr suffix = person, man)

:_______________________________.

cynaeafu
<kə-nei-AA-vi> [kənəɪˡɑˑvɪ] (verb)
1
to harvest

2 cynaeafu tra bo’n dywydd deg make hay while the sun shines, make the most of an opportunity
(tywydd is usually masculine; in some places, however, it is feminine)

:_______________________________.

cynaeafwr
<kə-nei-AA-vur> [kənəɪˡɑˑvʊr] masculine noun
PLURAL: cynaeafwyr
<kə-nei-AV-wir> [kənəɪˡavwɪr]
1
(person) harvester

2 cynaeafwr gwair haymaker

ETYMOLOGY: (cynaeaf-, penult forma of cynhaeaf = harvest) + (-wr agent suffix, ‘man’)

:_______________________________.

cynalath
<kə-NAA-lath> [kəˡnɑˑlaθ] feminine noun
South-east Wales
1
maintenance See: cynhaliaeth

:_______________________________.

cynal-i-
<kə-NA-li> [kəˡnalɪ]
1
a stem of cynnal = uphold, maintain, sustain

:_______________________________.

cynaliadwy
<kə-nal-YAA-dui> [kənalˡjɑˑdʊɪ] adjective
1
sustainable, tenable, supportable;

datblygiad cynaliadwy sustainable development

ETYMOLOGY: (cynal-i-, prepenult form of cynnal = to maintain) + (-adwy)

:_______________________________.

cynaliadwyaeth
<kə-nal-ya-DUI-aith, -eth> [kənaljaˡdʊɪaɪθ, -ɛθ] feminine noun
1
sustainability
y gynaliadwyaeth = the sustainability

ETYMOLOGY: (cynaliadwy = sustainable) + (-aeth, suffix for forming nouns)

:_______________________________.

cyn-amserol
<kin-am-SEE-rol> [kɪnamˡseˑrɔl] adjective
1
premature, untimely;
Ers ei farwolaeth gyn-amserol ym mis Tachwedd... since his untimely death in November

:_______________________________.

Cynan
<KƏ-nan> [ˡkənan] masculine noun
1
man’s name

ETYMOLOGY: Equivalent to the elements in modern Welsh (cyn- = dog / warrior) + (-an, diminitive suffix). Welsh < British *kun-agn-o-.

From the same British root: Cornish Konan, Breton Kenan .
In the Hibernian branch of Celtic, the equivalent is Irish Conan

:_______________________________.

cynaniad
<kə-NAN-yad> [kəˡnanjad] masculine noun
PLURAL: cynaniadau <
kə-nan-YAA-dai, -e> [kənanˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1
pronunciation

ETYMOLOGY: (cynan-, stem of cynanu = to pronounce) + (-iad)

:_______________________________.

cynaniadol
<kə-nan-YAA-dol> [kənanˡjɑˑdɔl] adjective
1
geiriadur cynaniadol pronouncing dictionary

ETYMOLOGY: (cynaniad = pronunciation) + (-ol)

:_______________________________.

cynanu
<kə-NAA-ni> [kəˡnɑˑnɪ] verb
1
verb with an object to pronounce

ETYMOLOGY: from the obsolete adjective cynnan = eloquent: (cynan-) + (-u)

:_______________________________.

Cynarfon
<kə-NARV-ron> [kəˡnarvrɔn]
1
a colloquial form of Caernarfon

:_______________________________.

cyn belled
<kin BE-lhed> [kɪn ˡbɛɬɛd]
1
cyn belled â as distant as...

2 cyn belled â on condition that, so long as, provided that
cyn belled â’n bod ni’n dallt ein gilydd so long as we understand each other

:_______________________________.

cyn belled ag y cyfarthodd ci
<kin BE-lhed ag ə kə-VAR-thodh KII> [kɪn ˡbɛɬɛd ɑg ə kəˡvarθɔðˡ kiː] adverbial
1
mynd cyn belled ag y cyfarthodd ci to go far from home (“to go as far as a dog barked”)

:_______________________________.

cyn belled ag yr wyf fi yn y cwestiwn
<kin BE-lhed ag ər uiv VII ən ə KWES-tyun> [kɪnˡ bɛɬɛd ɑg ər ʊɪv ˡviː ən ə ˡkwɛstjʊn]
adverbial
1
as far as I’m concerned
Wel, dyma fi o’r diwedd ar ffiniau Rwsia, pen draw’r byd cyn belled ag yr oeddwn i yn y cwestiwn Well, at last I reached the border with Russia, the far end of the earth as far as I was concerned

:_______________________________.

cyn boethed â moryn
<kin BOI-thed a MOO-rin> [kɪn ˡbɔɪθɛd ɑ moˑrɪn]
See: cyn boethed â marworyn

:_______________________________.

cyn boethed â marworyn
<kin BOI-thed a mar-WOO-rin> [kɪn ˡbɔɪθɛd ɑ marˡwoˑrɪn]
1
red hot (“as hot as an ember”)

:_______________________________.

cyn bo hir
<kin boo HIIR> [kɪn boˑ ˡhiːr] adverbial
1
before long (“before it-be long”)

:_______________________________.

Cyn-coed
<kin KOID> [kɪnˡkɔɪd]
1
district of Caer-dydd (official spelling: Caerdydd, English Cardiff)

 

A Survey had and made of the said Lordshipp or Roth Kensam on the seventh day of May in the yeare of our Lord God one thousand six hundred and fiftye...

for the lands late of David John William, [be]ing in Kenkoed in the said parish of Lanederne, formerlie in the tenure of Wenllian [He]rbert

 

(The Survey and Presentment of The Manor of Roath Keynsham in Glamorgan / Archaeologia Cambrensis / 4th Series / Vol XIV / 1883)

 

ETYMOLOGY: cefn y coed (“(the) hill (of) the wood”). the wooded hill

Note: The usual spelling is Cyncoed, although this represents a pronunciation <KƏN-koid> KOID> [ˡkənkɔɪd]. Spelt according to the rules for such names with a stressed final monosyllabic element (Cyn-coed) there is no doubt about the pronunciation of this name. But more correctly still it would be Cin-coed, or even more correctly Cín-coed, as the vowel needs to be marked as short – it is usually long in this envioronent (blin, ffin, min, hin, tin)

 

Examples of Cincoed / Cin-coed:

 

The History of the Parish of Llangurig. By Edward Hamer, Esq., and H. W. Lloyd, Esq. 1875

CIN-COED, cin may be a corruption of Cefn, ce'n; in which case the word would mean the ridge of the wood. It is the name of a hill in the t.p. [township] of Glyn-Brochan, and also of several small f[arm]s. and tenements on its slopes. 

 

See Cìn-coed.
:_______________________________.

cyndadau
<kən-DAA-dai, -e> [kənˡdɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ] (plural noun)
1
forefathers, ancestors

:_______________________________.

Cyndaf
<KƏN-dav> [ˡkəndav] (masculine noun)
1
man’s name

:_______________________________.

cyndda
<KƏN-dha> [ˡkənða] masculine noun
1
(Place names, South-east Wales) common land.

2 Cyndda. According to John Hobson Mathews (Mab Cernyw) in ‘Cardiff Records’ (1889-1911): “Cyndda, or Cymdda, or Cymla Bach. A small thatched house which stood on the side of Pen-y-waun Road, on the corner of Ninian Road, by Roath Park. The name is Welsh and means “The Common.” In 1653 the house was described as a messuage and land, partly common, in the manor of Llystalybont. It was blown down in a storm (1895.)”

ETYMOLOGY: Variant of cimdda (qv)

:_______________________________.

cynddaredd
<kən-DHAA-redh> [kənˡðɑˑrɛð] feminine noun
1
rage, anger
y gynddaredd = the rage

...ebe fo, â’i wyneb yn goch gan gynddaredd
...he said, with his face red with rage

Sylweddolodd mai dal yr oedd y meistr yn ei gynddaredd
He realised that the master was still in a rage (“in his rage”)

2
y gynddaredd = rabies

ETYMOLOGY:
(1) (cyn- = hound, dog) + soft mutation + (dâr = ?giddy, dizzy) + (-edd noun suffix)

(2) In Breton the equivalent word is kounnar (= rage)

(3) The element dâr is also to be seen in the (obsolete) Welsh word penddaredd (= dizziness, giddiness)

(pen = head) + soft mutation + (dâr = ?giddy, dizzy) + (-edd noun suffix)

:_______________________________.

c
ynddilywaidd <kən-dhi-LƏU-aidh, -edh> [kənðɪˡləʊaɪð, -ɛð] adjective
1
antediluvian, before the Flood
yn y byd cynddilywaidd in the world before the Flood

ETYMOLOGY: (cyn- = before) + soft mutation + (dilyw) + (-aidd suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

cyn ddistawed â'r bedd
<kin dhi-STAU-ed ar BEEDH> [kɪn ðɪˡstaʊɛd ar ˡbeːð]
1
as quiet as the grave

ETYMOLOGY: (“ as silent as the grave”) (cyn = as) + soft mutation + (distawed, equivative form – addition of the termination -ed – of the adjective distaw = silent) + (â = with, as) + (definite article y, after a vowel ’r) + (bedd = tomb, grave)

:_______________________________.

cynddrwg
<KƏN-dhrug> [ˡkənðrʊg] adjective
1
as bad, so bad

Nid yw cynddrwg â’i olwg
He isn’t as bad as he looks (“not as bad as his look / appearance”)

Nid yw c
ynddrwg ag a ddywedoch chi He isn’t as bad you said / as you made him out to be

ETYMOLOGY: (cyn- < cyn = as, so) + soft mutation + (drwg = bad)

:_______________________________.

cynefin, cynefinau
<kə-NEE-vin, kə-ne-VII-nai, -e> [kəˡneˑvɪn, kənɛˡviˑnaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1
habitat

2 sheep pasture

3 familiar surroundings
bod yn ôl yn yn eich cynefin
be back in familiar surroundings (“in your familiar surroundings”)

:_______________________________.

cynfab
<KƏN-vab> [ˡkənvab] masculine noun
PLURAL: cynfeibion <
kən-VEIB-yon> [kənˡvəɪbjɔn]
1
(obsolete) first-born son

Salmau 89:26 Efe a lefa arnaf, Ti yw fy Nhad, fy NUW, a Chraig fy iachawdwriaeth. (89:27) Minnau a’i gwnaf yntau yn gynfab, goruwch brenhinoedd y ddaear.
Psalms 89:26 He shall cry unto me, Thou art my father, my God, and the rock of my salvation. (89:27) Also I will make him my firstborn, higher than the kings of the earth.

Genesis 46:8
A dyma enwau plant Israel, y rhai a ddaethant i'r Aifft, Jacob a'i feibion Reuben, cynfab Jacob.
Genesis 46:8 And these are the names of the children of Israel, which came into Egypt, Jacob and his sons: Reuben, Jacob's firstborn.

ETYMOLOGY: (cyn- = before, first) + soft mutation + (mab = son)

:_______________________________.

Cynfab
<KƏN-vab> [ˡkənvab] masculine noun
1
man's name

2Capelcynfab (Capel C
ynfab) Name of a chapel of rest in Cynhordy, on the road from Llanymddyfri to Llanwrtud. A former name for the area was Llangynfab.
(llan = church, + soft mutation + Cynfab).

2 Ysgol Capel Cynfab. Name of a primary school here, established in 1848
See the website for the school
http://bsd.satproj.org.uk/~capelcyc/, where there is an englyn by Arwyn Evans:
.....Yn ei hiard yng Nghynghordy - onid da
..........Gweld bod hwyl, bod Cymry,
..........A gweld bod hen ysgoldy
..........Yno'n dal heb droi yn dŷ?

(“In its yard in Cynhordy – is it not good
To see that there is fun / good atmosphere, that there are Welsh people
And to see that there is an old schoolhouse
There not converted into a house? (there continuing without turning into a house)”)

ETYMOLOGY: see preceding entry

NOTE: ■ Capelcynfab unofficial spelling

Officially Capel Cynfab, but if written strictly according to the recommendations for place name spelling it would be Capelcynfab (one word) for the locality and Capel Cynfab (separated elements) for the chapel by which the settlement grew.

:_______________________________.

C
ynfael <KƏN-VAIL> [ˡkənvaɪl] masculine noun
1
man's name

ETYMOLOGY: (c
yn- < ci = dog; warrior; chieftain) + soft mutation + (mael = chieftain)

The second element is from British magl- (= big) < Celtic.

It existed as a personal name in British Maglos; and in Gaulish names the element maglo- is to be found;
In Irish mál (= prince);
Cf Latin magnus (= big); Lowlandic (English language of Scotland) mickle (= gran)

NOTE: Corresponds to the forename Maelgwn which is made up of the same elements but reversed


:_______________________________.

C
ynfal <KƏN-VAL> [ˡkənval]
1
Afon Cynfal (SH7241) river in Meirionnydd

2 locality SH6101 in the district of Meirionnydd, county of Gwynedd

3 house name in
..a/ Bangor (county of Gwynedd), and
..b/ Galbalfa (county of Caer-dydd) (in the list of members in “The Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion” 1961 / Part 1)

ETYMOLOGY: ??

