A Welsh Grammar - Historical and Comparative. 1913. John Morris-Jones (1864-1929). 2646k Gwefan Cymru-Catalonia.

 

http://www.kimkat.org/amryw/1_gramadeg/gramadeg_2_1913_jmj_welsh_grammar_03_50-99_2646e.htm

 
0001z Yr Hafan / Home Page

..........2659e Y Fynedfa yn Saesneg / Entrance Page to the English Section

.....................0010e Y Barthlen / Plan of the website

 

.....................................1274e Cyfeirddalen yr Adran Ramadeg / Grammar Section Main Page

.................................................2414e Y Gyfeirddalen i .... / Contents Page of "A Welsh Grammar" (John Morris Jones 1913)

..................................................................y tudalen hwn / this page

 

0003_delw_baneri_cymru_catalonia_050111

(delw 003)
..

 

 

 

Gwefan Cymru-Catalonia
La Web de Gal·les i Catalunya


Gramadegau Cymraeg

A Welsh Grammar - Historical and Comparative
John Morris-Jones (1864-1929)
1913

TUDALENNAU 50 - 99

 

7317_map_cymru_catalonia_y_fenni_090127
(delw
edd 7317)

 

 

 

…..

.....

2644e 
Part 1:

Pages i-xxvii

2645e 

Part 2:

Pages 1-49
§1- §41

2646e 

Part 3:

Pages 50-99

§41- §75

2647e 

Part 4:

Pages 100-149

§75- §99

2648e 

Part 5:

Pages 150-199

§99- §120

2649e 

Part 6:

Pages 200-249

§120- §148

2650e 

Part 7:

Pages 250-299

§148- §165

2651e 

Part 8:

Pages 300-349

§165- §189

2652e 

Part 9:

Pages 350-399

§189- §209

2653e 

Part 10:

Pages 400-452

§209- §224

2654e 

Part 11:

Pages 453-477

(mynegai / index)


 Gweler hefyd / Vegeu també / See also:
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Welsh_Grammar,_Historical_and_Comparative

.....

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

 

 


1580_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_50

(
delwedd 1580) (tudalen 50)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

50
PHONOLOGY

 
§41
occasionally with different meanings, as ymladd 'to fight', ymladd 'to tire one's self; ymddwyn 'to behave', ymddwyn,
' to bear'.,
Y dydd a'r aw, ni'm dawr, dod ;
ymwel A mi dan dmod.—G.I.H., TB. 91.
' Fix the day and hour, I care not [when]; visit me under [that]
-.condition.' • Arthur o'i ddolur oedd wan, Ac o ymladd '•ad Gamlan.—L.Q.Q. 450. , _»
' Arthur •was weak from his wound, and from; fighting the battle of Camlan.' See also T.A., c. ii 78.
Y fn'rcJi weddw ddifrycheuddeddf Wcdi'r ymladd u'r drem leddf.—D.E., s 112/840.
' The widowed woman of spotless life after the prostration and disconsolate aspect.'
ii. The reduplifiitod pronouns my ft, tydi, etc. Rarely these are
accented regularly; HOC § 1^9 ii (l).
iii. (l) Words in which the last syllable has a late contraction, § 33, such as pa\ra\t6i for Ml. W. pa\ra\toi 'to prepare', cy\tun for Ml. W. ci]\tw wi ' united ', Gwr\l,hvi/rn for Qwr\t1ie\'i[rn, Cf'm\raeg for Cyn\rd eg, pa\rhad for pa\rha\ad 'continuance '. It is seen that in these words the accent in Ml. W. was regular, and kept its position after the ultima was merged in the penult.
(a) In the word ysgolfidig, Ml. W. yscolheic ' scholar', the contraction in the last syllable seems to have taken place early in the Ml. period, as Nid vid iscolheic nid vid eleic unhen, B.B. 91 (10 syll. ; read smiA/ieic, ^ 23 ii), but it was necessarily subsequent to the fixing of the present accentuation ; in B.TI. 81 the uncontracted form occurs, rh. witli gitledic. A niinlhir form is pea-dig ' chief. , The wOTdjfelazy seems to have boon accented regularly ; thus in,. B.P. iaai we have ffeleic /ffiliji the latter being the J-iat.filii.
Tudur waed Tewdwr ydoedd, A phenaig cyff' leuan oedd.—G.u.O., 0. 196.
' He was Tudor of the blood of Tudor, and chief of the stock of
leuan.'
«
iv. A few words recently borrowed from English; as apel, ' appeal'.
§42
ACCENTUATION


 

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

 

 



 1581_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_51
(
delwedd 1581) (tudalen 51)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

51
v. Disyllables in which h stands between two vowels are accented regularly; thus cyhyd as in Cyhyd a Thai og hdearn D.G. 386 . ' [spikes] as long as those of an iron harrow'; and hyd gyhyd C.O. 312 'full length'; cyhoedd ' public', as in gyhoedd/gdeat, B.P. 1283;
gweheirdd D.G. 20 'forbids '. Contraction has taken place in some of these, thus cyhoedd > *c6hoedd > coedd, D.G. 524; so gwdhan > giodn, which gave rise to gwahan. This appears to be the reason for gwah&n, cyhyd, gwahdrdd, etc. in recent W.
§ 42. In Ml. and early Mn. W. final w after d, 8, n, l, r, s was consonantal, § 26 iv; thus meddw 'drunk', marw 'dead', delw ' image', were monosyllables, sounded almost like meddf, marf, delf. Hence when a syllable is added the w is non-syllabic for the purposes of accentuation ; thus meddwon ' drunkards', marwol' mortal', marwnad ' elegy ', clelwau ' images ', arddelw ' to represent, to claim'. The w is usually elided between two con-' sonants, as medd-dod ' drunkenness', for meddwdod. In B.B. 84 we have uetudaud ('=fehwdawd), but in Ml. W. generally such words were written without the w, as mebdawt, E.P. 1217, i245> 1250, 1269, IL.A. 147 ; gwebdawf B.T. 31, B.P. 1261 ' widowhood '. ' The w inserted in these words in recent orthography is artificial, 'and is commonly misread as syllabic w, thus medd\w\dod, the accent being thrown on the ante-penult, a position which it never occupies in Welsh. The correct form medd-dod is still the form used in natural speech. When final, in polysyllables, the •w is now dropped, and is not written in late W., so there is not even an apparent exception to the rule of accentuation; thus . arddelw ' to claim ', syberw ' proud ' are written drddel, syber. In vwdrcJiadw ' to guard', ymoralw ' to attend (to)', metathesis took place about the end of the Ml. period, giving gwdrchawd, ym6r-}dwl, which became gwdrcfiod, ym6rol in Mn. W.
In all standard cynghanedd the w in these words is purely non-syllabic :
Da arSelw kynnelw KynSelw MinSawn.—E.P. 1229 (9 syll.) 'A good representation of the exemplar of Cynddelw exquisitely gifted.' The accentuation of KynSelw corresponds to that of JcemSavm. Cf. Aymrc/t / kyfenw, 1230.
^ I llorf am pair yn ll-^yrfarw
0 hud gwir ao o hoed garw.—D.G. 208.
' Its [the harp's] body makes me faint away from real enchantment and sore grief.' ,
E3


 

                                                                                                                                                                                            

 

 


1582_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_52
(
delwedd 1582) (tudalen 52)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

52
PHONOLOGY
§ 42
Dyn marw a atlai f'drwain Weithian drwy eithin a drain.—D.I.D., G. 182.
' A dead man might lead me now through furze and thorns.'
Fenaid hoen geirw afonydd, Fy nghaniad dy farwnad f^'Id.—TLi.O; V.TS. 30.
' My beloved of the hue of the foam of rivers, my song thy dirge shall be.'' Cf. i farwnad efo D.I.D., o. 184. ,;' Marwnad ym yw awr yn d'6l.—T.A., A 14894/35. ' It is a lament to me [to live] an hour after thee.'
Pwy a'th eilw pe d'th wayw onnl—T.A., A 14975/102. '.Who will challenge thee if with thy ashen spear"i'
The last example shows that eilw could still be a pure monosyllable at the end of the igth cent., for the present disyllabic pronunciation .mars the cynghanedd. Even stronger evidence is afforded by the accentuation deu-darw / dodi B.Ph.B., Stowe 959/986. Although final W was non-syllabic, yn or yr following it was generally reduced to 'n or 'r, being combined with the w to form vm or wr, § 26 iii.
A'ch gwaed, rhyw ywch gadw'v hisol.—T.A., A 14965/46, ' With your blood it is natural to you to guard tlie road.'
Mwnio da, inarw'Td y dizcedd.—D.IL., r. 31. ' Stowing away wealth, [and] dying in tlie end.'
In a compound like marvmad the w was not difficult, for wn (rounded n) is common in Welsh, § 26 iii. But the colloquial pronunciation is now mawrnad, with metathesis of w. In i6th and i7th cent. MSS. we also find marnad and barnad. The combination is more difficult in such compounds as derwgoed 'oak-trees', mdrwddwr 'stagnant water', ohwerw-der ' bitterness'; and though tlie etymological spelling persisted in these, the pronunciation der-goed, mdr-ddwr, chwer-der is doubtless old.
Lie d'vrgel gerllaw derwgoed.—D.G. 321. 'A secret place near oak-trees.' Cf. dwwgist, T.A., G. 232.
Fro fy chwer'der yn fclysdra.—Wms. 657. ' Turn my bitterness into sweetness.' —
Gyr chwerwder o garchdrdai;
Newyn y lleidr a wna'n llai.—D.W. 112.
' [Charity] drives bitterness from prisons; it makes less the hunger of the thief.'
NOTE i. The rule that such words as marw, delw are monosyllabic was handed down by the teachers of cynghanedd, but the bards of the 19th cent. hardly knew what to make of it. Thus R.G.D. 97 uses marw and delw, und E.F. 185 uses enw and garw as monosyllables, while at the same time rhyming them. They no more rhyme as
§43