:_______________________________.

cynfardd, cynfeirdd
<KƏN-vardh,-KƏN-veirdh> [ˡkənvarð, ˡkənvəɪrð] (m)
1
early poet, Welsh poet from the early period (500s to 1100)

2 gogynfardd Welsh poet from the 1100s to the 1300s (go- prefix, quite) + soft mutation + (cynfardd = early poet) “quite early poet” (i.e. not the earliest poet)
 ETYMOLOGY: (cyn- = previous) + soft mutation + (bardd = poet)

:_______________________________.

Cynffig
<KƏN-fig> [ˡkənfɪg] (feminine noun)
1
forename

M
ynyddcynffig Kenfig Hill “(the) upland (of) the (borough of) Cynffig”

ETYMOLOGY: A personal name. (cyn- = dog; warrior) + (ffig unknown element)

:_______________________________.

cynffon, cynffonau
<KƏN-fon, kən-FOO-nai, -e> [ˡkənfɔn, kənˡfoˑnaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun)
1
tail
y gynffon = the tail

2 â’ch cynffon yn eich gafl dejected, miserable, unhappy, crestfallen, with your tail between your legs, cowed (“with your tail in your crotch”)
Also: fel ci â’i gynffon rhwng ei afl (“like a dog with its tail in its crotch / between its legs”)

3
blingo’r gath i’r gynffon spend wildly, spend every last penny, spend the lot (“skin the cat to the tail”)

:_______________________________.

cyn-filwr
<kin-VII-lur> [kɪnˡviˑlʊr] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyn-filwyr <
kin-VIL-wir> [kɪnˡvɪlwɪr]
1
ex-soldier, former soldier, ex-serviceman (American: vet, veteran)

ETYMOLOGY: (cyn-, prefix = ex-) + soft mutation + (milwr = soldier)

:_______________________________.

cyn-fyfyriwr
<kin-və-VƏR-yur> [kɪnvəˡvərjʊr] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyn-fyfyrwyr <
kin-və-VƏR-wir> [kɪnvəˡvərwɪr]
1
ex-student

ETYMOLOGY: (cyn-, prefix = ex-) + soft mutation + (myfyriwr = student)

:_______________________________.

cyngerdd, cyngherddau
<KƏNG-erdh, kəng-HER-dhai, -e> [ˡkəŋɛrð, kəŋˡhɛrðaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1
concert
c
yngerdd roc (m) cyngherddau roc rock concert

:_______________________________.

cyngherddau
<KƏNG-erdh, kəng-HER-dhai, -e> [ˡkəŋɛrð, kəŋˡhɛrðaɪ, -ɛ] (plural noun)
1
concerts; plural of cyngerdd

:_______________________________.

cynghori
<kəng-HOO-ri> [kəŋˡhoˑrɪ] verb
1 advise, to give advice, to give words of advice, to give a word of advice
cynghori rhywun i beidio â advise somebody not to

2 counsel
Y mae yn gof genyf, pan oeddwn yn hogyn, glywed Isaac yn cynghori yn y “Society”...
I remember, when I was a boy, hearing Isaac counselling in the Fellowship Society / chapel meeting


3 ymgynghori â’i gilydd confer with each other, consult each other
(ym- = reflexive prefix ) + soft mutation + (cynghori = to consult)

ETYMOLOGY: (cynghor- penult syllable form of cyngor = advice) + (-i suffix for forming verbs)

:_______________________________.

cynghrair, cynghreiriau
<KƏNG-hrair, kəng-HREIR-yai, -e> [ˡkəŋhraɪr, kəŋˡhrəɪrjaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun; also masculine)
1
alliance
y gynghrair or y gynghrair = the alliance

2
Y Cynghrair Sanctaidd / Y Gynghrair Sanctaidd The Holy Alliance, document signed in 1815 by Russia, Prussia and Austria agreeing to government based on Christian principles

3 Y Cynghrair Triphlyg The Triple Alliance

:_______________________________.


cyngor, cynghorion
<KƏNG-or, kəng-HOR-yon> [ˡkəŋɔr, kəŋˡhɔrjɔn] (masculine noun)


1
counsel, advice
gael c
yngor gan rywun get advice from somebody

rhoi c
yngor i rywun give advice to somebody, give somebody advice

gair o gyngor a word of advice

cymryd gair o gyngor gan rywun to take somebody’s advice (“to take somebody’s word of advice”)

2 piece of advice = one of a number of recommendations

Mae
yntau'n rhoi dau gyngor - rhwbio'r ddafaden efo taten, neu ei rhwbio hi efo'r llefrith sydd mewn coesyn dant y llew
He for his part gives two pieces of advice – to rub the wart with a potato, or to rub it with the milk which is in the stem of a dandelion

3 “counsel”, the divine plan

tywyllu cyngor

..1/ (Bible) “darken counsel”, cast into doubt God’s purpose (by questioning the fact that the wicked can be rich and the good reduced to poverty)

Job 38:2 Pwy yw hwn sydd yn tywyllu cyngor ag ymadroddion heb wybodaeth?
Job 38:2 Who is this that darkeneth counsel by words without knowledge?

..2/ to cloud the issue

rhag tywyllu cyngor for the sake of clarity, for clarity’s sake

Fel y soniwyd uchod, Gwyddeleg oedd iaith yr ymfudwyr, ond rhag tywyllu cyngor cyfeirir at Wyddeleg yr Alban o hyn ymlaen fel Gaeleg (Ieithoedd Celtaidd Prydain (=
the Celtic languages of Britain) / Brynley F. Roberts (article in “Y Gymraeg yn ei Disgleirdeb”, 1997, Golygydd / Editor: Geraint H. Jenkins t. 427)
As was mentioned above, Irish was the language of the invaders (= the people who settled Scotland), but for the sake of clarity the Irish language of Scotland from now on will be referred to (in this article) as Gaelic

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh c
yngor < British kom-kor- (*kom- = together, *kor- = put, go) < Celtic

From the same Celtic root: Irish cogar (= whisper, plot), Scottish (Gaelic) cagar

The sense development in Irish is (to put together) > (to confer) > (to plot) > (to whisper)

:_______________________________.

cyngor, cynghorau
<KƏNG-or, kəng-HOO-rai, -e> [ˡkəŋɔr, kəŋˡhoˑraɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1
council = an elected or appointed body of people which administers or legislates

2 council = governing authority of a town or city, or a county (Wales is divided into 22 counties since 1996)

c
yngor y dre the town council

c
yngor y ddinas the city council

Swyddfa'r C
yngor The Council Office

Ble mae sw
yddfeydd y Cyngor? Where are the Council offices?

3 council = association

C
yngor Llyfrau Cymru Welsh Books Council

The 22 county councils are (2001 figures):

1 Abertawe

Title:
Cyngor Dinas a Sir Abertawe
‹KƏ ngor DI nas a siir a ber TAU e›
(= Abertawe city and county council) (English name: Swansea)

Administrative centre: Abertawe

Size: 37,700 hectares. Fourteenth in size of the 22 counties, being a sixth of the size of Powys,

Population: Fourth of the 22 counties in population size 230,626; after Casnewydd, Caer-dydd, and Rhondda Cynon Taf

2 Blaenau Gwent
Title:
Cyngor Bwrdeisdref Sirol Blaenau Gwent
‹KƏ ngor bur DEI strev SI rol blei ne GWENT› (= Blaenau Gwent county borough council)

Administrative centre: Glynebwy

Size:
10,900 hectares.The smallest in size of the 22 counties,

Population: Nineteenth of the 22 counties in population size 73,600; about of quarter of the population of the most populated, Casnewydd.

3 Bro Morgannwg

Title:
Cyngor Bro Morgannwg
‹KƏ ngor broo mor GA nug›
(= Bro Morgannwg county borough council) (English name: Vale of Glamorgan)

Administrative centre: Y Barri

Size: 33,500 hectares. Fifteenth in size of the 22 counties, being one seventeenth of the size of Powys,

Population: Twelfth of the 22 counties in population size 119,500;

4 ●Caer-dydd (Caerdydd)

Title:
Cyngor Sir Caerdydd
‹kə-ngor shiir kâir-diidh›
(= Caer-dydd County Council) (English name: Cardiff)

Administrative centre: Caer-dydd

Size: 13,900 hectares. Twentienth in size of the 22 counties,

Population: Second of the 22 counties in population size 309,400; after Casnewydd

5 Caerffili
Title: Cyngor Bwrdeistref Sirol Caerffili
‹KƏ ngor bur DEI strev SI rol kair FI li›
(= Caerffili county borough council) (English name: Caerphilly)

Administrative centre: Ystradmynach

Size: 28,000 hectares. Seventeenth in size of the 22 counties,

Population: Fifth of the 22 counties in population size 230,626; after Casnewydd, Caer-dydd, Rhondda Cynon Taf, and Abertawe 171,000;

6 Caerfyrddin

Title:
Cyngor Sir Gaerfyrddin
‹KƏ ngor siir gair VƏR dhin›
(= Caerfyrddin county council) (English name: Carmarthen )

Administrative centre: Caerfyrddin

Size: 239,800 hectares. Third-largest of the 22 counties,

Population: Sixth of the 22 counties in population size 169,000; after Casnewydd, Caer-dydd, Rhondda Cynon Taf, Abertawe, and Caerffili. Just over half the populatioj of Casnewydd.

7 Casnewydd

Title:
Cyngor Bwrdeistref Sirol Casnewydd
‹KƏ ngor bur DEI strev SI rol kas NEU idh›
(= Casnewydd county borough council) (English name: Newport)

Administrative centre: Casnewydd

Size: 19,056 hectares. Eighteenth in size of the 22 counties,

Population: This is the county with the largest population - 317,700;

8 Castell-nedd Port Talbot

Title:
Cyngor Bwrdeistref Sirol Castell-nedd Port Talbot
‹KƏ ngor bur DEI strev SI rol ka stelh NEEDH a be RA van›
(= Castell-nedd and Port Talbot county borough council) (English name: Neath and Port Talbot)

Administrative centre: Aberafan

Size: 44,000 hectares. Eleventh in size of the 22 counties,

Population: Eighth of the 22 counties in population size 140,100; after Casnewydd, Caer-dydd, Rhondda Cynon Taf, Abertawe, Caerffili, Caerfyrddin, Y Fflint

9 Ceredigion

Title:
Cyngor Sir Ceredigion
‹KƏ ngor siir ke re DIG yon›
(= Ceredigion county council)

Administrative centre: Aberaeron

Size: 179,400 hectares. Fourth-largest of the 22 counties, being a third the size of Powys, the largest

Population: Twentieth of the 22 counties in population size 69,700; similar to Blaenau Gwent and Ynys Môn; about of quarter of the population of the most populated, Casnewydd.

10 Conwy

Title:
Cyngor Bwrdeistref Sirol Conwy
‹KƏ ngor bur DEI strev SI rol KO nui›
(= Conwy county borough council)

Administrative centre: Conwy

Size: 112,995 hectares. Sixth-largest of the 22 counties,

Population: Fifteenth of the 22 counties in population size 110,700; About a third of the population of the most populated county, Casnewydd

11 Dinbych

Title:
Cyngor Sir Ddinbych
‹KƏ ngor siir DHIN bikh›
(= Dinbych county council) (English name: Denbigh)

Administrative centre: Rhuthun

Size: 83,875 hectares. Eighth in size of the 22 counties

Population: Seventeenth of the 22 counties in population size 89,200;

12 Y Fflint

Title:
Cyngor Sir y Fflint
‹KƏ ngor siir ə FLINT›
(= Fflint county council) (English name: Flint);

Administrative centre: yr Wyddgrug

Size: 43,500 hectares. Twelfth in size of the 22 counties,

Population: Seventh of the 22 counties in population size 145,300; after Casnewydd, Caer-dydd, Rhondda Cynon Taf, Abertawe, Caerffili and Caerfyrddin

13 Gwynedd

Title:
Cyngor Gwynedd
‹KƏ ngor GWI nedh›
(= Gwynedd county council)

Administrative centre: Caernarfon

Size: 254,600 hectares. Second-largest of the 22 counties, being half the size of Powys, the largest

Population: Thirteenth of the 22 counties in population size 118,000;

14 ●Merthyrtudful (Merthyr Tudful)

Title:
Cyngor Bwrdeistref Sirol Merthyr Tudful
‹KƏ ngor bur DEI strev SI rol mer thir TID vil›
(= Merthyrtudful county borough council) (English name: Merthyr Tydfil)

Administrative centre: Merthyrtudful

Size: 11,054 hectares. The second-smallest in size of the 22 counties (Blaenau Gwent is the smallest),

Population: Smallest of the 22 counties in population size 60,000; less than a fifth of the most populated, Casnewydd.

15 Mynwy

Title:
Cyngor Sir Fynwy
‹KƏ ngor siir VƏ nui›
(= Mynwy county council) (English name: Monmouth)

Administrative centre: Cwm-brân

Size: 85,100 hectares. Seventh in size of the 22 counties, being a sixth of the size of Powys, the largest

Population: Eighteenth of the 22 counties in population size
84,200;

16 Penfro

Title:
Cyngor Sir Benfro
‹KƏ ngor siir BEN vro›
(= Penfro county council) (English name: Pembroke )

Administrative centre: Hwlffwrdd

Size: 158,800 hectares. Fifth-largest of the 22 counties,

Population: Fourteenth of the 22 counties in population size 117,700;

17 Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr

Title:
Cyngor Bwrdeistref Sirol Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr
‹KƏ ngor bur DEI strev SI rol pe nə BONT a RO gur› ;
(= Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr county borough council) (English name: Bridgend)

Administrative centre: Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr

Size: 28,500 hectares. Sixteenth in size of the 22 counties,

Population: Ninth of the 22 counties in population size 130,900; after Casnewydd, Caer-dydd, Rhondda Cynon Taf, Abertawe, Caerffili, Caerfyrddin, Y Fflint, Aberafan a Chastell-nedd

18 Powys

Title:
Cyngor Sir Powys
‹KƏ ngor siir POU is›
(= Powys county council)

Administrative centre: Llandrindod

Size: 519,700 hectares. Largest of the 22 counties (almost fifty times as big as the smallest, Blaenau Gwent)

Population: Tenth of the 22 counties in population size 124,200; after Casnewydd, Caer-dydd, Rhondda Cynon Taf, Abertawe, Caerffili, Caerfyrddin, Y Fflint, Aberafan a Chastell-nedd, Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr

19 Rhondda Cynon Taf

Title:
Cyngor Bwrdeistref Sirol Rhondda Cynon Taf
‹KƏ ngor bur DEI strev SI rol RHON dha KƏ non TAAV›
(= Rhondda-Cynon-Taf county borough council)

English name: Rhondda Cynon Taff (!) (Not now used – the correct Welsh spelling with Taf is now used)

Administrative centre: Cwmclydach

Size: 42,600 hectares. Thirteenth in size of the 22 counties, being a sixth of the size of Powys,

Population: Third of the 22 counties in population size 240,117; after Casnewydd and Caer-dydd ;

20 Torfaen
Title:
Cyngor Bwrdeistref Sirol Torfaen
‹KƏ ngor bur DEI strev SI rol TOR vain›
(= Torfaen county borough council)

Administrative centre: Pont-y-pŵl

Size: 16,600 hectares. Nineteenth in size of the 22 counties,

Population: Sixteenth of the 22 counties in population size 90,700;

21 Wrecsam

Title:
Cyngor Bwrdeistref Sirol Wrecsam
‹KƏ ngor bur DEI strev SI rol WREK sam›
(= Wrecsam county borough council) (English name: Wrexham )

Administrative centre: Wrecsam

Size: 50,000 hectares. Tenth in size of the 22 counties, being a one tenth of the size of Powys,

Population: Eleventh of the 22 counties in population size 123,500; after Casnewydd, Caer-dydd, Rhondda Cynon Taf, Abertawe, Caerffili, Caerfyrddin, Y Fflint, Aberafan a Chastell-nedd, Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr and Powys

22 Ynys Môn

Title:
Cyngor Sir Ynys Môn
‹KƏ ngor siir Ə nis MOON›
(= Ynys Môn county council) (English name: Isle of Anglesey)

Administrative centre: Llangefni

Size: 72,000 hectares. Ninth in size of the 22 counties, being a sixth of the size of Powys,

Population: Second smallest, above Merthyrtudful, of the 22 counties in population size 69,194

:_______________________________.

cyngor bwrdeistref, cynghorau bwrdeistref
‹kə nghor bur DEI strev, kə NGHO re bur dei STRE vi› (masculine noun)
1
borough council

:_______________________________.

cyngor dinas
‹KƏ ngor DI nas› (masculine noun)
1
city council

:_______________________________.

cyngor dosbarth
‹KƏ ngor DO sparth› (masculine noun)
1
district council (administrative unit 1972-1996)

:_______________________________.

cyngor sir
‹KƏ ngor SIIR› (masculine noun)
1
county council

:_______________________________.

cyngor tref
‹KƏ ngor TREE› (masculine noun)
1
town council

:_______________________________.

c
ynhadledd ‹kən-had-leD› feminine noun
PLURAL: cynadleddau
 ‹kə-nad-le-De›

1 conference = meeting for exchange of information and discussion
y gynhadledd the conference
c
ynhadledd ar leiafrifoedd Ewrop a conference on European minorities
c
ynadleddfa conference room
trafodion c
ynhadledd conference proceedings
ystafell gynhadledd conference room

2 conference = a meeting, usually annual, of the members of a political party to discuss matters of policy

3 conference = an assembly of the clergy, or of the clergy and laymen, in many denominations, to discuss policies
c
ynhadledd Fethodistaidd Methodist conference

4 c
ynhadledd undydd one-day conference

5 uwchg
ynhadledd summit conference

6 c
ynadledda go to conferences

7 c
ynadleddwr conference-goer

8 c
ynhadledd i'r wasg press conference = (esp politicians, police) meeting with the press or other mass media to give information

ETYMOLOGY: (c
ynhadl, penult form of cynnadl = debate) + (-edd suffix for forming abstract nouns)

:_______________________________.

cynhaeaf, cynaeafau
‹kə NHEI a, kə nei A ve› (masculine noun)
1
harvest
2 cynhaeaf llafur corn harvest

3 cynaeafu to harvest

4 cynaeafwr harvester
:_______________________________.

cynhaliaeth
‹kə NHAL yeth› (feminine noun)
1
sustenance
2
trwy bob cymal cynhaliaeth “by that which every joint supplieth”, (the nerves and ligaments in ancient medical science were considered to give life)

Epistolau Sant Paul at y Effesiai)
4:16 O'r hwn y mae'r holl gorff wedi ei gydymgynnull a'i gydgysylltu, trwy bob cymal cynhaliaeth, yn ôl y nerthol weithrediad ym mesur pob rhan, yn gwneuthur cynnydd y corn, i'w adeiladu ei hun mewn cariad
Ephesians 4:16 From whom the whole body fitly joined together and compacted by that which every joint supplieth, according to the effectual working in the measure of every part, maketh increase of the body unto the edifying of itself in love

:_______________________________.

cynhemlad
‹kə- nhem -lad› masculine noun
1
(Christianity) contemplation = concentration of the mind and soul on God

ETYMOLOGY: (20th century) (cynheml-, stem of cynhemlu = to contemplate) + (-ad suffix for forming abstract nouns)

:_______________________________.

cynhemlol
‹kə- nhem -lol› adjective
1
(Christianity) contemplative = concentrating the mind and soul on God

ETYMOLOGY: (20th century) (cynheml-, stem of cynhemlu = to contemplate) + (-ol suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

cynhemlu
‹kə- nhem -li› verb
1
(Christianity) contemplate = concentrate the mind and soul on God

ETYMOLOGY: (20th century) learnèd borrowing from Latin contemplor (= contemplate, examine)

:_______________________________.

cynhemlwr
‹kə- nhem -lur› masculine noun
PLURAL: cynhemlwyr
 
‹kə- nheml -wir›
1
(Christianity) contemplative = person who concentrates the mind and soul on God

ETYMOLOGY: (20th century) (cynheml-, stem of cynhemlu = to contemplate) + (-wr suffix = man)

:_______________________________.

cynhennau
‹kə NHE ne› (plural noun)
1
disputes; see cynnen

:_______________________________.

cynhwynol ‹ kən- nhui -nol› adj
1 congenital
anffurfiad cynhwynol congenital malformation

2 innate
gwybodaeth cynhwynol innate knowledge

3 hereditary

4 native
siaradwyr cynhwynol yr iaith Lydaweg native speakers of the Breton language

ETYMOLOGY: (cannh- / cynnh-) + (unknown element ?wyn) + (-ol suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

cynhwysfawr
‹kən HUIS vaur› (adjective)
1
comprehensive

:_______________________________.

cyn h
yned â Methwsela ‹kin hə-ned aa me-thu-se-la›
1
(usually used in a derogatory sense) as old as Methuselah, as old as the hills

Genesis 5:25 Methwsela hefyd a fu fyw saith ml
ynedd a phedwar ugain a chant, ac a genhedlodd Lamech. (5:26) A Methwsela a fu fyw wedi iddo genhedlu Lamech, ddwy flyneddd a phedwar ugain a saith gan mlynedd, ac a genhedlodd feibion a merched. (5:27) A holl ddyddiau Methwsela oedd, naw mlynedd a thrigain a naw can mlynedd, ac efe a fu farw.
Genesis 5:25 And Methuselah lived an hundred eighty and seven years, and begat Lamech:(5:26) And Methuselah lived after he begat Lamech seven hundred eighty and two years, and begat sons and daughters: (5:27) And all the days of Methuselah were nine hundred sixty and nine years: and he died.

ETYMOLOGY: (cyn = as) + (h
yned = so old, < hen = old) + (â = with, as) + (Methuselah = Genesis 5:27, one of the patriarchs, said to have lived 969 years)

:_______________________________.

cynhyrchiant
‹kə-nhərkh-yant › masculine noun
1
productivity

ETYMOLOGY: (cynhyrch- penult stem of cynhyrchu = to produce) + (-i-ant suffix for forming nouns)

:_______________________________.

cynhyrchion
‹kə NHƏRKH yon› (plural noun)
1
products; see cynnyrch

:_______________________________.

cynhyrchu
‹kən HƏR khi› (verb)
1
to produce

:_______________________________.

cynhyrfiad, cynhyrfiadau
‹kən HƏRV yad, kən hərv YA· de› (masculine noun)
1
excitement, agitation
cynhyrfiad rhywiol sexual excitement

:_______________________________.

cynhyrfu
‹kən HƏR vi› (verb)
1
excite; get excited
2
cynhyrfu ynghylch y pethau lleiaf get excited about the least thing, get excited over nothing

:_______________________________.

cynhyrfu'r dyfroedd
‹kə- nhər-vir də-vroidh› verb
1
set the cat among the pigeons, cause a bit of trouble, cause an upset, stir things up

ETYMOLOGY: “agitate the waters” (cynhyrfu = agitate) + (y = definite article) + (dyfroedd, plural of dŵr = water)

:_______________________________.

cyni
<KƏ-ni> [ˡkənɪ] masculine noun
1
distress, difficult circumstances, straitened circumstances, hardship, deprivation
mewn cyni badly off

ETYMOLOGY: (?cy-) + (?ni). The second syllable of cyni is likely to be related to Welsh nyddu (= to spin wool)
Cf Irish sníomh (= spinning, strain, anxiety).

:_______________________________.

c
ynifer <kə-NII-VER> [kəˡniˑvɛr] pronom
1
so many
c
ynifer â hynny the same amount, as many as that

Yr oedd sôn mawr drwy’r wlad i gyd am y sawl ddybennai ei gynhaeaf gyntaf, a chedwid ei enw yn fyw am flwyddyn, o leiaf. Tybiwch fod deg neu bymtheg o ddynion ar y llethr yr ochr hyn, a’r cwbl yn gwaeddi’n unsain – “Yn fore mi godes i, / Yn hwyr mi dilynes hi, / O’r diwedd mi ces hi.” Atebid hwy gan gynifer â hynny drachefn ar y llethr yr ochr arall, y rhai a berthynent i fferm arall – “Beth a ge’st ti?” A dyna floedd fel taran – “Pen medi!”.
(Yn Nyffryn Tywi Sef, Brasluniau o Fywyd Gwledig. Gan y Parch. D. Rhagfyr Jones, Pontargothi. Cyfaill yr Aelwyd a’r Frythones. Cyfrol III (cyfres Newydd) 1894. Tudalen 335. Spelling amended)
There was talk throughout the countryside about whoever who finished the harvest first, and his name was remembered all year (“kept alive for a year”). Suppose that ten or fifteen men are on the slope this side, and all of them shout in unison – “I got up early / I followed her late / In the end I got her”. They would be answered by as many men (“by as many as that again”) on the slope on the other side, who belonged to another farm – “What did you get?” And there comes a shout (“and there you have shout”) like a peal of thunder – “the last tuft of corn” (Note: the reapers would set it up in the field and throw their reaping hooks at it)


:_______________________________.

cynilo
<kə-NII-lo> [kəˡniˑlɔ] (verb)
1
to save
2
cynilo ar gyfer eich henaint save for your old age

:_______________________________.

C
ynin <KƏ-NIN> [ˡkənɪn]
1
(SN2622) Afon Cynin = river in the county of Caerfyrddin, west of the town of Caerfyrddin; it rises north of Tre-lech and flows south through Dinas, Gelli-wen, and Castellgorfod, and into the Taf at Sanclêr

:_______________________________.

 

cynjar ‹KƏN-jar [ˡkənʤar]
PLURAL cynjars ‹KƏN-jars [ˡkənʤars]
1 village sorceror, ‘conjurer’(standard Welsh: dyn hysbys)

 

See: cynsierwr

 

:_______________________________.

Cynllaith
<KƏN-lhaith, -lheth> [ˡkənɬaɪθ, -ɛθ] (masculine noun)
1
man’s name (obsolete);


2
occurs in the town name Machynlleth < Mynchynllaith ‘plain of Cynllaith’

:_______________________________.

C
ynllo <KƏN-LHO> [ˡkənɬɔ]
masculine noun
1
(obsolete) man's name

2
saint’s name
..a/ Llang
ynllo (SN3543) locality in Ceredigion
..b/ Llang
ynllo (SO2171) locality in the district of Maesyfed (county of Powys)

ETYMOLOGY: ??