 

                                                                                                                                                                                            

 

 


1583_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_53
(
delwedd 1583) (tudalen 53)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

53
ACCENTUATION
monosyllables than if they were marf, delf, or enf, garf. In standard cynghanedd, marw rhymes with garw, tarw only, and delw with elw, gwelw only ; see below. The disyllabic pronunciation may be traced as far back as the i5th cent. In a couplet attributed to D.G. (see D.G. 322) bw rhymes with galw, a rhyme condemned by S.V. because galw is a monosyllable whose vowel is a, P.IL. xcii.
Some old rhymes are syberw/hirerw/derw/chwerw, B.B. 69 ; agerw/ chwerw/syberw/gochwerw, B.A. 19 ; helw/deJw, ib. ; dyveinw/dyleinw, B.T. 21; divanw/llanw, M.A. i 475; ymoralw/salw, do. 466; cadw/ achadw/bradw, I.G. 422 ; enw/senw, do. 407 ; geirw/teirw, D.G. 5°°'5 syberw/ferw, E.P. 203.
NOTE 2. In hwnnw, acw (earlier raccw') the w was vocalic; also probably in other forms in wliicli it is a reduction of -wy, see § 78 i (2).
§ 43. i. No Welsh word or word fully naturalized in Welsh is accented on the ante-penult. Such forms as Sdesoneg, Sdesones are misspellings of Sdesneg, Sdesnes.
A'r gyfreith honno a droes Alvryt vrenhin o Gymraec yn Saesnec B.B.B. 79 'And that law did king Alfred turn from Welsh into English.' See ib. 64, 95, 96, etc.
The following words for different reasons are now sometimes wrongly accented: catholig, omega^ penigamp 'masterly', periglor 'parson', lladmerydd ' interpreter', ysgelerder ' atrocity', oUwydd ' olives'.
A tMlu'rffin gath61ig.—S.C. 'And to pay the catholic fine.' Cf. c.o. 25; I.G. 491; L.M., D.T. 196.
Cyngor periglor eglwys.—M.R., F. 12. ' The counsel of a church parson'.
Pendig y glod, penigamp— • Penned i chompod a'i champ.—M.B. (m. D.G.), A 14967/183.
' Master of the [song of] praise, supreme—the height of its compass and achievement.'
Alpha ac Omega mdwr.—A.E. (1818), E.G. p. xiii. 'Great Alpha and Omega.' Of. IL.M. 2. See Wms. 259, 426, 869.
ii. A few words recently borrowed from English are accented on the ante-penult, as melodi, philosophi; but derivative forms of even these are accented regularly, e.g. melQdaidd, philosophydd.
 This word has been naturalized in Welsh as in other languages, and the natural Welsh pronunciation is probably nearer the original than the tmega now sometimes heard from the pulpit in imitation of the English fashion. The adjective is not an enclitic in Si fiffa. The natural accentuation, as used by the hymn-writers, is unconsciously adopted by those like A. Roberts who are not affected by a little learning. '
'M.


 

                                                                                                                                                                                            

 

 


1584_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_54

(
delwedd 1584) (tudalen 54)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

54
PHONOLOGY
§ 44
§ 44. i. In a regularly accented word of three syllables the first syllable is the least stre&sed; thus in can w\dau the stress on can is lighter than that on dan, both being unaccented as compared with w. Hence the vowel of the first syllable is liable to drop when the resulting combination of consonants is easy to pronounce initially; as in Mn. W. pladur ' scythe', for Ml. W.paladur, CM. 95 (paladnrwyr W.M. 425, 426); Mn. W. gwrando 'to listen', for Ml. W. gwarandaw, E.M. 16, c.M. 29;
Mn. W. Clynnog for Ml. W. Kelynnawc, IL.A. 124.
Some shortened forms are found, though rarely, in Ml. prose and verse : gwrandaw, C.M. 27 ; kweirywyt for kywewywyt 'was equipped', E p. 1276 (the y was written, and then deleted as the metre requires);
pinywn a.p. 1225 from E. opinion ; grennyS do. iog5 for garennyS.
For dywedud 'to say' we geneially have dwedud in Early Mn. poetry (written doedyd in the 16th cent.); so twysog,^.V. § 32,B.cw.7i, for tywysog ' prince'; cledion c.c. 334, 390, pi. of caled ' hard'; donnaw for calonnau ' hearts', in Tyrd, Ysbryd Gidn, i 'n clonnau ni, E.V.
ii. In words of four or more syllables, when pronounced deliberately, the first syllable has a secondary accent, as ben\di\ge\dig ' blessed ', pi. len\dz\ge\ilig\wn. This also applies to tiisyllables with the accent on the ultima, as cyj \taw\n/iad ''justification '. The least stressed syllable is the second ; and this is often elided, in which case the secondary accent disappears ; as in Mn. W.gorcJifygu for ^brcJiyfygii IL.A. 15, and in Mn. W. verse tragwyddol for tra\gy\wy\ddol ' eternal', partoi for pa ra\t6i ' to prepare', llytJirennau for llytJiyrenwiu ' letters ', perthndsau ' relations ' for perthyndsau, etc.
Gzoaeddwn, feirdd, yn drag'wyddol;
Gwae id nad gwiw yn i 61.—Gu.O., A 14967/120.
' Bards, let us cry for ever; woe to us that it is useless [to live] after him.' See o. 160, 253. •
Tn ddgfal beunydd i bart6i.—"Wms. 259.
' Assiduously every day to prepare.'
iii. When a vowel is elided, as in i, ii, or v, the same vowel disappears in the derivatives of the word; thus pfadwwyr ' mowers '; hvysoges B.CW. 11 ' princess', from twysog, for fywysog ;
tragwyddolileb ' eternity ', yMlarl6i' to prepare one's self, 'wyllys-gar c willing' (ewyllys, 'wyllys ' will').
'§ 44 ACCENTUATION

 

                                                                                                                                                                                            

 

 


1585_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_55
(
delwedd 1585) (tudalen 55)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

55
Wedi 'mrawd yma'r ydwyf;
Ato, Dduw, ymbartdi 'dd wyJ.—L.Mor. (m. I.F.).
' After my brother I tarry here; to him, Oh God, I am preparing [to go].' (The metre proves the elision, but not its position.)
In tragwyddoldeb the lost syllable is the second, so that" there is no departure from the general principle laid down in ii; but in pladur-wyr the first is lost because the word is foimed fiom the reduced pladur. If paladurwyr had been reduced dhectly it would have given *paldurwyr ; similarly twysoges, etc.
iv. Occasionally in Mn. W. haplology takes place, that is, a consonant, if lepeated in the following syllable, is lost with the unaccented vowel; as eriedigaeth for erildedigaetft ' persecution', crecl'imol for credaduniol, § 133 (8), ' believing'. (Cf. Eng. singly for single-ly, 'Bister for Bicester, Lat. stipeiidium for stipife'n-diufii, etc.)
v. An unaccented initial vowel sometimes disappears, as in Late Ml. W. pinywn E.P. 1235 'opinion', borrowed from Eng.;
'wyllys for ewyllys in verse ; and in Late Mn. "W. machlud ' to set' (of the sun) for Ml. and Early Mn. W. ym-achludd, D.G. l2i, § 111 vii (3). As a rule, however, this elision only takes place
after a vowel:
Tebig yw 'r galennig Idn
I 'dafedd o wlad I fan.—I.D., TB. 142. ' The fair new year's gift is like threads from the land of [Prester] John.' Another reading is I edufedd gwlad Ifan, I.D. 22.
Ac efgydft'i ogyfoed
Yw gwr y wraig oreu 'rioed.—L.G.C. 318. ' And he with his mate is the husband of the best wife [that] ever [was].'
In the dialects it is very common : moral' attend (to)' for ymwol, molchi for ymolchi 'to wash', deryn for aderyn 'bird', menyn for ymenyn ' butter', mennyS for ymennyS ' brain ', etc.
vi. In a few disyllables the vowel of the final unaccented syllable is sometimes elided ; thus o/lid ' but' appears generally as ond in Mn. W. Other examples met with in Mn. (rarely in Late Ml.) verse are mynd for mfwed ' to go', tyrd for tyred ' come ! ' gweld for gweled ' to see ', llond for llonazd ' full (capacity) ', cans for cdnys ' because ', namn for ndmyn ' but', all except the last two in common use in the dialects. Similarly er ys becomes ers, § 214 vii.