:_______________________________.

cynllun, cylluniau
<KƏN-lhin, kən-LHIN-yai, -e> [ˡkənɬɪn, kənˡɬɪnjaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1
plan
2
cynllun drafft draft plan

:_______________________________.

cynllunio
<kən-LHIN-yo> [kənˡɬɪnjɔ] (verb)
1
to plan
2
clinig c
ynllunio teulu family-planning clinic

:_______________________________.

cynllunydd
<kən-LHII-nidh> [kənˡɬiˑnɪð] masculine noun
PLURAL: cynllunwyr <
kən-LHIN-wir> [kənˡɬɪnwɪr]
1
planner
2
cynllunydd dinesig town planner
3
cynllunydd tai interior designer

ETYMOLOGY: (cynllun-, stem of cynllunio = plan) + (-ydd agent suffix)

:_______________________________.

cynllwyn
<KƏN-lhuin> [ˡkənɬʊɪn] masculine noun
PLURAL: cynllwynion <
kən-LHUIN-yon> [kənˡɬʊɪnjɔn]

NOTE: (1) The colloquial form is cynllwyn > cynllwn
<KƏN-lhun> [ˡkənɬʊn] with wy > w; this reduction of the final diphthong wy is usual in spoken Welsh

1
plot, conspiracy

2 gwneud cynllwyn hatch a plot, plot, conspire

3 (in criticism of others) rogue, devil, bugger, bastard, shit;
(The sense development is probably “person waiting to ambush or commit some crime” > “rogue”)

yr hen gynllwn bach drwg the evil bastard

Pwy oedd y cynllwyn a luniodd salwch y môr, dywedwch?
Who was the devil who invented seasickness?

4
With soft mutation used as an emphatic after question words:
gynllwyn (but colloquially in fact gynllwn) on earth, in Heaven’s name, the hell, the devil, etc,
Beth gynllwn wna i nawr? What the hell will I do now?
Beth gynllwn wyt ti’n feddwl wrth hyn’na? What do you mean by that?
Pam gynllwn...? Why on earth...?
Pwy gynllwn...? Who in God’s name...?

ETYMOLOGY: (cyn prefix = in front of) + soft mutation + (llwyn = bush, wood);
cynlwyn > cynllwyn

Cf Latin (em = in) + (busc- < Late Latin bosc = wood) < Germanic;
origin of
..1/ Catalan emboscada (= ambush) < Latin;
..2/ English ambush < medieval French embusc- < Latin; (modern French embuscade = ambush)

:_______________________________.

cynllwyn
<KƏN-lhuin> [ˡkənɬʊɪn] verb
1
plot, conspire

2
ambush, lie in wait for

Galarnad Jeremeia 4:19 Buanach yw ein herlidwyr nag eryrod yr awyr; y maent yn ein herlid ni ar y mynyddoedd, yn ein cynllwyn yn yr anialwch
Lamentations 4:19 Our persecutors are swifter than the eagles of the heaven: they pursued us upon the mountains, they laid wait for us in the wilderness.

Diarhebion 1:11 Os dywedant, Tyred gyda ni, cynllwynwn am waed, ymguddiwn yn erbyn y gwirion yn ddiachos
Proverbs 1:11 If they say, Come with us, let us lay wait for blood, let us lurk privily for the innocent without cause

Deuteronium 19:11
Ond os bydd gŵr yn casáu ei gymydog, ac yn cynllwyn iddo, a chodi yn ei erbyn, a’i ddienyddio fel y byddo farw, a ffoi i un o’r dinasoedd hyn:
Deuteronomy 19:11 But if any man hate his neighbour, and lie in wait for him, and rise up against him, and smite him mortally that he die, and fleeth into one of these cities:

Micha 7:2 Darfu am y duwiol oddi ar y ddaear, ac nid oes un uniawn ymhlith dynion; cynllwyn y maent oll am waed; pob un sydd yn hela ei frawd â rhwyd.                                                                      
Micah 72: The good man is perished out of the earth: and there is none upright among men: they all lie in wait for blood; they hunt every man his brother with a net.

Josua 8:4 Ac efe a orchmynodd iddynt, gan ddywedyd, Gwelwch, chwi a gynllwynwch yn erbyn y ddinas;, o’r tu cefn i’r ddinas: nac ewch ymhell iawn oddi wrth y ddinas, ond byddwch bawb oll yn barod.
Joshua 8:4 And he commanded them, saying, Behold, ye shall lie in wait against the city, even behind the city: go not very far from the city, but be ye all ready:

ETYMOLOGY: verb from the noun cynllwyn (= ambush)

:_______________________________.

cynllyfan
<kən-LHƏ-van> [kənˡɬəvan] masculine noun
PLURAL: cynllyfannau <
kən-lhən-VA-nai, -e> [kənɬənˡvanaɪ, -ɛ]
1
(literary word) lead (of dog)

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh (cyn- = dog) + (llyfan = rope)

Corresponding to ll
yfan:
From the same British root: Cornish lovan (= rope), Breton louan (= strip)

From the same Celtic root: Irish lomhain (literary word; = leash, rope, halter)

:_______________________________.

cynnal
<KƏ-nal> [ˡkənal] (verb)
1
hold

2 wal g
ynnal retaining wall

3 (piano) pedal cynnal loud pedal (“sustaining pedal”)

4 (road) maintain, keep in good repair
c
ynnal heol maintain a road
c
ynnal ffordd maintain a road

5 cynnal gwledd hold a feast

6 cynnal traddodiad uphold a tradition

:_______________________________.

cynnar
<KƏ-nar> [ˡkənar] (adjective)
1
early
2 marw yn gynnar ar ei fywyd die young, die early in life

:_______________________________.

cynnau
<KƏ-nai, -e> [ˡkənaɪ, -ɛ] (verb)
1
to light (a fire)

:_______________________________.

cynnen, cynhennau
<KƏ-nen, kə-NHE-nai, -e> [ˡkənɛn, kəˡnhɛnaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun)
1
dispute
y gynnen = the dispute

:_______________________________.

c
ynnes <KƏ-nes> [ˡkənɛs] adjective
1 warm
(In South Wales the word twym is more general)
cyn g
ynhysed â neidr ym mol clawdd “as warm as a snake at the bottom of a hedgebank”

2 warm = affectionate
G
yda'm cofion cynnes (formula for ending a letter) Warmest regards (“with my warm memories”)

3 warm = (clothing) conserving body heat
Rhaid gwisgo'n g
ynhesach yr amser hyn o’r flwyddyn
You have to wear warmer clothes this tine of year

4 warm (welcome)
croeso c
ynnes warm welcome
bod
yn gynnes eich croeso i… to warmly welcome

5 c
ynhesrwydd warmth, affection
c
ynhesu to warm, to warm up

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh c
ynnes < cynnhes< British *kon-tess-. Equivalent to modern Welsh (cyn- form of the prefix cyf- before d / n / t/ = together) + (tes = heat)

:_______________________________.

...1 cynnig
<KƏ-nig> [ˡkənɪg] (verb)
1
to offer

2 ymgynnig volunteer (“offer yourself”)
ymgynnig ar gyfer rhywbeth volunteer for something

3 attempt, try;
rhoi cynnig ar = try, have a go (“give a try on”)

rhoi cynnig ar rywbeth arall try something else

:_______________________________.

cynnig, cynigion
<KƏ-nig, kə-NIG-yon> [ˡkənɪg, kəˡnɪgjɔn] (masculine noun)
1
offer

2
attempt
c
ynnig ar antur shot in the dark, wild guess (“attempt at random”)

3
codi cynnig i’r gwynt fly a kite, test the weather = make a suggestion, start a rumour, leak information, carry out part of a plan to see what kind of reaction is caused (“raise an offer / a try to the wind”)

4
(South Wales) ddim llawer o gynnig i
not keen on, not like very much
(“not much offer for”)

Does gen i ddim llawer o gynnig iddo
I’m not really keen on it

:_______________________________.

cynnil
<KƏ-nil> [ˡkənɪl] (adjective)
1
thrifty
2
bod yn gynnil ar geiniog look twice at every penny, be very careful with money

:_______________________________.

cynnwys
<KƏ-nuis> [ˡkənʊɪs] (verb)
1
to contain
2
(North-west Wales) cynnwys rhywun i wneud rhywbeth get somebody to do something

:_______________________________.

cynnydd
<KƏ-nidh> [ˡkənɪð] (masculine noun)
1
progess

:_______________________________.

cynnyrch, cynhyrchion
<KƏ-nirkh, -kə-NHƏRKH-yon> [ˡkənɪrx, kəˡnhərxjɔn] (masculine noun)
1
product (mathematics); products (manufacturing)

:_______________________________.

Cynog
<KƏ-nog> [ˡkənɔg] (masculine noun)
1
man’s name; Celtic saint’s name (as in the village of Llangynog)

:_______________________________.

cynorthwywraig cartref
<kə-north-UI-wraig –wreg KAR-trev -tre> [kənɔrθˡʊɪwraɪg -rɛg ˡkartrɛv –trɛ] f

PLURAL:  cynorthwywragedd cartref  <
kə-north-ui-wRAA-gedh...> [kənɔrθʊɪˡwrɑˑgɛð...]

1 home help (woman employed by the social services department of a county coucil to do domestic tasks for sick people or aged people)
(“help-woman (of) home”)

NOTE: More colloquially it would be cynorthwyreg cartre. The spontaneous form is usually the expression “howm-hélp” < English home help)

:_______________________________.

cynorthwy-ydd
<kə-north-UI-idh> [kənɔrθˡʊɪð] masculine noun
PLURAL: cynorthwywyr <
kə-north-UI-wir> [kənɔrθˡʊɪwɪr]
1
assistant

ETYMOLOGY: (cynorthwy-, stem of the verb cynorthwyo = to help, to assist) + (-ydd = agent suffix)
NOTE: According to spelling conventions in Welsh two ‘y’s cannot go together, so they are separated by a hyphen

:_______________________________.

cyn pen ychydig o funudau
<kin pen ə-KHƏ-dig o vi-NII-dai, -de> [kɪn pɛn əˡxədɪg ɔ vɪˡniˑdaɪ -ɛ] adverbial
1
before a couple of minutes had passed / elapsed

ETYMOLOGY: ‘before (the) end (of) a few minutes’ (cyn = before) + (pen = end) + (ychydig = a bit, a little) + (o = of) + soft mutation + (munudau = minutes)

:_______________________________.

cynradd
<KƏN-radh> [ˡkənrað] (adjective)
1
primary; ysgol gynradd = primary school

:_______________________________.

 

Cynrhi <KƏN-hri> [ˡkənhrɪ] m
1 man's name (not in current use)


ETYMOLOGY: Of British orgin, corresponding to the modern Welsh elements (cyn- < ci = dog, warrior) + soft mutation + (rhi = king) > *Cynri > Cynrhi
 
:_______________________________.

cynrhonaidd <kin-HROO-naidh, -nedh> [kənˡhroˑnaɪð -ɛð] adj
1 maggoty = resembling maggots

ETYMOLOGY: (cynrhon = maggots) + (-aidd = adjectival suffix)

:_______________________________.

cynrhoni <kin-HROO-ni> [kənˡhroˑnɪ] adj
1 be infested with maggots, be crawling with maggots

 

NOTE:

(North Wales) cyrnoni, cynthroni
(South Wales) cyndroni, cindroni

:_______________________________.

cynrhonllyd <kin-HRON-lhid> [kənˡhrɔnɬɪd] adj
1 full of maggots, crawling with maggots

ETYMOLOGY: (cynrhon = maggots) + (-llyd = adjectival suffix)

:_______________________________.

cynrhonyn <kin-HROO-nin> [kənˡhroˑnɪn] m
PLURAL cynron
<KƏN-ron> [ˡkənrɔn] m
 
1 grub, larva of insect, maggot, small caterpillar

cynrhonyn llyfr 1 (insect) bookworm; 2 bookworm = avid reader of books
Rydw i'n gnonyn llyfr, ac yn aelod y llyfrgell y sir a tri o glybiau llyfrau

I’m a bookworm, and a member of the county library and three book clubs


ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British
Cornish kontronenn, Breton kontronenn

 
NOTE:

(North Wales) cynrhonyn > cnonyn; (PLURAL) cynron > cynron, cyndron, cynthron
(South Wales) cynrhonyn > cyndronyn, cindronyn; (PLURAL) cynron > cyndron, cindron


 


:_______________________________.


cynsail, cynseiliau
<KƏN-sail, kən-SEIL-yai, -e> [ˡkənsaɪl, kənˡsəɪljaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1
rudiment
2
foundation
3
precedent

4 digynsail unprecedented
di gynsail (di- prefix = without) + soft mutation + (cynsail = rudiment, foundation, precedent)

sefyllfa ddigynsail an unprecedented situation

:_______________________________.

cyn sythed â saeth
<kin SƏ-thed a SAITH> [kɪn ˡsəθɛd ɑ ˡsaɪθ] 1 as straight as an arrow, as straight as a ramrod (“as straight as an arrow”)

ETYMOLOGY: (cyn = as) + (sythed = as straight) + (â = with, as) + (saeth = arrow)

:_______________________________.

cyntaf / cynta’
<KƏN-tav, KƏN-ta> [ˡkəntav, ˡkənta] (adjective)
1
first

2 Pethau cyntaf ymláenaf / Pethe cynta ’mlaena First things first

3 dosbarth cyntaf first class
teithio yn y dosbarth cyntaf travel first class

4 ar y cyfle cyntaf at the first opportunity, the first opportunity you get (to do something)

5 am y tro cyntaf for the first time

:_______________________________.

cyntedd, cynteddau
<KƏN-tedh, kən-TE-dhai, -e> [ˡkəntɛð, kənˡtɛðaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1
vestibule

:_______________________________.

cyntefig
<kən-TEE-vig> [kənˡteˑvɪg] (adjective)
1
primitive

:_______________________________.

cynt
<kint> [kɪnt] (adjective)
1
quicker , faster, speedier
bod ddwywaith yn gynt na be twice as fast as

2 gynt before, previously

 

3 cyntun nap, short sleep, snooze, forty-winks
This is literally “first sleep” (cynt- = first) + (hun = sleep)
cael cyntun have a nap

:_______________________________.

c
yntun <KƏN-tin> [ˡkənˡtɪn] masculine noun
1 nap, short sleep, snooze, forty-winks
cael c
yntun have a nap
c
ymryd cyntun have a nap
ail-g
ydio yn eich cyntun resume your nap

ETYMOLOGY: “first sleep” (cynt- = first) + (hun = sleep)

 

:_______________________________.

cytûn
<kə-TIIN> [kəˡtiːn] (adj)
1
in agreement, in harmony, united

 

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh cytûn < cy|tú|un < cyt|ddú|un < cyd-ddú|un < cyt-ddy|un (cyd- prefix = together) + soft mutation + (dy|un = ??)
 