 

                                                                                                                                                                                            

 

 


1586_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_56
(
delwedd 1586) (tudalen 56)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

56
PHONOLOGY
§45
Ancr wyffi'n cyweirio i frdd, Ond aros mqnd i orwedd.—D.G. 295.
' I am an anchorite making ready his grave, only waiting to go to
rest.'
Cans ar ddzwedd pob gweddi, Cofcywir, yr he-nwir hi.—D.G. 235.
' For at the end of every prayer, unforgotten she is named.'
MaSeu, kanys ti yw'r meSic.—sr. 1298 (7 syll.).
' Forgive, for Thou art the Healer,' The length of the line shows that kwiya is to be read leans. It occurs written cans in 'W.M. 487.
Ni edrychodd Duw 'r achwyn;
Ni mynnodd aur, namn i ddwyn.—G.GL, M 148/256.
' God did not regard the lamentation ; He desired not [to have] gold, but to take him away.' See also I G. 380.
See examples of tyrd, dyrd in § 193 viii (2).
vii. The vowel of a proclitic is often elided
(1) After a final vowel, y is elided in the article^/-, § 114 ; the pronouns yn' our ', ych' your' (now written ein, ezch), § 160 ii (i);
the oblique relative y ox yr, § 83 ii (i), § 162 ii (a) ; the preposition yn, § 210 iv.
(2) Before an initial vowel, g is elided in fy ' my', cly 'thy', § 160 i (i).
(3) The relative a tends to disappear even between consonants, § 162 i.
(4) The vowel o?pa or py ' what ? ' sometimes disappears even before a consonant, as in pie ' where ? ' § 163 ii (2).
(5) After pa, ryw tends to become tf and r, § 163 ii (6).
§ 45. i. (i) Compound nouns and adjectives are accented regularly; thus gn't/i-i/an 'vineyard', cadew-fardd 'chaired bard', gwag-lalo or lldw-wag ' empty-handed '.
G-wawd-lais niwyalch ar gded-lwyn,
Ac eos ar lws Iwyn.—D.G. 503.
' The musical voice of a thiush in a grove, and a nightingale in many a bush.'
Yn i dydd ni adai wan
Acw 'TO llaw-wag, Gwenlltan.—L.G.C. 232. ' In her day she, GwcnDian, left not the weak empty-handed there.'
(a) Even a compound of an adjective and a proper name may be so accented ; as
v45
ACCENTUATION


 

                                                                                                                                                                                            

 

 


1587_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_57
(
delwedd 1587) (tudalen 57)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

57
' Ddqrau am urddedig-Rys <-Yw 'r mSr hallt, os gwir wiarw £hys.—G.GL, M 146/171.
' The salt sea is tears for noble Rhys, if it is true that Ehys is dead,'
See TTchel-Grist, D.G. 259. The name Bendigeid-fran. 'Bian the Blessed', was so accented, and the/was lost, § 110 lii (3), giving Bendigeidrun (coirupted into Benegrzdran, in Emerson's English Tiaits, xi).
.ScWo^wydrBendigeidran.—T.A., A 14976/166 ; c. ii 83.
' The glass eaves of Bendigeidi\m.'
(3) When the first element lias one of the mutable sounds ai, au, w, t{ it is mutated in the compound, becoming ei, eu, y, y respectively, because it is no longer ultimate when the compound is treated as a single word; thus gweith-dy 'workshop' [gwaith 'work'), heul-drs 'heat of the sun' (haul 'sun'), dryg-waith 'evil deed' (drwg 'evil'), nielyn-wallt ' yellow hair' (melifn ' yellow'). In old compounds aw also is mutated, as in Udfrwid, § 110 iii (i).
yr A compound accented as above may be called a strict. compound. \
ii. (i) But the two elements of a compound may be separately accented; thus wel grefydd ' false religion ', gdu hr6jfwyil ' false prophet', fien, wr ' old man ' (sometimes accented regularly, henwr, B.cw. 64).
(2) The diffeience between a secondary accent and a separate accent should be noted. A secondary accent is always subordinate to the principal accent; but when the fnht element of a compound has a separate accent it is independent of the accent of the second element and may even be stionger if the emphasis requires it. Again, the fust element when separately accented has the unmutated ai, au, w, or Y in its final syllable ; thus in cyd-nabyddiaeth ' acquaintance ' there may be a secondary accent on cyd (short y), but in mfd gyn'&ll-wd there is an independent accent on cyd (long y). In fact, when there is a separate accent, the fust element is treated as an independent word for all purposes of pronunciation (accentuation, vowel quantity, and vowel mutation).
@s- A compound accented as above may be called a loose compound.
(3) Sometimes the elements of a loose compound are now hyphened, thus coel-grefydd; but as any positive adjective put before a noun forma with it a loose compound, in the vast majority of such compounds the elements are written as separate words. See § 156 iii.
iii. An adjective or noun compounded with a verb or verbal


 

                                                                                                                                                                                            

 

 


1588_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_58
(
delwedd 1588) (tudalen 58)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

58
PHONOLOGY
noun forms a loose compound, as cynjfon Idwni ' to wag the tail', prysur redant ' they swiftly run'.
Fel y niwi o afael nant T dison ymadawsant.—R.G.D. 149.
' Like the mist from the grasp of the valley liavo they silently passed away.'
iv. (i) Prefixes form strict compounds with nouns, adjectives, and verbs ; as athrlst ' very sad' (trist' sad'), dm-gylch ' circumference ', cjn-nal' to hold', etc., etc.
(2) But compounds with the prefixes an-, di-, cyd-, go-, gor-, gwrth-, rliy-, tra- may be either strict or loose; as dn-awdd or an hdwdd ' difficult', § 148 i (6); dn-aml/ynys G. 103, an ami, § 164 i (i) ; di-wair, di wdir ' chaste '; rJiy-wyr ' high time' and rKy hwyr ' too late'; trd-mawr Gr.O. 51, tia mdwr ' very great' ;
trd-doeth do. 53, tra doetk ' very wise'.
Di-dad, arnddifad ydwyf, A di frawd wedi i farw wy],—L.Mor. (m. I.F.).
' Fatherless, destitute, am I, and without a brother after his death.'
Y mae'r ddwyais mor ddiwair.—D.G. 148. ' The bosom is so chaste.'
Fwyn a di wair—f'enaid yw.—D.G. 321. ' Gentle and chaste—she is my soul.' Cf. D.G. 306.
Tra da im y try deu-air.—I.F., o 18/11. 'Very good for me will two wolds tuin out.'
In late Mn. W. new compounds are freely formed with these elements separately accented; thug tra, go and rJiy are placed before any adjectives, and treated as separate words; § 220 viii (i).
When botli elements are accented, the second has generally the stronger accent, unless the prefix is emphatic; in gor-uwch ' above', gor-zs ' below ', tlie first element lias lost its accent, though these are also found as strict compounds, thus guruwch, O.G., o. 257, Gr.O. 34.
§ 46. i. Expressions consisting of two words in syntactical relation, such as a noun and a qualifying adjective or a noun and a dependent genitive, are in some cases accented as single words, ffs- These may be called improper compounds. Mutable vowels are mutated (// >y, etc.) aa in single words.
They differ from proper compounds in two respects: (i) the initial of the second element is not softened except where the ordinary rules
ACCENTUATION

 

                                                                                                                                                                                            

 

 


1589_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_59
(
delwedd 1589) (tudalen 59)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

59
of mutation require it; (2) the words are arranged in the usual syntactic order, the subordinate word coming last, except in the case of numerals, ii (5) below.
Cf. in Latin tlie improper compounds pater-familias, juris-dictio, in which the first element is an intact woi d, by the side of the proper compounds patri-cida juri-dicus in which the first element contains the stem only.
ii. Improper compounds accented on the penult con&isfc of—
(1) Some nouns qualified by da, as gwr-da ' goodman ', gwreig-dda ' goodwife', hin-dda ' fair weather', geir-da ' good report'. Names of relatives with maeth, as tdd-maeth' tostel father ', mdmaeth (for mdm-faeth, § 110 iii (i)) ' foster mother', mdb-maeth, brdwd-maeth, chwder-faeth. A few other combinations, such as heul-wen ' bright sun'a {haul fern., § 142 iii), coel-certh 'bonfire' (lit. 'certain sign'). See also (3) below.
A bryno tir d braint da Tn i drddl d'n Wr-da.—L.G.C. 249.
' He who buys land with good title in his neighbourhood will become a goodman.'
(2) Nouns with dependent genitives: tref-tad 'heritage', dydd-brawd or dydd-bam (also difdd brdwd, difdd barn) 'judgement day', pen-tref' village ', pen-cerdd ' chief of song', yen-tan ' hob'. See ako (3) and (4) below.
(3) Nouns with adjectives or genitives forming names of places;
as Tre-for or Tre-fawr, Bryn-gwyn, Mynydd-mawr, Aber-maw, Mm-jfordd, Pen-fir, Pen-mon, Pen-won Mdwr.10
Even when the article comes before the genitive, the whole name is sometimes thus treated, the accent falling upon the article; as Pen-y-berth near Pwllheli, Tal-y-bryn in Llaunefydd, Clust-y-blaiS near Cenig y Drudion, Mod y-ci (pron. Mm[\lyc\i), a hill near Bangor, Llan-e-cil near y Bala, Pen-e-goes near Machynlleth, Pen-e-berth near Aberystwyth (o for y, § 16 iv (2)). Cf. (7) below. Mi afi ganu i'm oes
I bendig o Ben-6-goes.—L.G.C. 429. ' I will go to sing while I live to a chieftain of Penegoes.'
(4) The word duw (or di[w) followed by the name of the day in the genitive ; as Duw-sul as well as Ddw Sul or Dydd Sul ' Sunday'; so Duw-llun ' Monday ', Duw-mawrth ' Tuesday', and -Dif-wu for Duw law ' Thursday '. Similarly d(i{w)-gwyl' the day of the feast (of)'.
* It is often supposed that healuen ia a proper compound of hawl and gwSn, meaning the ' smile of the gun'; but erroneously, for heulwen is the ' sun ' itself, not ' sunshine'.
b The common spelling Penmaenmawr appears to be due to popular etymology. Camden, 4th ed., 1594, p. 18, has Pen-mon maw, and the word is now pronounced P^n-mon-mduir.


 

                                                                                                                                                                                            

 

 


1590_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_60
(
delwedd 1590) (tudalen 60)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

60
PHONOLOGY
JSchrys-hamt, och, wir Tesu ! Ddyfod i Idl Ddif-iau dw.—T.A., a. 235.
' A dreadful plague, Oh true Jesus ! that black Thursday should have vi-sited Yale.' See § 214 vii, ex. 2.
Both accentuations are exemplified in—
Bum i'r gog swyddog Dduw Sul;
Wy ddi-swydd, a hyn Dduw-sul.—T.A., A 149'76/108.
'I was an officer of the cuckoo on Sunday ; I am without office, and this on Sunday.' (Gwas y gog ' the cuckoo's servant' is the hedge-sparrow.) »
(5) A numeral and its noun, as deu-lwys ' 2 Ibs.', dwy-bunt ' £2 ', can-punt ' £100 ', etc. Gf. E. twopence, etc. Tliough the order is the same liere as in proper compounds, and tlie mutation is no criterion, it is certain that most of these are improper compounds. In the case of un, proper and improper compounds can be distinguished : un-ben 'monarch' is a proper compound, the second element having the soft initial, but iin-peth is precisely the combination un peth 'one thing' under a single accent.
(6) The demonstrative adjective after nouns of time. See § 164 iii. (?) Very rarely the article with its noun, as ill IQ-fenechtyd for
y Fenechtyd 'the monastery', in which tlie aiticle, taken as part of
the word, acquired a secondary accent.
iii. Improper compounds accented on the ultima consist of—
(1) A few combinations of two monosyllabic nouns, of which the second is a dependent genitive and the first has lost its accent; as pen-rhdith' autocrat', pen-Had ' summum bonnm ', pry-nhdwn for pryt nawn.
^ Tr eog, r/iywwg ben-rhaith,
At Wen dos eto •dn-waith.—D.Q. 148. ' Thou salmon, gentle master, go to Gwen once more.'
A 'm cerydd mawr i 'm cdrwd, Ac na'th yawn yn lldwn ben-Had.—D.G. 513.
'And my great punishment for my love, and that I might not have thee as my whole delight.'
(2) A number of place-names of similar formation, as Pen-tyrch.
NoTE.—(i) From this and the preceding section it is seen that accentuation -does not always accord with the formation of words. A loose compound is etymologically a compound, but its elements are accented as separate words. An improper compound is etymologically a combination of separate words accented as one word. The accentuation of improper compounds is to be accounted for thus : in 0. W. we may assume tliat gwr da, Aber Maw, Pen y berth were orioinally accented as they would be if they were formed now, with the main
§47
ACCENTUATION


 

                                                                                                                                                                                            

 

 

1591_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_61

(
delwedd 1591) (tudalen 61)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

61
stress in each case on the last word. When each combination came to be regarded as a unit, the main stress became the only accent; thus, *gwr-dS,, *Aher-mdw, * Pen-y-berth. This wns at that time the accentuation of ordinary words, such as *pechadur, § 40 iii. When the accent shifted, and *pechadur became pechddur, *gwr-dd became gwr-da, *Aber-mdw became AVer-maw and *Pen-y-berth became Pen-y-berth. In most cases of a combination like the last, each noun retained its individuality, and the original accentuation remained; hence Pen-y-berth, which is a common place-name, is usually so accented, and the accentuation Pen-y-berth is exceptional. In such a phrase as pryt ndwn ' time of noon ', each noun retained its meaning to the Ml. W. period; then, when the combination came to be regarded as a unit, the first element became unstressed, resulting in pryt-ndwn, whence pry-nhdwn, § 111 v (5).
(a) Improper compounds having thus become units could be treated as units for all purposes ; thus some of them have derivatives, such as gzor-da-aeth, 'nobility', tref-tdd-aeth 'heritage', di-dref-tdd-u S.G. 306 ' to disinherit', prynhdwn-ol' evening ' adj.
(3) On the other hand, in some proper compounds each element was doubtless felt to preserve its significance ; and the persistence of this feeling into the Ml. period resulted in loose compounds.
§ 47. i. In compound prepositions the elements may be accented separately, a.s/6ddi dr. But the second element has usually the stronger accent; and in some cases the first element becomes unaccented, as in Ml. W. y gdnn, which became gaw ' by' in Late Ml. and Mn. W. by the loss of the unaccented syllable.
On the analogy of y gdnn, y wrth,. etc., derivative and other old prepositional and adverbial formations retained the 0. W. accentuation, as oddn, yrwng, yrhdwg.
The separate accent often persists in Mn. W., as in oddi wrth (Ml. W. y wrth), and in adverbial phrases like oddi yno (in the dialects odd yno as in Ml. W.). In the latter the first element may become predominant, thus odd yno ' from there' in the spoken language (often contracted to oSno and even ono).
ii. In prepositional and adverbial expressions formed of a preposition and a noun (whether written separately or not), the last element only is accented; thus iwch-ben ' above', dra-c/iefit ' again', ger-bron ' before ', uwch-ldw ' above ', ymlaen ' forward', ynghycl' together', i gyd, ' together', erwed ' ever'.
These expressions thus form improper compounds accented on the ultima. The adverb achlan {achldn) ' wholly' is similarly accented.


 

                                                                                                                                                                                            

 

 

1592_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_62

(
delwedd 1592) (tudalen 62)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

62
PHONOLOGY
§ 47
Hears fat mohwn
I chl6d yng Ngwynedd achlan.—D.G. 235. ' I have sown her praises like a paean through the whole of Gwynedd.'
iii. Many adverbial expressions of three syllables, consisting of a monosyllabic noun repeated after a preposition, form improper compounds accented on the penult; as ol-yn-ol 'track in track', i. e. 'in succession ',"• ben-dfd-phen ' head over head', laio-fn-llalo 'hand in hand', etc. The first noun may have a secondary or separate accent, as With drd-phlith ' helter-skelter'. The first noun being in an adverbial case has a soft initial.
A dau frawd ieucif ar 61 Eli enwog ol-yn-ol.—G.GL, c. i 201.
'And two younger brothers in succession after the famous, Eli.' L '^/ Oes hwy no tlvri, Sion, y'th row,
Law-yn-llaw d'th lawen-lloer.—T.A., A 14866/745.
' For a life longer than three, Si6n, mayst thou be spared, hand in hand with thy bright moon.' See also E.P. 240.
Ael-yn-ael a'i elynwn.—D.N., c. i 160. ' Brow to brow with his enemies.'
Dal-yn-nal rliwng dwy Idnnerch.—D.N., M 136/147. ' Face to face between two glades'; ynndl for ^n-nhal, § 48 ii.
Daw o deidmu dad-i-dad,13 Gollwyn hen,—nid gwell un had.—'W.TL.
' He comes from forebears, father to father, like an ancient hazel-grove —there is no better seed.' f
Arglwyddi lin 6-lin ynt.0—L.G.O. 460. ' They are lords from line to line.'
See icers dragwers IL.A. 164 ' reciprocally', gylch ogylcJi do. 166 'round about', ddwrn trd-dwrn, law drd-llaw, L.G.C. 18. la many cases the first noun also is preceded by a preposition, as
Marchog o 1m 6-lin oedd.—L.Mor., I.MSS. 292. ' He was a knight from line to line.'
gee o Iwyn z-lwyn D.G. 141, o law Uaw do. 145. Of. Late Mn. W. z-gam 6-gam ' zig-zag '.
" Tlie last ol of olynol was mistaken about the middle of the last century for the adjectival termination -ol (= -awl), and from the supposed stem olyn an abstract noun olymaeth was formed to render ' succession' in ' apostolical succession '!
b In all the above examples the cynghanedd is either Ta or Os, which implies the accentuation indicated. See ZfCP. iv. 134, 137.
" The cynghanedd is 84, which implies the accentuation marked. '_


 

                                                                                                                                                                                            

 

 

1593_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_63

(
delwedd 1593) (tudalen 63)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

63
ACCENTUATION
The ordinary accentuation is also met with in the bards : ^
0 rWyn i 1-^yn, ail 6nid.—D.(x. 84. ' From bush to bush, [maiden] second to Enid.'
iv. When pa or py is followed by a preposition governing- it, the latter only is accented: pa-ham (for pa am, § 113 i (a)) (what for ? why ?' often contracted into pam by the loss of the unaccented syllable, § 44 vii. So were doubtless accented the Ml. W. paJidr A.L. i 108, 134, pa, Mr do. 118 (for pa ar) ' what on ? ' pa rdc B.B. 50, pyrdc B'.M. 136 ' what for ? '
§ 48. i. When the syllable bearing the principal accent begins with a vowel, a nasal, or r, it is aspirated under certain conditions, § 112 i (4); thus ce\nhed\loedd ' nations', from cenedl;
fio\nhe\ddig (vonheSic E.P. 1331) from Sonedd 'gentry', § 104 iv (i); cy\nhalwyd, from cynnal 'to support' from cyti+da^ (d normally becomes n, not nh, § 106 ii); di\fidng\ol from di-anc 'to escape'; a phlannhedeu E.P. 1303 'and planets', usually \ planedau; Jcenhadeu w.x. ^84, oftener in Ml. W. keanadeu do. 42
'messengers'.
A'i aur a'ifedd y gwyr fo, ronh^ddig,'1/y nyliuddo.— L.G.C. 188.
' 'With his gold and mead doth he use, as a gentleman, to comfort me.'
ii. On the other band, an h required by the derivation is regularly dropped after the accent; as Cannes ' warm', for e^n-nhes from cym+tes (t gives nh, § 106 iii (i)) ; Sr^niw 'king', for brw\nhm from hre\e'n\nftin from *breewtin,, Cornish Srenfyn.;
tdn\nau ' strings', for tdn\nheu from 0. W. tantou M.o.; tang ' wide ', for eh-ang from *eks-ang-; dwawdd IL.A. 109 for dn-hawdd ' difficult'; drawl ' bright', for ar-haul, which appears as arheui in B.P. 1168. The h is, however, retained between vowels in a few words, as thud ' foolish', dthau and Ataw ' right (hand), south' ; and in nrh, nhr,13 nghr, and Irh, as dnrhaith ' spoil', anhrefn ' disorder', anghred ' infidelity', olrhain ' to trace'.
The h is also dropped after a secondary accent, as in
^ L. G. C.'s editors print voneddig in spite of the answering h. in nyJiuddo. 1 nrh and nhr have the same Bound but differ in origin : nrh =-- n + rh; nhr is from B + tr. They are often confused in writing.