 

 

7367_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_119_dodrefn_090203

(delwedd 7367)


:_______________________________.

cytuno
<kə-TII-no> [kəˡtiˑnɔ] (verb)
1
agree

2 c
ytunwch chi neu beidio whether you agree or not

:_______________________________.

cynulleidfa, cynulleidfaoedd
<kə-ni-LHEID-va, kə-ni-lheid-VAA-odh> [kənɪˡɬəɪdva, kənɪɬəɪdˡvɑˑɔɪð, - ɔð] (feminine noun)
1
audience
y gynulleidfa = the audience

:_______________________________.

cynulliad, cynulliadau
<kə-NILH-yad, kə-nilh-YAA-dai, -e> [kəˡnɪɬjad, kənɪɬˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1
assembly
gollwng cynulliad dismiss an assembly

:_______________________________.

Cynwyd <KƏ-nuid> [ˡkənʊɪd]

1 village SJ0541 in the county of Dinbych (formerly in Meirionydd)

2 Bala Cynwyd a village in southeastern Pennsylvania, in Lower Merion Township.

It was originally two separate towns, but it came to be regarded as a single community after the US Post Office used a single office called “Bala Cynwyd” to serve both towns. However the railway still has two separate stations, Bala and Cynwyd.

The area was settled by Quakers from Meirionydd three hundred and twenty years ago, in the 1680s. It forms part of the old Welsh Tract by the city of Philadelphia. This American Cynwyd is generally pronounced as KIN-wid, and by some as KIN-wud, as if the name were Kinwood.
(Information: wikipedia)

7062_CYMRU_OREN_tryweryn_121107

(delwedd 7062)

:_______________________________.

cynyddu
<kə-NƏ-dhi> [kəˡnəðɪ] (verb)
1
to increase

2 cynyddu o lam i lam increase by leaps and bounds
cynyddu bob yn llam increase by leaps and bounds

:_______________________________.

cyplu
<KƏ-pli> [ˡkəplɪ] (verb)
1
copulate

Aeth y ci a’r ast ati i gyplu’n hyglyw o dan fwrdd y gegin
The dog and the bitch began to copulate noisily under the kitchen table

cyplu â copulate with

:_______________________________.

C
yprinidae
1 Scientific name for rhufelliaid roaches

:_______________________________.

C
yprinus carpio
1 Scientific name (genus + species) for cerpyn (m), carp carp

:_______________________________.

cyrch, cyrchau
<KIRKH, KƏR-khai, -e> [kɪrx, ˡkərxaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1
attack, raid

2 sortie
dwyn cyrch ar make a sortie against (“carry a raid on”)

:_______________________________.

cyrchu
<KƏR-khi> [ˡkərxɪ] (verb)
1
go and fetch

2
cyrchu at y nōd run towards the finishing line

Philipiaid 3:14
Yr ydwyf yn cyrchu at y nōd, am gamp uchel alwedigaeth Duw yng Nghrist Iesu.
Philippians 3:14 I press toward the mark for the prize of the high calling of God in Christ Jesus.     

:_______________________________.

cyrfau
<KƏR-vai, -ve> [ˡkərvaɪ, -ɛ]
1
beers; a plural of cwrw (= beer); also cwrwau

:_______________________________.

cyrff 
<KIRF> [kɪrf]
1
bodies; plural of corff (= body)

:_______________________________.

cyrhaeddiad
<kər-HEIDH-yad> [kərˡhəɪðjad] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyraeddiadau <
kə-reidh-YAA-dai, -de> [kərəɪðˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1
achievement, attainment

Nid oes unrhyw wahaniaeth rhwng brodorion Awstralia a’r boblogaeth a ddaeth o Ewrop o ran maint yr ymennydd na’r cyraeddiadau deallusol
There is no difference between the natives of Australia and the population which came from Europe as regards the size of the brain nor intellectual capacity (“intellectual attainments”)

ETYMOLOGY: (cyrhaedd, penult form of the verb cyrraedd = to arriver, to reach) + (-iad suffix for forming nouns)

:_______________________________.

cyrion
<KƏR-yon> [ˡkərjɔn] (plural noun)
1
corners, nooks; see cwr

:_______________________________.

Y Cyrion Celtaidd
<ə-KƏR-yon-KEL-taidh -tedh> [ə ˡkərjɔn ˡkɛltaɪð, -ɛð] (plural noun)
1
translation of “the Celtic Fringe” (dismissive term used in England for the Celtic countries considered to be on its fringe - Cornwall, Ireland, Scotland, Isle of Mann, Wales)

:_______________________________.

cyrlen
<KƏR-len> [ˡkərlɛn] feminine noun
PLURAL: cyrliau <
KƏRL-yai, -ye> [ˡkərljai, -jɛ]
1
curl = a coil of hair
y gyrlen = the curl

gwallt du yn twmlo dros ’i dalcen yn gwrle mân
black hair tumbling over his forehead in little curls

Y Gyrlen Gain (“the elegant curl”) name of a hairdressing salon in Llan-rŵst, 1999

ETYMOLOGY: (cyrl-, penult form of cwrl = curl) + (-en, diminutive suffix) cwrl is English curl, and maintains the former English pronunciation
<kurl> [kʊrl] ; the English word came 1400- from Dutch

NOTE: South Wales cwrlen, plural cwrle, cwrls

-iau becomes –ie colloquially, and in the south the semi-vowel –i- is lost; the reduction w > y in the penult is disregarded in may words in the south. Hence cwrle instead of cyrlie.

This is true at least for the south-west. In the south-east, -a replaces an –e in a final syllable. Hence cwrla.

:_______________________________.

cyrn
<KIRN> [ˡkɪrn] feminine noun
PLURAL: cyrnau <
KƏR-nai, -ne> [ˡkərnaɪ, -ɛ]
1
small heap, small mound
In place names.
See curn
:_______________________________.

Cyrnarfon
<kər NAR-von> [ˡkərˡnarvɔn] feminine noun
1
a colloquial form of Caernarfon (qv)

:_______________________________.

cyrnen
<KƏR-nen> [ˡkərnɛn] feminine noun
PLURAL: cyrnennau, cyrnenni <
kər-NE-nai, -ne, -ni> [kərˡnɛnaɪ -ɛ, kərˡnɛnɛnɪ]
1
small heap

2 stook, sheaf

Cyrnen neu fwdwl o wair, sef tocyn o wair wedi osod yn y fath fodd fel ei
fod yn dal dŵr a chadw'n sych
(Llafar Gwlad 32 / 1991)
A “cyrnen” or stook of hay, that is a sheaf of hay placed in such a way that it stops water getting in (“holds
against water”) and keeps dry

cyrnen ŷd stook of corn

Fe ddaeth yr arwerthydd i’r gadlas mewn pryd,
··········A’i swyddog a’i lyfr yn ei ganlyn;
Y teisi gwair werthodd, a phob cyrnen ŷd,
··········Fe’u prynwyd oll gan y dyeithrddyn.

(BUGEILGERDD (1863). GAN MR. WILLIAM POWELL (GWILYM PENANT). “Yr Eisteddfod” / 1865 / tudalen 369)
The vendor came to the farmyard in time / with his official and his notebook following him / He sold the stacks of hay and every sheaf of corn / They were all bought by the stranger
(Pastoral poem 1863 by Mr. William Powell “Gwilym Pennant”)
“Yr Eisteddfod” / 1865 / page 369)

ETYMOLOGY: (curn = pile, heap) + (-en diminutive suffix added to nouns), with change in the tonic vowel u
<i> [ɪ] > y <ə> [ə]

:_______________________________.

cyrnos
<KƏR-nos> [ˡkərnɔs] plural
1
small heaps, small mounds

With plural suffix -os (diminutives with -os added to a feminine noun behave as feminine singular nouns after the definite article – there is soft mutation)

Found in place names in south Wales - cyrnos > Y Gyrnos

In Merthyrtudful, there is a district marked on the Ordnance Survey map as “Gurnos” (i.e. Y Gurnos); the farm to the north-west which gave its name to the district is marked “Gyrnos Fm”, i.e. Y Gyrnos, which is the local form of Y Gurnos (the reduction of a pretonic vowel or diphthong to the obscure vowel [ə] is a common feature of Welsh)

ETYMOLOGY cyrnos < curnos (curn = pile, heap) + (-os suffix for forming diminutives of collective nouns, especially those of certain plants) with change in the tonic vowel u
<i> [ɪ] > y <ə> [ə]

:_______________________________.

cyrnu verb
South Wales
1
to shiver, to quake; see crynu

:_______________________________.

cyrnyn
<KƏR-nin> [ˡkərnɪn] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyrnynnau <
kər-NƏ-nai, -ne> [kərˡnənaɪ, -ɛ]
1
small heap

ETYMOLOGY: (curn = pile, heap) + (-yn diminutive suffix added to nouns), with change in the tonic vowel u
<i> [ɪ] > y <ə> [ə]

:_______________________________.

cyrraedd
<KƏ-raidh -redh> [ˡkəraɪð, -ɛð] (verb)
1
to arrive

Pwy a gyrraedd gyntaf? Who will arrive first? (Classical Welsh)
Pwy gyrhaeddiff gynta’? Who will arrive first? (Colloquial Welsh)


2 c
yrraedd y gwaelod eitha’ un reach rock bottom, hit rock bottom (“reach the extreme bottom”)

3 (masculine noun) reach
o fewn cyrraedd (qv) within reach
o fewn cyrraedd i within reach of

4 (masculine noun) go = energy, iniatitive
(South Wales) Does dim cyrraedd ynddo He’s got no go in him

5 cyrraedd eithafnod dedwyddwch to reach the peak of happiness

ROOT: cyrhaedd- (penult), cyraedd- (prepenult),

THIRD PERSON SINGULAR PRESENT-FUTURE
CLASSICAL WELSH
cyrraedd “arrives / will arrive”
COLLOQUIAL WELSH cyrhaeddĭff “will arrive”

IMPERATIVE - SINGULAR
CLASSICAL WELSH
cyrraedd “arrive!”
COLLOQUIAL
WELSH cyrhaedda “arrive!”

IMPERATIVE - PLURAL: CLASSICAL WELSH cyrhaeddwch “arrive!”
COLLOQUIAL WELSH
cyrhaeddwch “arrive!”
 

 

:_______________________________.

cyrri
<KƏ-ri> [ˡkərɪ] (masculine noun)
1
curry

:_______________________________.

cyrri cyw iâr
<KƏ-ri kiu YAAR> [ˡkərɪ kɪʊ ˡjɑːr] (masculine noun)
1
chicken curry

:_______________________________.

cyrri llysiau
<KƏ-ri LHƏS-yai –ye, LHƏ-she> [ˡkərɪ ˡɬəsjaɪ, ɬəsjɛ, ɬəʃɛ] (masculine noun)
1
vegetable curry

:_______________________________.

cyrsiau
<KƏRS-yai –e, KƏR-she> [ˡkərsjaɪ, kərsjɛ, kərʃɛ] (plural noun)
1
courses; see cwrs

:_______________________________.

cysawd <kə-SAUD> [kəˡsaʊd] masculine noun
PLURAL: cysodau <kə-SOO-dai, -ai, -e> [kəˡsoˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1 system
cysawd yr haul solar system

2 computer system
Newid dyddiad ac amser y cysawd (To) change (the) system date and time

ETYMOLOGY: c1794. Word coined by Wiliam Owen-Pughe; cysawd < cys-sawd or cy-sawd, which is a form imitating the word gosawd (“go + sawd”).