 

                                                                                                                                                                                            

 

 

1594_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_64

(
delwedd 1594) (tudalen 64)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

64
PHONOLOGY
§ 48
§§ 49, 50
ACCENTUATION
65
brenimdethav, ' kingdoms'. So we have cenedldethau ' generations', tbiteddigaidd 'gentlemanly' (vonebigeiS B.G. 1129).
in. Note therefore the shifting of the h in. such a word as dihdreb 'proverb', Ml. W. di/iaereh K.P. 1336, pi. dwrhebion, Ml. W. diaerhebyon B.B. 974, 975, 1083. The word has etymo-logically two h's: di-haer-heb, but only that is preserved which
precedes the principal accent.
iv. Th*e above rules may be briefly stated thus: an intrusive h sometimes appears before the accent, and an organic h regularly disappears after the accent. It is obvious that the' rule cannot be older than the present system of accentuation; it is indeed the direct result of that system, and is probably not much later in origin. The first change was the weakening and subsequent loss of h after the accent, giving such pairs as brenin, brenhinoedd; angen, anghenus (< *nken-, Iv. ecen)', cymar, cymharu (•< Lat. compar-): here h. vanishes in tlie first word of each pair. Later, on the analogy of these, other pairs were formed, such as bonedd, bonhcddig ; cenedl, cenhedloedd; where an intrusive h appears in the second word of each pair.
In 0. W., when the accent fell on the ultima, it was easy to say bre\en\nhzn; but when the accent settled on the penult, it required an effort to sound the aspirate after the breath had been expended on the stressed syllable. Hence we find, at the very beginning of the Ml. period, breenhineS and breenin L.L. 120. But the traditional spelling, with h, persisted, and is general in B.B., as minheu 12 ;
synJi.uir ( s synnhwyr) 17 ; aghen agheu 23 ; breenhin 62 ; though we also find a few exceptions, as kayeU 35. In B.M. it still survives in many words, as brenfin 2; agheu, 5 (but angev, ib.); mwyhaf n ;
minheu 12 ; but more usually wwyaf 13 ; minneu 3 ; gennyf 8 ; synn-wyr 13 ; amarch 36; llinat (for Urn-had) 'linseed' 121. In the B.P. we find dnawS 1227, 1264, 1270, 1299 ; dneirdd, dnoew 1226 ; diagyr (for dt-Jiagr) 1289; lldwir (for llaw-hir 'long-handed') 1207, 1226;
~ldwl<•ir 1214, witli h inserted above the line—an etymological correction ;
dwrhonn 1271, with h deleted by the underdot—a phonetic correction.
Intrusive h makes its first appearance later, and is rarer in Ml. W. than lost h. In A.L., MS. A., we find boneSyc ii 6, 14, but in this MS. ft may be for nh; in later MSS. bonheSyc i 176-8, MS. a. ; bonheSic in Ml. W. generally. In other cases it is less usual; thus Icennadeu is the form in B.M., though the older W.M. has sometimes kenhadeu 184, 249 ; kenedloeS B.B.B. 239, IL.A. 169, so generally.
The orthography of the 1620 Bible generally observes the phonetic rule; thus brenin, brenhinoedd Ps. ii 6, 2 ; cenedl, cenhedloedd do. xxxiii 12, ii r ; angeu, anghefol do. vi 5, vii 13; aros, arhosodd JOB. x 12, 13; bonheddig, boneddigion Es. ii 9, i Cor. i 26; ammarch, ammherchi Act. v 41, Rhuf. 124; etc. There are some irregularities and inconsistencies; e.g. diharebion Diar., title, i i, and anghall Diar. i 4 beside the phonetic angall do. viii 5. The Bible-spelling was
generally followed, and the use of h medially was fairly settled OB phonetic lines, when Pughe introduced confusion by discarding it wherever his mad etymology failed to account for it. His wildest innovations, such as glandu, pardu for glanhdu, parhdu, were rejected by universal consent; but his principle was adopted by the " new school " including T. Charles, Tegid and G. Mechain, who disregard the accent, and insert or omit h in all forms of the same vocable according to their idea of its etymology." Silvan Evans (Llythyraeth, 68), writes as if the cogency of this principle were self-evident, and imagines that to point out the old school's spelling of cyngor without, and cynghorion with, an h, is to demonstrate its absurdity. In his dictionary he writes brenines, boneddig, etc., misquoting all modern examples to suit his spelling; under ammeuthun (his misspelling of amheuthun) he suppresses h in every quotation.
In spite of the determined efforts of the " new school" in the thirties, present-day editions of the Bible follow the 1620 edn. with the exception of a few insertions of etymological h, as in brenin, ammarch, which appear as brenhin, ammharch.


 

                                                                                                                                                                                            

 

 

1595_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_65

(
delwedd 1595) (tudalen 65)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

65
short.
Quantity. In Mn. W. all vowels in unaccented syllables are
Unaccented syllables here include those bearing a secondary accent, in which the vowel is also short, as in cmedldethau, though before ft vowel it may be long in deliberate pronunciation, as in dealltwrweth. ,
In Late Ml. W. the same rule probably held good, but not necessarily earlier. In 0. W. it was clearly possible to distinguish in the unaccented penult the quantities preserved later when the syllable became accented, § 56 iv.
§ 60. Vowels in accented syllables in Mn. W. are either (i) long, as the a in edn 'song'; (a) medium as the a in canu; or (3) short, as the a in cann ' white', cannw ' to whiten'.
In monosyllables a long vowel (except i or u) is generally circumflexed before n, r or 1, § 51 iv, and in any other case where it is desired to mark the quantity. Short vowels are marked by \ which is sometimes used instead of doubling the consonant, as in D.D. s.v. can == gan ' with', and before I which
"• G. Mechain (iii. 224) writing to Tegid, assents to brenin, hreninoedd "though from habit I always read 'brenMnoedd with an aspirate; but the root does not warrant such reading." His pronunciation was correct; and it juat happens that the " root" does warrant it; see $ 103 ii (i).
1401 V


 

                                                                                                                                                                                            

 

 

1596_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_66

(
delwedd 1596) (tudalen 66)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

66
PHONOLOGY
§ Sl
cannot be doubled in writing; ddl B.CW. 91, hel do. 95, calon Hyff. Gynnwys (1749) pp. 3, ao, 319 bis.
6®-In this grammar the circumflex has been retained in most cases where it is, or might be, used in ordinary writing. But where the position of the accent has to be indicated, is used;
where there is no need to point out the accent, and the word is not usually circumflexed,' is used. As every long vowel must •be accented in Mn. W., it will be understood that ','' and " in Mn. W. words mean the same thing. In Brit. and earlier a vowel marked ' is not necessarily accented. As ' is required to denote a secondary accent it would be confusing to use it to mark a short accented vowel; hence * is used here for the latter purpose, where necessary. The accent mark / denotes accent without reference to quantity. A medium vowel can only be indicated by showing the syllabic division ; thus cd wi,
NOTE. The medium vowel, or short vowel with open stress, which occurs in the penult, is not heard in English where a penultimate accented vowel, if not short as in fathom, is long as in father. Silvan Evans calls the medium vowel "long", and J.D.R. often circumflexes it. Bat the a of cd\nu is not long, except in comparison with the a of cdn\nu; beside the a of can it is short. It is a short vowel slightly prolonged past the point of fullest stress, so as to complete the syllable, and the following consonant is taken over to the ultima.
§ 61. i. If a vowel in a monosyllable is simple its quantity is determined by the final consonant or consonants, the main principle being that it is long before one consonant, short before two, or before a consonant originally double ; see § 56 ii.
ii. The vowel is short before two or more consonants, or before p, t, c, m, ng; as cant ' hundred', torf ' crowd', p6rth ' portal', bardd ' bard', at ' to', lldc ' slack', cam ' crooked', Hong 'ship'. . \
Nearly all monosyllables ending in p, t or c are borrowed; some from Irish, as brat ' apron', most from E. as hap, top, het, pot, cnoc, which simply preserve the original quantity. E. tenuis after a long vowel becomes a media, as W. cl6g < E. cloak, W. grod o. 157 < E. groat, re-borrowed as gr6t; so the late borrowings c6t, grdt (but in S. W. c6t).
W. at is an analogical formation, § 209 vii (2); ac, new should be ag, nag in Mn. orthography § 222 i (i), ii (3).
§ 51
QUANTITY


 

                                                                                                                                                                                            

 

 

1597_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_67
(
delwedd 1597) (tudalen 67)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

67
Exceptions to the above rule are the following:
(1) In N. W. words ending in s or 11 followed by another consonant have the vowel long; as trzst 'sad', cosh 'punishment', hallt 'salt' adj., etc., except in borrowed words, as cast 'trick'. In S. W., however, all such words as the above conform to the rule.
(2) The vowel is long when it is a late contraction, § 33 iv; as ant ' they go ', for a-ant; hdm ' I have been ', for bu-um; bont ' they may be', for bo-ont; rh6nt ' they give', for rho-ant. In 'ijm ' we are', i/nf ' they are', the vowel is pronounced long; it is marked long by J.D.E. 94; but E.P., PS. Ixxv r, rhymes ynt with hynt, and in Ml. "W". it is written ynt (not *yyn£); hence the lengthening is probably due to false analogy.
Cant' they shall have ' is for ca-ant and has long a; but cant' sang' is for can-t, and is therefore short. Even gweld, § 44 vi, from gwSl, has the e shortened by the two consonants; a fortiori, in cant ' sang' where the final double consonant is older, the a must be short. Silvan Evans (s. v. canu) adopts the error of some recent writers, and circumflexes the a in cant, even where it rhymes with chwant, and in quoting Gr.O. 82, where no circumflex is used. The word never rhymes with ant, gwndnt, etc.
W The vowel is circumflexed when long before two consonants, except where the length is dialectal.
(3) The mutated form deng of deg 'ten ' preserves the long vowel of the latter in N.iW.
iii. The vowel is long if it is final, or followed by b, d, g, f, dd, ff, th, ch, B ; as ty ' house', lie ' place ', mob ' son', fad ' father', gwag ' empty ', dof ' tame ', rfiodd ' gift', doff ' lame', crotJi' womb', cocJi ' red ', glas ' blue '.
Exceptions : (i) Words which are sometimes unaccented, vi below.
(2) Words borrowed from English, as sad ' steady', twb, fflach (tromflash), loch (from lash). SUd, also written sut, ' kind, sort' from suit (cf. Chaucer, Cant. Tales 3241) is now short; but in D.G. 448^it is long, rhyming with hud.
(3) Some interjectional words, such as chwaff, pvff, ach. The interjection och is now short, but is long in the bards; see Oeh / ffoch D.G. 464. Cyjfis now sometimes incorrectly shortened.
tsr A long vowel need not be circumflexed before any of the above consonants. In the case of a contraction, however, the vowel is usually marked; thus rlwdd ' he gave ' for rhoodd for rhoddodd. In such forms the circumflex is unconsciously regarded as a sign of contraction, and may be taken to indicate that the vowel is long independently of the character of the consonant.
The circumflex is also used in ndd ' cry' to distinguish it from nad 'that not'.
iv. If the vowel be followed by 1, n or r, it may be long or r2


 

                                                                                                                                                                                            

 

 


1598_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_68
(
delwedd 1598) (tudalen 68)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

68
PHONOLOGY
§ 31
§52
QUANTITY
69
short: tdl' pay', dal' hold', can ' song ', cda ' white '; car ' relative ', car ' car'.
Each of these consonants may he etymologically single or double.' Dal is from *dalg- § 110 ii (2), so that the final 1 represents two root consonants. In 0. and Ml. W. final n and r when double in origin were doubled in writing, as in penn, ' head', Irish cenn, in other cases of course remaining single as in hen ' old ', Irish sen; thus the principle that the vowel is short before two consonants, long before one, applied. The final consonant is now written single even in words like pen, and only doubled when a syllable is added, as inpennaf, cf.Eng. sin (0. E. sinfi) but sinner (though even medial -nn- is now sounded -n,- in Eng.). It is therefore necessary now to distinguish between long and short vowels in these words by marking the vowels themselves.
gap In a monosyllable, a long vowel followed by 1, n or r is circum-flexed; thus, tdl' pay', coin, ' song', d6r ' door', del ' may come', hyn ' older'. But i and u need not be circumflexed, since they are always long before these consonants, except in prin, and in (= Ml. W. ynn 1 to us'), and a few words from English as pzn, bzl. The common words dyn, hen, 51 are seldom circumflexed.
Ml. ~W. -nn is still written in some words, e. g. in onn ' ash' pi. ynn, as in the names Llwyn Onn, Llwyn Ynn. Doubling the consonant is preferable to marking the vowel when it is desired to avoid ambiguity, as in cann ' white ', a yrr ' drives'. It is not sounded double now when final; but the consonant is distinctly longer e. g. in pen than in hen. In Corn., penn became pedn.
NOTE. The a is long in tdl' forehead, front, end', and was circumflexed down to the latter part of the i8th cent.; see D.D. a.v., G. 68. The 1 is etymologically single, as is seen in the Gaulish name Cassi-talos. In the spoken language the word survives only in place-names, and is sounded short in such a name as Tal-y-bdnt because this has -become an improper compound accented on the ultima, § 46 iii, so that its first element has only a secondary accent, § 49. When the " principal accent falls on it, it is long, as in Trwyn-y-tal near the Rivals. Tegigil o tal, Edeirnaun, Idl B.B. 74 ' Tegeingi to its end, Edeirnawn, [and] Yale.' The rhyme with Idl shows the quantity of tdl.
f fun araf, fain, eirian, A'r, t&lfal yr aw mdl mdn.—D.G. 330.
' The calm, slender, bright girl, with the head like finely milled gold.'
v. When the word ends in 11 the quantity varies. In N. W. it is short in all such words except oil, /toll; in S. W. it is long, except in gall ' can ', dwR ' manner', mibll' sultry ', cyll' loses ', and possibly some others.
vi. Many prepositions, adverbs and conjunctions, which are long by the above rules, by being often used as proclitics have become short even when accented, more especially in N. W.; as r1iag 'against', hell 'without', nid, nad 'not', dm 'under' (originally one 11), mdl,fdl,fel' like', ag (written ac) ' and ', wig (written nac) ' nor' ; but ag ' with '.
The long vowel is preserved in some of these in 8. "W. The word nes 'until', § 215 i (2), was circumflexed even by N. W. writers as late as the i8th cent., see nes Q. 237; it is now sounded nes (already nes in B.CW. 83, 115 beside nes ' nearer' 13, 109, no). In D.G. dan ' under ' has long a: ,
Serchog y cdn dan y d'ail.—D.G.223.
' Lovingly it sings under the leaves.' i


 

                                                                                                                                                                                            

 

 


1599_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_69
(
delwedd 1599) (tudalen 69)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

69. i. If the vowel in a monosyllable is the first element of a diphthong, its quantity depends chiefly upon the form of the
diphthong.
ii. The vowel is long in ae, oe,wy ; thus trded' feet', oen' lamb', 1iwyr ' late', cae ' field ', caem ' we might have ', doe ' yesterday', mwy ' more', cwyn ' complaint', /iwyiit ' they', bloesg ' blaesus ', rhwysg ' pomp ', ,'maent' they are', troent' they might turn '.
iBut except before -sg, wy is short before two or more consonants or m ; as twym, twymn,' hot', rivwym 'bound' (also rhwym), owymp ' fall' (now proti. cw^mp in N. W.), llwybr ' path', rhwystr ' hindrance',' brwydr' battle ',pwynt' point' ; — hwyntis influenced by hwy 'they'.. Similarly maent formed from, and influenced by mae. The other. cases are examples of contraction: caem < ca-em, tr6ent < tro-ynt.
iii. The vowel is short in all other falling diphthongs ; as Mi ' fault', iyw ' alive', troi ' to turn ', llaid ' mud', brw ' wound ', duw ' god ', buzoch ' cow ', haul ' sun', aw ' gold ', dewr ' brave ', bazod ' thumb', mawl' praise ', etc.
Exceptions: (i) Tn N. W. aw, ew are long when final only; as taw I 'be silent', 'bow 'dirt', llezv 'lion', two 'fat'; otherwise short as above. In S. W. the diphthongs are short in both cases.
(2) au is long in traul 'wear, expense', paun 'peacock', gwaudd ^ 'daughter-in-law', ffav, 'den', gwaun 'meadow', caul 'rennet', pdu ' country'. The form gwaen is a recent misspelling of gwaun. In West Gwynedd the word is pronounced gweun (esa), Ml. W.
gweun, 0. W. guoun.
(3) The vowel is long in du when contracted for a-au, as in pidu ' plagues'; but in cdu for cde-u, § 202 iii, it is short. It is long in &i for a-ai, and 6i for o-ai when final, as gwndi, troi 3rd eg. impf.; but


 

                                                                                                                                                                                            

 

 


1600_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_70
(
delwedd 1600) (tudalen 70)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