 

The lexicographer believed that the word gosod (= to place) had an earlier form gosawd, since a common phenomenon in Welsh is the reduction of a diphthong aw to o in a final consonant.

 

In fact, “-sod” is an element (corresponding to Latin sto / stâre (= to stand) and English stand) which had an etymological “o”, and was never originally “aw”.
 

:_______________________________.

cysegr <KƏ-segr> [ˡkəsɛgr]
PLURAL: cysegroedd, cysegrau <kə-SE-groidh, -odh, kə-SE-grai, -e > [kəˡsɛgrɔɪð, -ɔð, kəˡsɛgraɪ, -ɛ,]

 

1 sanctuary, holy place, sacred place

 

Cysegr (“sanctuary”) name of a chapel in Brychdwn Newydd / New Broughton, county of Y Fflint

2 Caniadaeth y Cysegr "(the) singing (of the) holy place / sanctuary; chapel)”

 

Name of a radio programme of hymn singing, on BBC Radio Cymru; hymnody, the singing of hymns

3 y cysegr sancteiddiolaf the most holy place

 

Exodus 26:34 Dod hefyd y drugareddfa ac arch y dystiolaeth yn y cysegr sancteiddiolaf.

Exodus 26:34 And thou shalt put the mercy seat upon the ark of the testimony in the most holy place.

 

4 chapel
Er mewn oedran teg dalia Mr Edwards i gymryd diddordeb mawr yn y cysegr a bu'n hynod ffyddlon ar hyd y daith
Although he was well on in years Mr. Edwards continued to take an interst in thr chapel and was very faithful throughout (“along the journey”)


ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Latin : consecro (consecrare, consecravi, consecratus) (= dedictate, devote)
 

:_______________________________.

cysegru <kə-SE-gri> [kəˡsɛgrɪ] (verb)
1
consecrate


2
dedicate


3
ymgysegru dedicate
ymgysegru i astudio dedicate oneself to study

:_______________________________.

cysegr-ŵyl
<KƏ-se-gr uil> [ˡkəsɛgr ʊɪl] feminine noun
1
feast of dedication, feast of consecration
y gysegr-ŵyl = the feast of dedication

Ioan 10:22 Ac yr oedd y gysegr-ŵyl yn Jerwsalem, a’r gaeaf oedd hi
John 10:22 And it was at Jerusalem the feast of the dedication, and it was winter

ETYMOLOGY: (cysegr = sanctuary) + soft mutation + (gŵyl = feast, festival)

:_______________________________.

cysgadrwydd
<kə-SKA-druidh> [kəˡskadrʊɪð] masculine noun
1
drowsiness, doziness, sleepiness, somnulence = tendency to sleep

ETYMOLOGY: (cysgad- < cysgadur = dormidor) + (-rwydd suffix per formar substantius abstractes)

:_______________________________.

cysglys
<KƏSK-lis> [ˡkəsklɪs]
PLURAL: cysglysiau <
kəsk-LƏ-syai –ye, kəsk-LƏ-she> [kəskˡləsjaɪ, -ɛ, kəskˡləʃɛ] 1 (Papaver somniferum) opium poppy
Also pabi gwyn, llysiau’r cwsg

ETYMOLOGY: (cysg- < cwsg = sleep) + soft mutation + (llys = plant)
NOTE: There is a less correct form cwsglys, without the change w > y in the tonic syllable

:_______________________________.

cysgod, cysgodion
<KƏ-skod, kə-SKOD-yon> [ˡkəskɔd, kəˡskɔdjɔn] (masculine noun)
1
shadow

2
shade

3 shelter
dan gysgod (adverb) under shelter
(preposition) under the shelter of, sheltered by

mynd i lawr dibyn serth dan gysgod Craig y Widdon
go down a steep descent sheltered by Craig y Gwiddon (craig = crag, rock)

:_______________________________.

cysgodi
<kə-SKOO-di> [kəˡskoˑdɪ] (v)
1
to shelter
2 llain gysgodi shelter belt, belt of trees acting as a shelter for a field or building from the wind


:_______________________________.

cysgodol
<kə-SKOO-dol> [kəˡskoˑdɔ] (adj)
1
sheltered
llecyn cysgodol wrth odre’r graig a sheltered spot at the foot of the rock


:_______________________________.

Cysgodydderwen <KƏ-skod ə DHER-wen> [ˡkəskɔd ə ˡðɛrwɛn]
1
house name, Bangor (Gwynedd) (“Cysgod y Dderwen”)

ETYMOLOGY: “(the) shade (of) the oak tree”

(cysgod = shade, shelter) + (y = definite article) + soft mutation + (derwen = oak tree)

:_______________________________.

cysgu <KƏ-ski> [ˡkəskɪ] (verb)
1
to sleep
cysgu yng nghlais y clawdd
sleep in the ditch, sleep out under the stars, sleep rough (“sleep in the ditch of the hedgebank”)

2 c
ysgu ddydd a nos sleep round the clock, sleep day and night

3 cysgu-bei <KƏ-ski-BEI> [ˡkəskɪ ˡbəɪ] bye-byes (children’s word for sleep)
mynd i gysgu-bei
(child language) go to bye-byes = go to sleep
“go to sleep” (mynd = to go) + (i = to) + soft mutation + (cysgu = to sleep) + (bei, apparently English “bye-bye”)

4 cysgu yn hwyr
<KƏ-skin HUIR> [ˡkəskɪn ˡhʊɪr] (masculine noun) oversleep, sleep late

5 Similes:

cysgu fel ci bwtshwr pretend to be asleep

NOTE:  [ Olde Cheshire Dialecte. http://www.cheshirelittlefolk.co.uk/Old_dialect.htm

dogsleipin’: pretending to be asleep ]


cysgu fel craig yr oesoedd sleep like a log (“sleep like the rock of ages”)
cysgu fel gwadd sleep like a log (“sleep like a mole”)
cysgu fel hoelen sleep like a log (“sleep like a nail”)
cysgu fel maten sleep like a log (“sleep like a turf sod“)
cysgu fel mochyn sleep like a log (“sleep like a pig”)
cysgu fel pathew sleep like a log (“sleep like a dormouse”)
cysgu fel twrch sleep like a log (“sleep like a mole”)
cysgu fel y clawdd sleep like a log (“sleep like the hedgebank”)
cysgu’n gordyn sleep like a log (“sleep like a cord (measure of cut wood)”)

:_______________________________.

cysidro
<kə-SI-dro> [kəˡsɪdrɔ] (verb)
1
(Englishism) consider (the standard word is
ystyried)
a chysidro all things considered, considering the circumstances, in view of the situation

:_______________________________.

cysodedig
<kə-so-DEE-dig> [kəsɔˡdeˑdɪg] adjective
1
typeset

ETYMOLOGY: (cysod- stem of cysodi = compose, set) + (-iad past participle suffix)

:_______________________________.

cysodi
<kə-SOO-di> [kəˡsoˑdɪ] verb
1
(type) typeset
2
masculine noun typesetting, layout

ETYMOLOGY: Possibly a form of gosod (= to put), (1) with a verbal suffix -i added, and (2) with cy- taking the place of go- in the first syllable, maybe due to the influence of verbs such as cysoni (= reconcile, harmonize, arrange) or cyfansoddi (= constitute, compose).

William Owen-Pughe, in his dictionary of 1794 onwards, has cyssodi (= to constitute, compose), but as there is an example from 1595 of this verb and examples of derivative forms before the appearance of his dictionary - cysodiad, 1600s, (= composition), cysodwr 1707 (= composer) - it cannot be an invention of his, like so many words in the dictionary. Its inclusion however gave it currency in the modern language
See also cysawd

:_______________________________.

cysodiad
<kə-SOD-yad> [kəˡsɔdjad] masculine noun
PLURAL: cysodiadau <
kə-sod-YAA-dai, -e> [kəsɔdˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1
typesetting

ETYMOLOGY: (cysod- stem of cysodi = compose, set) + (-iad suffix)

:_______________________________.

cysodwr
<kə-SOO-dur> [kəˡsoˑdʊr] masculine noun
1
= cysodydd

:_______________________________.

cysodydd
<kə-SOO-didh> [kəˡsoˑdɪð] masculine noun
PLURAL: cysodyddion, cysodwyr <
kə-so-DƏDH-yon, kə-SOD-wir> [kəsɔˡdəðjɔn, kəˡsɔdwɪr]
1
typesetter

ETYMOLOGY: (cysod- stem of cysodi = compose, set) + (-ydd agent suffix)
NOTE: also cysodwr, with the suffix -wr instead of -ydd

:_______________________________.

cyson
<KƏ-son> [ˡkəsɔn] (adjective)
1
constant

:_______________________________.

cystadleuaeth
<kə-stad-LEI-aith -eth> [kəstadˡləɪaɪθ, -ɛθ] feminine noun
PLURAL: cystadleuaethau, cystadlaethau
 (or
cystadleuthau
)
[kəstadləɪˡəɪθaɪ, -ɛ, kəstadˡləɪθaɪ, -ɛ]
1
competition = rivalry, the act of competing;
y gystadleuaeth = the competition

2 contest = attempt by two rivals to gain victory

3 competition = a contest for a prize
cystadleuaeth harddwch beauty contest

4 competition = rivalry between commercial enterprises to win over customers and earn profits; cystadleuaeth annheg unfair competition


5
cystadleuaeth am y cryfaf a competiton to see who’s the strongest, a trial of strength

ETYMOLOGY: First recorded use in 1838.

It is (cystadlu = to compete) + (-aeth, suffix); in imitation of dadleuaeth (= argument, debate) < (dadlau = discuss, dispute) + (-aeth, suffix)


NOTE: the plural form cystadlaethau is the more common, wirh the double diphthong
[əɪəɪ] reduced to one [əɪ] cystadleuaethau > cystadl’aethau / cystadlaethau

:_______________________________.
 
cystadleuaeth tynnu rhaff
 <kə-stad-LEI-aith, –eth TƏ-ni HRAAF> [kəstadˡləɪaɪθ, -ɛθ ˡtənɪ ˡhrɑː f]

feminine noun
1
tug-of-war contest (“competition (of) pulling (a) rope”)

:_______________________________.

cystadleuol
<kə-stad-LEI-ol> [kəstadˡləɪɔl] adjective
1
competitive = characterised by competition; marchnad gystadleuol a competitive market

2 cyfarfod cystadleuol “competitive meeting” = event where people in a neighbourhood compete to win a prize for solo singing, choral singing, solo recitations, group recitations, musical groups, playing an instrument, toffee or cake making, painting, etc.

Ar un adeg bu yna dros saith o “gyfarfodydd cystadleuol” yn cael eu cynnal mewn capeli bach o gwmpas Plwy Llanuwchllyn... Mae’n rhoi cyfle i blant meithrin i fyny i oedolion ddangos eu doniau.
At one time there were over seven ‘competitive meetings’ held in small chapels around the parish of Llanuwchllyn ... It gives an opportunity for nursery-school children (and everyone) up to adults to display their talents

ETYMOLOGY: First recorded use in 1838. (cystadlu = to compete) + (-ol, suffix); in imitation of dadleuol = debatable < (dadlau = discuss, dispute) + (-ol, suffix)

:_______________________________.

cystadleuwr
<kə-stad-LEI-ur> [kəstadˡləɪʊr] masculine noun
PLURAL
<kə-stad-LEI-wir> [kəstadˡləɪwɪr]
1
competitor, participant, contestant
2
competitor = rival

ETYMOLOGY: First recorded use in 1838. (cystadlu = to compete) + (-wr, suffix); in imitation of dadleuwr = arguer, debater < (dadlau = discuss, dispute) + (-wr, suffix)
NOTE: also cystadleuydd

:_______________________________.

cystadleuydd
<kə-stad-LEI-idh> [kəstadˡləɪɪð] masculine noun
See: cystadleuwr

:_______________________________.

cystadlu
<kə-STAD-li> [kəˡstadlɪ] verb without an object
1 compete = engage in a contest; take part in a competition

2 take part in an eisteddfod;
Rhoddwyd ‘gwobr’ i bawb oedd yn cystadlu yn Eisteddfod y Rhondda
A ‘prize’ was given to everybody who competed in the Rhondda Eisteddfod

3 cystadlu am compete for
Cyfrol am y rhai sydd wedi cystadlu am Gadair a Choron yr Eisteddfod Genedlaethol er 1946...
A volume about the people who competed for the Chair and the Crown in the National Eisteddfod since 1946

4 compete = be engaged with a rival for a prize

5 compete = (business) seek to secure customers and / or profit at the expense of rivals

6 gallu cystadlu â be able to compete with = be able to equal (a rival) in quality, advantages, usefulness, etc
Nid oes yr un iaith wneud a all gystadlu ag Esperanto o safbwynt bod yn ymarferol
There is no artificial language which can compete with Esperanto from the standpoint of being practical

7 cystadlu yn erbyn = compete against

8 bod cystadlu ar be entries for a competition (“be competing on”);
Ni fu cystadlu ar ugain o gystadleuaethau yn yr eisteddfod eleni
There were no entries for twenty of the competitions in the eisteddfod this year

ETYMOLOGY: (cystadl, an earlier form of cystal = equivalent, comparable) + (-u, suffix for creating verbs)

:_______________________________.

cystal
<KƏ-stal> [ˡkəstal] (adjective)
1
as good
Mae un gair cystal â chant imi I can take a hint (“one word is as good as a hundred to me”)

2 cystal â = as good as
esgus cystal â dim
an excuse as good as any

3 cystadlu to compete (from cystadl, an earlier form of cystal)

:_______________________________.