70
PHONOLOGY
53, 54
6i for o-ai not final, as in trois for tr6-ais. On account of the long vowel gwnai, troi, etc. are generally sounded and often written gvmae, troe, etc.; but in the bards -di rhymes with ai, see wn^i / ehedai o. 242. Both forms are seen in Ml. W. gwnai W.M. 25, 54, gwnay B.M. 237 (ae=ay, § 29 ii (i)).
(4) The vowel is long in o'l, a'i, da z, etc., § 33 v, of course only when accented. In Ml. W. o'i, a'i are written oe, ae or oy, ay.
§ 63. When the accent in a polysyllable falls on the ultima, the above rules apply as if the ultima were a monosyllable ; thus, short, paJiam ' why ? ', penaig, §41 iii (2), parh&ti, ' to continue ', gwyrdrSi ' to distort'; long, Cymraeg, parh&nt (for parha-ant}, gwyrdroi (for gwyrdro-ai) ' he distorted', penllad ' summnm bonum'.
In parhau, caniatau, etc., some recent writers circumflex the a, possibly a practice first intended to indicate the long vowel in the uncontracted form -ha-u, § 54 iii. When contracted the a is short. In D.D. and Bible (1620) it is not circumflexed. J.D.R. 144 writes cadarnhuu. But see § 55 ii.
§ 54. In the accented penult—
i. (l) The vowel is short, if followed by two or more consonants, or by p, t, c, m, ng, 11, s ; as harddwch ' beauty', plentyn ' child ', cannoedd' hundreds ', Vjjrradi ' shorter ', estron' stranger', epil 'progeny', ateb 'answer', ameu, ' to doubt', angen ''need' Wan ' out', lesu ' Jesus', glandeg ' fair', glanwaith' cleanly ', tamo ' to fire ', tybzaf ' I suppose'. There is no exception to this rule, though before m the vowel is sometimes wrongly lengthened in words learnt from books, such as trumor ' foreign', amwy's ' ambiguous'.
Silvan Evans marks many obsolete words, such as amwg, amug with long a, for which there is no evidence whatever; it merely represents his own misreading of Ml. W. -m-, which always stands for -mm-.
(2) The consonants above named are each double in origin. In Ml. W. t, c, s were usually doubled in this position, as atteb, racco or raoko, messur; but -m- is generally written single, owing to the clumsiness of -mm- and its frequency ; possibly -p-, which is not very common, followed the analogy of -m-; 11 and ng being digraphs can hardly be doubled in writing. In early Bibles m and p are doubled;
and Cr:E. wrote gallu, doubling ; (his / = tt). As however each is e^rmologically double (except in borrowed words), the double origin
/
'§ 84
QUANTITY


 

                                                                                                                                                                                            

 

 

1601_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_71

(
delwedd 1601) (tudalen 71)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

71
is sufficiently indicated by writing the letter; thus ateb is necessarily the same as atteb; mesur is necessarily messur. So every medial or final m, ng or 11 means mm, ion, or fttt etymologically, and is so pronounced in the accented penult.
68" But in the case of n and r the consonant is not necessarily double; hence a distinction must be made between single and double n and r. The a in cannu ' to whiten ' is short because it is followed by nn, representing original nd (cf. Lat. candeo) ; the a in canw ' to sing' is medium because it is followed by a single n (of. Lat. cano). The distinction is made in nearly all Ml. MSS., and generally in Mn. MSB. and printed books down to Pughe's time.


(3) The accented syllable is " closed " (stopped, blocked) by the first of the two consonants, thus glan\deg, pUn\tyn, can\nu. Even i and w cause the preceding consonant to close the penult; thus glan\waith from gUn ' clean '. Ml. scribes, knowing that the syllable was closed by two consonants, and not knowing that the second in this case was i or w, sometimes doubled the first consonant, as in dynnyon W.M. 32, (g)lannweith E.M. 52; but as a rule, perhaps, it is written single, as in dynyon R.M. 21, (g)lanweith W.M. 72. A consonant originally double cannot be distinguished from one originally single in this case ;
thus tan-io' to fire ', from t&n ' fire', and glan-w ' to land', from glawiz ' shore', form a perfect double rhyme. It is therefore unusual to double the consonant in the modern language in these forms; glannio and torriad are written glanio and tariad, which adequately represent the sound (cf. pentreffor penntref, etc.). Thus in ysgrifennwyd ' was written' the double n. indicates that the w is a vowel; in ysgrifenwyr ' writers', the single n indicates that the w is consonantal. Hence some words like annuyl C.M. 70, synnwyr a.M. 116 are now written with one n owin-g to a common, but by no means general, mispronunciation of wy as wi[; see P.IL. xcvi, where Llyr / ssynwyr is condemned as a false rhyme.
ii. The vowel is medium if followed by b, d, g, ff; th, oh, 1,
single n, or single r; as g6\laith 'hope', d\deg 'time', se\gur ' idle ', e\ffaH?i. ' effect', e\thol' to elect ',pe'\c/tod ' sin', ca\nu ' to sing', b6\re ' morning', ca\lan ' new year's day '.
In this case the accented syllable is " open" (free), that is, it ends with the vowel, and the consonant is carried on to the next syllable. See §50, Note; § 27 i.
In a few forms we have a short vowel before 1, as in l8l\o (often mis-read I6\ld); cal\on ' heart'; c6l\yn ' sting', 0. W. eolginn svv.;
b8l\wst 'colic' < *bolg-; dSl\ir 'is held' for dSl\w §36 i <*dSlj,ir. In Ml. "W. such forms are written with double 1, § 22 ii.
Double I cannot be from original II, which gives the voiceless Welsh II W). It occurs only in a new hypocoristic doubling as in lol-lo, or where a consonant now lost closed the syllable before disappearing.


 

                                                                                                                                                                                            

 

 

1602_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_72

(
delwedd 1602) (tudalen 72)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

72
PHONOLOGY
§ S5'
in colon the lost consonant is w; in cSlyn it is i < ^', w drops before o, and ^ before y § 36 iii, ii;—calon (Corn. colon, Bret. lealon, kaloun) < *kaluond- : W. colweS B.A. 6 ' heart', coludd ' entrail' : Skr. krodd-h' breast, interior': Gk. ^oXaoes, 0. Bulg. Kelqd-uku ' maw' with 9^' ('S'/fff'' alternation).—For Early Mn. W. calyn ' to follow' the Ml. eanlyn has been restored in writing.
A short vowel also occurs in cadwn, tybir, etc. § 36 i.
'• iii. The vowel is long- if followed by a vowel or h ; as e og 'salmon', cU-hazi, ' right, south', Gwem \ id \ an.
iv. It is short in all falling' diphthong's'; as cSe\ad ' lid', mwy\af 'most', llSi\af ' least', rhwy\dav, 'nets', lliSy\brau 'paths', Jim\log 'sunny', tw\dwr 'thickness', byw\yd 'life^, cndw\dol' carnal'.
But in N. "W. the vowel is medium in aw, ew, iw before a vowel, that is the w is heterosyHabic; thus ta\wel ' silent', te\wi ' to be silent', lle\wod ' lions', m\wed 'harm'. In S. W., however, these are sounded taw\el, tSw\i, llSw\od, ntw\ed.
§ 55. i. The above are the quantities of the vowels in the Mn. language. They were probably the same in Ml. W. where the-vowel is simple. Thus map or mab, tat, gwac had A long a like their modern equivalents mob, tad, gwag ; for where the vowel was short and the final consonant voiceless (=Mn.^, t, c), the latter was doubled, as in bratt K.G. 1117, Mn. W. bratt D.D., or brat (s brat) ' rag, apron'. In the case of Ml. single -t, both<fche long vowel and the voiced consonant are attested in the spelling of foreigners ; thus the place-name which is now Bod Feirig, which in Ml. W. spelling would be *-Bo< veuruc, appears in Norman spelling in the Extent of Anglesey, dated 1294, as Sode-ueuryk (Seebohm, Trib. Sys.1 App. 6), where bode doubtless means bod, the Mn. W. sound. Again in the Extent of Denbigh, dated 1335, the Mn. W. ~RJios appears as Roos (op. cit. 72), showing the vowel to he long before s then as now. The N. W. long vowel before st is attested in 1396 in the Kuthin Court Rolls p. 15,1. 10 in the spelling Neeste of the name Nest. The distinction between medium and short in the penult is everywhere implied in Ml. spelling; and we are told in K.G. nao that the vowel is long when followed by another, as the i in Gwenlliant, Mn. W. Gwen-lli-an. Thus the quantity of a simple vowel was
§ S6
QUANTITY


 

                                                                                                                                                                                            

 

 

1603_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_73

(
delwedd 1603) (tudalen 73)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

73 a


generally the same In all positions in Ml. and Mn. W., even local usage agreeing ; except in shortened words § 51 vi.
ii. But in diphthongs many changes must have taken place. As a " vowel before a vowel " was long then as now, tro-'i must have had a long o, so that, when first contracted, it was still long ;
it remains long in Montgomeryshire; thus the short o in trot is probably late. Similarly short Si for e-i, au for a-u, w for o-u. Other diphthongs also probably differ, and we can infer nothing as to Ml. W. quantity in diphthongs from the Mn. W. pronunciation./
§ 56. i. The quantity of-a vowel in British determines its quality in Welsh ; but its quantity in Welsh depends, as we have seen, on the-consonantal elements •which follow it in the syllable.
ii. A short accented vowel in Brit. or La-tin followed by a single Consonant was lengthened in Welsh; thus Brit. * tolas gave tal, § 51 iv Note, *r6ta (cognate with Lat. rota) gave rhod, Lat. sonus gave son, etc. This took place after the change in the quality of long vowels, • for while original a gives aw § 71, long a lengthened from a remains A. If also took place after the reduction of pp, tt, w iatojf, th, ch, for the latter are treated as single consonants for this purpose; thus Lat. saccus became *sa^os with single ^, which gives sach (ssa^) in Welsh. Long vowels remained long, as in pilr from Lat. purus. On the other ha'n^, a vowel originally long was shortened before two consonants; thus the o of Lat. forma became u, which was shortened in the Welsh ffUrf. Hence the general rule § 51 i, which probably goes back to Early Welsh and beyond; for the lengthening of short vowels originated at the time of the loss of the ending, and is due to compensation for that loss.
iii. There is no reason to suppose that this lengthening took place only in monosyllables. Thus 0. W. litan ' wide' (: Gaul. litanos in KoyKo-XtTavos, Smertu-litanus, etc., Ir. lethan) was probably sounded *lly-daiz, while guinlann was doubtless *gwinl(f)an'ii. In Ml. W. when the ultima became unaccented this distinction was lost, the a of llydan being shortened, § 49, and the nn of gwm-llann being simpli-. fied, § 27 ii. The rule forbidding the rhyming of such a pair was handed down from the older period, and is given in E.G. 1136; such a rhyme is called trwm ao ysgawn ' heavy [with 2 consonants] and light [with one]'. But the bard's ear no longer detected any difference in the unaccented ultima; he is therefore instructed to add a syllable to find out whether tlie syllable is "heavy" or "light": kalloxna.eu {U = l-T) is given as an example to show that the on(%) of Jcallon [sic] . is " heavy ", and amkcm.eu to show that the an of amkan is " light". The Early Ml. bards avoid trwm ac ysgawn; but in the first poem in B.B., where the rhyme is -ann, several forms in -an occur, as imuan i (: gwanaf ' I wound'), darogan ^ (: canaf ' I sing'), which shows that