Cystal bys a bawd â chyllell a fforc
<KƏ-stal BIIS a BAUD a KHƏ-lhell a FORK> [ˡkəstal ˡbiː s a ˡbaʊd a ˡxəɬɛll a ˡfɔrk] 1 Fingers were made before forks (in excusing oneself for not eating with a knife and fork)

ETYMOLOGY: (“(it-is) as-good (a ) finger and thumb as (a) knife and fork”)

:_______________________________.

Cystennin
<kə-STE-nin> [kəˡstɛnɪn] masculine noun
1
man's name = Constantine
Constantine (Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus ?280-337. He converted to Christianity after seeing a cross of light before a battle that he won in a a war against his brother-in-law and co-emperor, Maxentius. Constantine later became Roman emperor when he was 26 (306-337). He moved his capital from Rome to Byzantium, which he renamed Constantinople after himself (nowadays Istanbul, Turkey)

Caergystennin Constantinople (“(the) fort (of) Constantine”)

2 Maescwstennin street name in Cyffordd Llandudno, county of Conwy
(“Maes Cwstennin”)
(“(the) field (of) Constantine”)
(maes = field) + (Cwstennin < Cystennin = Constantine)

 

3 Llangystennin ‹lhan-gə-STE-nin› [ɬangəˡstɛnɪn] A village and parish in Conwy. According to the wikipedia entry http://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llangystennin there is a variation of the name with “w” instead of “y”: Llangwstennin

 

The parish is south-east of the parish of Llan-rhos (in which Llandudno is situated). Cyffordd Llandudno (Llandudno Junction) is in Llangystennin parish.

 

4 Llangystennin Garth Brenni ‹lhan-gə-STE-nin garth BRE-ni› [ɬangəˡstɛnɪn ˡgarθ ˡbrɛnɪ]

Welsh Bicknor, Herefordshire SO5917

 “(the) Llangystennin (which is at) Garth Brenni”

Garth Brenni: (garth = hill) + (Brenni?)

Llangystennin: (llan = church) + soft mutation + (Cystennin = Constantine)

 


7079_CYMRU_OREN_llangystennin_081118

 

(delwedd 7079)


ETYMOLOGY: Cystennin < Cystennyn < Custennyn < British < Latin Constantînus,
a diminutive form of Constantius < constans (= constant)

Cornish has Costentin (= Constantine)

:_______________________________.

cystrawen, cystrawennau
<kə-STRAU-en, kə-strau-E-nai, -e> [kəˡstraʊɛn, kəstraʊˡɛnaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun)
1
sentence
y gystrawen = the sentence

:_______________________________.

cystuddiol
<kə-STIDH-yol> [kəˡstɪðjɔl] adjective
1 troubled

II Corinthiaid 4:8 Ym mhob peth yr ym yn gystuddiol, ond nid mewn ing; yr ydym mewn cyfyng gyngor, ond nid yn ddiobaith
II Corinithians 4:8 We are troubled on every side, yet not distressed; we are perplexed, but not in despair

ETYMOLOGY: (cystudd = affliction, grief) + (-iol)

:_______________________________.

cysur, cysuron
<KƏ-sir, kə-SII-ron> [ˡkəsɪr, kəˡsiˑrɔn] (masculine noun)
1
consolation

:_______________________________.

cysuro
<kə-SII-ro> [kəˡsiˑrɔ] verb
1
console = lessen distress, sorrow, disappointment

2 comfort (a crying baby, etc)

ETYMOLOGY: (cysur = consolation) + (-o = suffix for forming verbs)

:_______________________________.

cyswllt, cysylltau
<KƏ-sulht, kə-SƏLH-tai, -e> [ˡkəsʊɬt, kəˡsəɬtaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1
connection
2
yn y cyswllt hwn as regards this, in this context, in this regard

:_______________________________.

cysylltiad, cysylltiadau
<kə-SƏLHT-yad, kə-səlht-YAA-dai, -e> [kəˡsəɬtjad, kəsəɬtˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1
connection

:_______________________________.

cysylltu
<kə-SƏLH-ti> [kəˡsəɬtɪ] (masculine noun)
1
to connect

cysylltu â to connect to; to contact

:_______________________________.

cyt
<KƏT> [kət] masculine noun
PLURAL: cytiau <
KƏT-yai, -ye> [ˡkətjaɪ, -ɛ]
1
North Wales a cut, a wound

2 a channel made by digging

Y Cyt ger Felin yr Wyddfa, Porthmadog

the cut by Felin yr Wyddfa (“Snowdon Mill”)

(Y Cyt was a canal linking Tremadoc with Porthmadog)



3 South Wales ostentation

ETYMOLOGY: English cut (= a wound made by cutting)
:_______________________________.

cytew
<KƏ-teu> [ˡkətɛʊ] adjective
(North Wales)
1
(liquid) thick, stiff
2
(masculine noun) egg batter (flour, eggs, milk)

ETYMOLOGY: cytew < cyd-dew (cyd- prefix = together) + soft mutation + (tew = fat; thick)

:_______________________________.

cytgae
<KƏT-gai> [ˡkətgaɪ] masculine noun
1
common boundary, boundary hedgebank between two farms

2
agreement between neighbouring farmers to maintain and repair a common boundary between their properties

ETYMOLOGY: cytgae < cýd-gae (cyd- < cyd- = together) + soft mutation + ( cae = hedge, hedgebank) (d-g > t)

:_______________________________.

c
ythlwng <KƏTH-lung> [ˡkəθˡlʊŋ] masculine noun
1
hunger

2
yr wyf (i) ar fy nghythlwng I’m hungry
yr wyt (ti) ar dy gythlwng you’re hungry
y mae (ef) ar ei gythlwng he’s hungry
y mae (hi) ar ei chythlwng she’s hungry
yr ydym (ni) ar ein cythlwng we’re hungry
yr ydych (chi) ar eich cythlwng you’re hungry
y maent (hwy) ar eu cythlwng they’re hungry
Ni byddai un ohonynt yn cael mynd ymáith ar ei gythlwng Not one of them would be alllowed to leave without having a bite to eat

ETYMOLOGY: c
ythlwng < *cynthlwng < British *kintu-long- (= before eating)

Corresponds to Irish céalacan < céadlongadh (= morning fast).

Irish long (= eat, drink, consume) has a cognate llewa (= eat, scoff, guzzle) in Welsh - that is, if we accept that llewa is from Celtic long-; it may possibly however be formed from the noun llew (= lion)


:_______________________________.

cythraul, cythreuliaid
<KƏ-thrail / KƏ-threl , kə-THREIL-yaid, -yed> [ˡkəθraɪl / ˡkəθrɛl, kəˡθrəɪljaɪd, -jɛd]

 (masculine noun)
1
devil

2 gythrel damned, bloody, goddam
yr ast gythrel that goddam bitch

3 cythraul o = intensifier
Mae e’n gythraul o gelwyddgi He’s a hell of a liar
dod dros gythraul o annwyd get over a hell of a cold

4
Cythraul o waith yw e It’s a devil of a job, It’s one devil of a job (“(it-is”) (a) devil of (a) job that-is it”)

5 tamaid
y cythraul (Succisa pratensis) devil's bit scabious

6 bod yn gythraul am eich tin be sex mad (“be a devil for your (bit of) arse”)
bod yn gythraul am eich tamaid be sex mad (“be a devil for your bit”)

7 I gythraul â (rhywun) Down with (someone) (“to (a) devil with...”)

NOTE: In spoken Welsh, in the penultimate syllable au > e, with a further development e > a in the south-east and north-west - cythraul / cythrel / cythral

:_______________________________.

cythreulig
<kə-THREI-lig> [kəˡθrəɪlɪg] (adjective)
1
devilish

:_______________________________.

cythru
<KƏ-thri> [ˡkəθrɪ] (verb)
1
to rush, charge
2
(North Wales) c
ythru i (rywun) charge at (someone)

:_______________________________.

cythruddo
<kə-THRII-dho> [kəˡθriˑðɔ] (verb)
1
to annoy

:_______________________________.

cytir
<KƏ-tir> [ˡkətɪr] masculine noun
PLURAL: cytiroedd <
kə-TII-roidh, -rodh> [kəˡtiˑrɔɪð, kəˡtiˑrɔð]
1
common land (usually wood, pasture and waste)

..a/ Y Cytir (SH8715) farm in the county of Gwynedd (Meirionnydd district)

..b/ Maescytir street in Caergybi (appears as “Maes Cyttir”), county of Môn (= “maes y cytir” the field in / by the common land)

..c/ The word is to be seen in a street name in Bangor (SH5872) – “Cyttir Lane” on maps, which is presumably for Lôn y Cytir / Lôn Cytir

ETYMOLOGY: cytir < cyd-dir (cyd- = joint) + soft mutation + ( tir = land)

The combination of (final d [d]) + (d [d] resulting from soft mutation of t [t]) becomes t [t]

(d +d) > t

Cyttir, with a double t, is an erroneous nineteenth-century Welsh spelling.

:_______________________________.

cytref
<KƏ-trev> [ˡkətrɛv] feminine noun
PLURAL: cytrefi <
kə-TREE-vi> [kəˡtreˑvɪ]
1
conurbation

ETYMOLOGY: cytref < cyd-dref (cyd- prefix = together) + soft mutation + (tref = town)

:_______________________________.

cytser
<KƏT-ser> [ˡkətsɛr] masculine noun
PLURAL: cytserau <
kət-SEE-rai, -e> [kətˡseˑraɪ, -ɛ]
1
constellation

ETYMOLOGY: (cyt- form of the prefix cyd- (= together) before the consonant s) + (sêr = stars)

:_______________________________.

cytundeb, cytundebau
<kə-TIN-deb, kə-tin-DEE-bai, -be> [kəˡtɪndɛb, kətɪnˡdeˑbaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1
agreement

2 Cytundebau Genefa The Geneva Conventions

3 Y Cytundeb Triphlyg The Triple Entente
4 Abbreviation (for example, in a dictionary): ctn.

5 cytundeb barn consensus, general agreement
cael cytundeb barn ar y mater reach a consensus on the issue

:_______________________________.

cytuno
<kə-TII-no> [kəˡtiˑnɔ] (verb)
1
to agree
cytuno â agree with

2
Cytuno yw tewi Silence gives consent, not speaking out against an injustice is approving this injustice (“(it is) agreeing that-is keeping quiet”)

:_______________________________.

cyw
<KIU> [kɪʊ] masculine noun
PLURAL: cywion <
KƏU-yon> [ˡkəʊjɔn]
1
North Wales the young of an animal
caseg â chyw a mare and foal
caseg drwm o gyw a mare heavy with foal
cyw cwningen plural cywion cwningod = young rabbit
y cywion
the young animals, the young ones, the young

Heol-y-cyw (qv) village by Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr

2 chick, young bird
cywion gwyddau goslings
cywion hwyaid
ducklings
cywion ieir chickens

Gwyn y gwêl y frân ei chyw

“(it is) white that the crow sees her chick”

Mothers can never believe that their offspring may be less than honourable and angelic; a mother believes her child can do no wrong

3 (person) learner, apprentice = one learning a trade or profession

Cyw newyddiadurwr ar yr Herald Cymraeg ydi o
He’s a trainee journalist on the Herald Cymraeg

Byddai amryw fathau o waith yn aros cyw o golier
Many sorts of jobs awaited a collier learning the job

Mae ef yn ei ddisgrifio ei hun yn ‘gyw gŵr busnes’

He describes himself as an ‘apprentice businessman’

4 term of address for a child, a partner (eg wife or husband): dear, darling

Eistedd yn fanna, cyw, i aros
Sit there, darling, and wait

5 kid, baby, child

Does na’m syndod na chawson nhw ddim cyw
It’s not surprising they didn’t have children

rhoi cyw i ferch get a girl into trouble (“give a girl a child / a young one”)

6 Mae naws y cyw yn y cawl
Like father like son (“there is the taste of the chicken in the soup”)

also: Mae natur y cyw yn y cawl (“there is the nature of the chicken in the soup”)

Llygotwr da oedd yr hen gwrcath. Roedd naws y cyw yn y cawl - maen nhw’n gweud taw llygotwraig dda oedd ei fam hefyd
The old tomcat was a good mouser - a chip off the old block. They say that his mother was a good mouser too

7
lladd yr iâr a cholli’r cywion to kill the goose that lays the golden eggs (“kill the hen and lose the chicks”) – through greed, wanting everything at once, to destroy a source of wealth

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British *kuw(os)
NOTE: In parts of South-west Wales, the plural form is cŵen < cywen < cywain

:_______________________________.

cywain
<KƏ-wain -wen> [ˡkəwaɪn, ˡkəwɛn] (verb)
1
gather in the harvest

Gruffydd oedd yn hau ac yn medi, yn cywain i’r ysgubor, ac yn dyrnu, yn prynu ac yn gwerthu, ond Sam oedd yn gofalu am y rhent.
Gruffydd was the one who sowed and reaped, who gathered in the harvest to the barn, who bought and sold, but Sam was the one who took care of the rent

:_______________________________.

(1) cywaith
<KƏ-waith, -weth> [ˡkəwaɪθ, -ɛθ] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyweithiau <
kə-WEITH-yai, -ye> [kəˡwəɪθjaɪ, -ɛ]
1
project = planned undertaking

ETYMOLOGY: (cy- prefix = together) + soft mutation + (gwaith = work)

:_______________________________.

(2) cywaith
<KƏ-waith, -weth> [ˡkəwaɪθ, -ɛθ] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyweithion <
kə-WEITH-yon> [kəˡwəɪθjɔn]
1
(obosolete) companion, colleague

ETYMOLOGY: (cy- prefix = together) + soft mutation + (gwaith) < British.

The element gwaith (feminine noun) is from a British root (*vekt-).

This is equivalent to Latin vehere (= to carry), from which came vehiculum (= vehicle), vector (= carrier), as in modern English vehicle (= means of transport), vector (= carrier organism; also a mathematical term for a variable quantity).

In modern Welsh gwaith < *vekt means ‘time, occasion’ (as in unwaith = once, dwywaith = twice, teirgwaith = three times, etc).

It is possible that gwaith (feminine noun) (= time, occasion) is originally the same word as modern Welsh gwaith (masculine noun) (= work)

:_______________________________.

cywarch
<KƏ-warkh> [ˡkəwarx] masculine noun
1
(planhigyn) Cannabis sativa = hemp, the fibre of which is used for making canvas and rope
edau gywarch hempen thread
pwll cywarch pool for treating hemp
siencyn cywarch (“Siencyn / Jenkin (of) (the) hemp”) Another name for llinos werdd (= greenfinch)

2
cannabis, marihuana, dope; narcotic drug from the cannabis plant (in this sense usually cánabis in Welsh)
NOTE: colloquial form: cwarch
‹ku-arkh›

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British. In Breton koarc’h (= hemp)

:_______________________________.

Cywarch
<KƏ-warkh> [ˡkəwarx] feminine noun
1 Abercywarch SH8615 district in Gwynedd (“confluence (of the river) Cywarch”), At this point, at Aber Cywarch, the Cywarch enters the river Dyfi. The settlement is 1 km north-east of Dinas Mawddwy on the road to Llanymawddwy.

(“Aber-Cywarch” on the map)

 

http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH8615 map


2 Afon Cywarch SH8517 river in Gwynedd

3 Craig Cywarch the rock (above) (the river) Cywarch

4 Cwm Cywarch the valley of the Cywarch

5 Cywarch locality in Gwynedd SH8518

6 Glyncywarch SH6034 locality in the district of Meirionnydd (county of Gwynedd) (“the valley of the Cywarch”)
Short form: Y Glyn (“the valley”)

ETYMOLOGY: from the plant name cywarch (Cannabis sativa = hemp). See the previous entry
NOTE: The colloquial pronunciation of the name is Cwarch
<KUU-arkh> [ˡkuˑarx]

:_______________________________.

cyweirio
<kə-WEIR-yo> [kəˡwəɪrjɔ] verb
1
put right (Northern USA and Midland USA: to redd)

2 cyweirio corff lay out a body = prepare a corpse for burial

3 cyweirio’r ford lay the table

4 cyweirio’r gwely (1) make the bed

Job 17:13 Os disgwyliaf, y bedd sydd fedd i mi: mewn tywyllwch y cywieirias fy ngwely
Job 17:13 If I wait, the grave is mine house; I have made my bed in the darkness


cyweirio ei wely ‘make its bed’ - said of snow falling which it seems will remain on the ground for a long time; to settle

Mae arna i ofn ’i fod o’n cyweirio ’i wely
(said of snow) I’m afraid it’s settling (“I’m afraid it’s making its bed”)

5 cyweirio ffordd repair a road; (figurative) change one’s behaviour

Jeremeia 2:33 Paham yr wyt ti yn cyweirio dy ffordd i geisio cariad?
Jeremiah 2:33 Why trimmest thou thy way to seek love?

6 county of Penfro cyweirio ty give gifts to newly-weds: (colloquially cwiro ty)

7 (musical instrument) tune

8 (voice) modulate, vary the pitch
trawsgyweirio = modulate

9 cyweirio eich gwallt to dress one’s hair, to arrange one’s hair

10 repair (a net)

Mathew 4:21 Ac wedi mynd rhagddo oddi yno, efe a welodd ddau frodyr eraill, Iago fab Sebedeus, ac Ioan ei frawd, mewn llong gyda Sebedeus eu tad, yn cyweirio eu rhwydau...
Matthew 4:21 And going on from thence, he saw other two brethren, James the son of Zebedee, and John his brother, in a ship with Zebedee their father, mending their nets..

11 South Wales darn (a hole in stocking)
cyweirio twll mewn hosan
> (colloquially) cwiro twll miwn hosan darn a hole in stocking

12 South Wales mend (clothes)
cyweirio dillad
> (colloquially) cwiro dillad repair clothes

13 South Wales mend (shoes)
cyweirio esgidiau
> (colloquially) cwiro sgitsha repair shoes

14 South Wales repair, do up (a building)
cyweirio adeilad > (colloquially) cwiro adeilad
repair a building

Cronicl-2 24:5 Ac efe a gynullodd yr offeiriad a’r Lefiaid, ac a ddywedodd wrthynt, Ewch i ddinasoedd Jwda, a chesglwch gan holl Israel arian i gyweirio ty eich Duw, o flwyddyn i flwyddyn...
Chronicles-2 24:5 And he gathered together the priests and the Levites, and said to them, Go out unto the cities of Judah, and gather of all Israel money to repair the house of your God from year to year

15 South Wales (wound) treat, dress, see to
cyweirio’r anaf treat the wound

16 South Wales (building) make hay
cyweirio gwair > (colloquially) cwiro gwair make hay

17 (South Wales) hull (oats) = remove the seed covering
c
yweirio ceirch > (colloquially) cwiro cyrch
Yr oedd, er ys blynyddoedd yn ôl, lawer o gyrchu tua’r felin i gyweirio cyrch, neu yn iaith y plwyf i ‘gwyro’ Llanwynno (1888) Glanffrwd (William Thomas 1843-1890)
There was, many years ago, much going to the mill to hull (‘cyweirio’) oats, or in the language of the parish (of Llanwynno) ‘cwyro’


18
South-west Wales brew (drink)

19 South Wales cyweirio llaeth coagulate (add rennet to cause coagulation) > (colloquially) cwiro llaath

20
South Wales cyweirio ymenyn work (butter) = wash, take out the water and milk, and mix in salt, make (butter) > (colloquially) cwiro menyn

21
South Wales make (cheese)
cyweirio caws > (colloquially) cwiro caws

22 (food) preserve (through salting or smoking)

23 cyweirio â halen to salt

Eseciel 16:4 Ac am dy enedigaeth, ar y dydd y’th anwyd ni thorrwyd dy fogail, ac mewn dwfr ni’th olchwyd i’th feddalhau: ni’th gyweiriwyd chwaith â halen, ac ni’th rwymwyd â rhwymyn
Ezekiel 16:4 As for thy nativity, in the day thou was born thy navel was not cut, neither wast thou washed in water to supple thee; thou wast not salted at all, nor swaddled at all

24 South Wales dress (skin, hide), treat (leather)
cyweirio lledr > (colloquially) cwiro lletar treat leather

25 South Wales castrate

26 North Wales beat up. The spoken form is always cweirio
From cweirio comes the noun cweir (= a beating-up, a going-over)
rhoi cweir i rywun beat someone up, give someone a going-over

27 (Welsh Laws) cyweirio galanas compensate the relatives of a murder victim

28 atgyweirio (qv) to repair (ad + soft mutation + cyweirio)

ETYMOLOGY: (cyweir- < cywair = good condition, proper condition) + (-io suffix for forming verbs)
Cf Irish cóirigh (= arrange, mend, repair)
NOTE: North Wales cyweirio > cweirio; South Wales cyweirio > cweiro > cwiro

:_______________________________.

cyweithas
<kə-WEI-thas> [kəˡwəɪθas] masculine noun
1
obsolete society


2
used in the phrase cyweithas y cenhedloedd
comity (of nations) (= mutual understanding and acceptance of laws, and customs;
friendly recognition of a state of the usages and laws of another)

ETYMOLOGY: (cywaith = companion, friend) + (-as suffix) < British
From the same British root: Cornish kowethas (= association)

:_______________________________.

cywestach
<kə-WE-stakh> [kəˡwɛstax] masculine noun
1
orgy

ETYMOLOGY: (cywest = sleeping place) + (-ach suffix for forming abstract nouns);

if not (cy- = together) + soft mutation + (gwestach = to lodge)

:_______________________________.

cyw iâr, cywion ieir
<kiu YAAR, kəu-yon YEIR> [kɪʊ ˡjɑːr, kəʊjɔn ˡjəɪr] (masculine noun)
1
chick, chicken

:_______________________________.

cywilydd
<kə-WII-lidh> [kəˡwiˑlɪð] (masculine noun)
1
shame = painful feeling from having done something wrong or foolish

bod
yn gywilydd i gyd be throughly embarrassed

Mae'n amlwg nad oedd
yn teimlo dim cywilydd
It’s evident that he felt no shame

bod c
ywilydd ar be ashamed

Fe ddylai fod cywilydd arnat ti You should be ashamed of yourself (“there should be shame on you”)

codi c
ywilydd ar to shame

2 Gwell angau na chywilydd <gweelh-A-nge-na-khə-WI-lidh> [gweːɬ ˡaŋai na xəˡwiˑlɪð]
(on monuments to the war dead) ‘(it is) better death than shame’

3 o ran cywilydd out of shame, in shame
Er nad oedd ganddo ran flaenllaw yn y trosedd, yr oedd wedi ffoi i America, o ran cywilydd
Although he didn’t have a prominent part in the crime, he had fled to America in shame
(o ran = from + part) + (cywilydd = shame)

4 Mae’n g
ywilydd gwlad It’s a downright disgrace (It’s a disgrace (of) country”)

5 bod yn destun cywilydd i’ch teulu be a disgrace to your family

6
teimlo cywilydd o be ashamed of / about, feel ashamed of / about

7 bod â chywilydd o be ashamed of / about, feel ashamed of / about

8 bod gywilydd o (colloquial) be ashamed of / about, feel ashamed of / about

9 bod arnoch gywilydd o be ashamed of / about, feel ashamed of / about
(less idiomatic) bod gennych gywilydd o be ashamed of / about, feel ashamed of / about

10 gwneud cywilydd ar (rywun) (literary Welsh) to shame (someone)
(“make shame on (someone)”)

11 digywilydd shameless, impudent, insolent
(di- prefix = without) + soft mutation + ( cywilydd = shame)

 

Colloquial form, three syllables > two syllables: cwilydd

:_______________________________.

cywilyddo
<kə-wi-LƏ-dho> [kəwɪˡləðɔ] verb
1
feel ashamed
2
shame (someone), put (someone) to shame
cywilyddo (rhywun) i wneud (rhywbeth) shame (someone) into doing (something)

ETYMOLOGY: (cywilydd = shame) + (-o suffix for forming verbs)

:_______________________________.

cywir
<KƏ-wir> [ˡkəwɪr] (adjective)
1
correct

:_______________________________.

cywiriad
<kə-WIR-yad> [kəˡwɪrjad] masculine noun
PLURAL: cywiriadau <
kə-wir-YAA-dai, -de> [kəwɪrˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1
correction, rectification

ETYMOLOGY: (cywir-, stem of cywiro = correct) + (-i-ad suffix for forming nouns)

:_______________________________.

cywiro
<kə-WII-ro> [kəwiˑrɔ] (verb)
1
to correct

:_______________________________.

cywrain
<KIU-rain -ren> [ˡkɪʊraɪn, ˡkɪʊrɛn] (adjective)
1
skilful; curious, odd 

:_______________________________.

cywydd
<KƏ-widh> [ˡkəwɪð] masculine noun
PLURAL: cywyddau
<kə-WƏ-dhai, -e> [kəˡwəðaɪ, -ɛ]
1
One of the twenty-four traditional verse forms in Welsh poetry - seven-syllable rhyming couplets,
2
a poem using this metre
3
obsolete - story, tale (in this sense until about a hundred years ago in North Wales)

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British; related to Irish cuibhiúil (= decent, seemly, decorous)

 

 

Sumbolau:  ā ǣ ē ī ō ū / ˡ ɑ æ ɛ ɪ ɔ ʊ ə ɑˑ eˑ iˑ oˑ uˑ ɑː æː eː iː oː uː / ɥ  / ð ɬ ŋ ʃ ʧ θ ʒ ʤ / aɪ ɔɪ əɪ ɪʊ aʊ ɛʊ əʊ / ә ʌ ŵ ŷ ẃ

 

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