 

                                                                                                                                                                                            

 

 

1604_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_74

(
delwedd 1604) (tudalen 74)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

74
PHONOLOGY
57, 5i?
the distinction was beginning to disappear. The Late Ml. poets frankly give it up; e. g. Ca. bychan / glan / kyvan(n) / dvflan(n) / darogan/ . . . !calan(n) / kan / Ieuan{n), E.P. 1233-4. Yet in 0. W. the distinction was a real one, for it is reflected in the ordinary spelling of words; as Uchcm. ox. 'little' (cf. vychaTO.et W.M. 44, E.M. 31), atac ox. 'birds' (cf. adaven B.B. 107), scribenm. M.O. 'writing' (cf. yscrivesnau IL.A. 2), corsetca. ox., gmnlawa. JUV., ^tc. The dimin. endings -yn, -en appear as, -inn, -din ; the pi. ending -•wn is always -ion.
iv. In the unaccented penult in 0. W. the distinction between an open and a closed syllable was preserved; the vowel must have been shorter in the latter, as it was later when the penult became accented.
v. The diversity in the present quantity of vowels before II and e, and the fixing of the present quantities- of diphthongs, are due to complicated actions of analogy, which it would take too much space here to attempt to trace.
THE ARYAN VOWELS IN KELTIC
§ 57. Parent Aryan had the following' vowel-system :
Short vowels Long vowels Short diphthongs Long diphthongs Short vocalic Long vocalic
a e i o u a a e i 6 u ai ei oi au eu ou ai ei oi au eu ou
I m n r I m n r
e and o were probably pronounced open; u has of course its Latin value = Welsh w (not Welsh u); a was an obscure vowel whose exact quality is uncertain, but which was probably not unlike W. y ', vocalic 1, m, n, r arose from reduced el, em, en, er; when long they represent the contracted reductions of two syllables § 63 vii (2).
§ 68. i. The Aryan short vowels remained unchanged in Primitive Keltic, except a, which became a as in all the other branches except Indo-Iranian, in which it became i, see vii below.
ii. Ar. a (Lat. a, Gk. a). Lat. dacruma (lacruma), Gk. SaKpv, Goth. tagr : W. pi. dagrau 'tears' < Pr. Kelt. *da&ruya.—Ar. *ag6 > Lat. ago, Gk. aycu : Ir. agaim ' I drive', W. of for a-af for *a!af '1 go' < Pr. Kelt. *ag:—Lat. sal, salis, Gk. aXy, Goth. salt : Ir. salanw, W. halen ' salt' < Pr. Kelt. *sal-.
iii. Ar. e (Lat. e, Gk. e). ' Ar. *bher- > liat.fero, Gk. (f>epa>, 0. E. herein, 'to bear' : Ir. berimm 'I bear', W. ad-feraf 'I re-
§ 59
ARYAN VOWELS IN KELTIC


 

                                                                                                                                                                                            

 

 

1605_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_75

(
delwedd 1605) (tudalen 75)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

75
store' < Pr. Kelt. *&('/•-.—Ar. *medhu- > Gk. y.i6v 'wine', 0. H. G. metu ' mead', 0. Bulg. medw ' honey', Skr. mddhw ' honey': W. medd 'mead', meddw ' drunk ' < Pr. Kelt. *medu-
*medu-.—Ar. + ekMS > Lat. equv,s, Skr. dsva-h : Ir. ecfi ' horse ', Gaul. Epo- (in Epo-redia, etc.), W. eb-ol' colt' < Pr. Kelt. *c^-.-> A .
iv. Ar. i (Lat. i, Gk. t). Ar. *md- (Vueid- 'see, know') > u .^A^t)^-Lat. video ' I see', Gk. Horn. Fi8p.w, Goth. witum ' we know': — Ir. jfisss ' knowledge', W. gwys ' summons' < Pr. Kelt. *wiss-, § 87 ii.—Ar. *uli^- (Vyeletq"- ' wet') > Lat. liqueo : Ir. fiwcJt ' wet', W. gwlyJ) ' wet' < Pr. Kelt. * yliq»-.
v. Ar. o (Lat. o, Gk. o). Ar. *oito(u) > Lat. octo, Gk. OKTW :
Ir. MM, W. wyth 'eight' < Pr. Kelt. *okt6, §69 iv (a). Ar.
*logk- (Viegh- 'lie') > Gk. Xoy^os 'bed, couch, ambush', 0. |, Bulg. sa-logu ' consors tori': W. go-lo-i, E. p. 1040, 'to lay, bury' ' <Pr. Kelt. *log-.—A.T. *tog- (V\s)t1wg- ' cover')> Lat. toga : W. » fo 'roof',§104ii(3).
. vi. Ar. u (Lat. u, Gk. v). Ar. weak stem *'kwi- > Gk. gen. sg. KVVOS, Goth. bunds, Skr. gen. sg. suHaJt: W. pi. cwn' dogs' < Pr. Kelt. *ktm-es.—Ar. *sm-f- {^/sreti- 'flow') > Gk. pvTOS ' flowing ', Skr. smtah ' flowing', Lith. sruta ' dung-water ':
Ir. smth ' stream', W. rJiwd ' dung-water ' < Pr. Kelt. *srut-.
vii. Ar. e (see i). Ar. *pater *pater- > Lat. pater, Gk. Trarrjp, Goth. fadar. Arm. hair, Skr. pitdr- : Ir. athir 'father' < Pr. Kelt. *{p)atw.—Ar. *s9t- (v^e- 'sow')>Lat. satus ; W. had, ' seed' < Pr. Kelt. s) sat; § 63 vi (i).
§ 59. i. The Aryan long vowels a, i, u remained ; bat e became i ; and 6 in stem syllables became a, in final syllables u. ii. Ar. a (Lat. -a, Gk. Dor. a, Att. Ion. i]). Ar. *bhrdt-er,
*er-, -w, -or- > 'Lat.frdfer, Gk. Dor. <f>paTi]p' member of a clan', Goth. Sro^ar, Skr. Mmtar- : Ir. brathir,^. brawd 'brother', pi. bioder, brodorion § 124 i < Pr. Kelt. *bmt-w, -er-, -or-.—Ar.
*mat-er, -er-, -r- > Lat. mater, Gk. Dor. y.a,Tt]p, Skr. mdtdr-: — f 'X Ir. mdthir ' mother ', W. madr-yb' aunt' < Pr. Kelt. *maf-er, -r-^'1 ^ 't^t*<L^<
iii. Ar. e (Lat. e, Gk. i;). Lat. verws, 0. Bulg. vSra ' faith ': '"' Ir.^fir, W.gwzr 'true' < Pr. Kelt. *mros.—Lat. rex, Skr. mj-' king': Ir. )i, Gaul. rice, W. r/iz < Pr. Kelt. *n&, *ng-.
iv. Ar. i (Lat. i, Gk. i). Ar. *q"rU- {V^rew- 'buy') > Skr. krUdJt ' bought' : Ir. wzthid ' inclined to buy', W. pnd


 

                                                                                                                                                                                            

 

 

1606_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_76

(
delwedd 1606) (tudalen 76)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

76
PHONOLOGY
60, 61
§62
ARYAN VOWELS IN KELTIC
77
' precious' < *Pr. Kelt. c^nt-.—0. H. G. rw, 0, E. Tzm' number ":
Ir. rim, W. rlwf ' number' < Pr. Kelt. *w%-.—Ar. suffix *-wo-, as in Lat. su-mus : W. -in, § 153 (10) < Pr. Kelt. *-mo-. •
v. Ar. o (Lat. o, Gk. <o). Lat. odor, Gk. WKVS, Skr. dswS /X^-' quick': Ml. W. di-awc, Mn. W. cli-og ' idle' < Pr. Kelt. *dk-us. ^w^—Laf. ignotus, notus, Gk. yvwrds '• Ir. gadth' known, accustomed', ^a*^*^^- gnawd ' customary ' < Pr. Kelt. *gndtos.—Lat. flos, 0. H. G. llmt ' bloom': Ir. Math, Ml. W. Uawt ' blossom ' < Pr. Kelt. *bldt:
rf,^--*^' In final syllables Ar. 6 > Kelt. u ; this became u, later z in A Brit., and affected @. preceding vowel, § 69 i; it remains as -z in y/ W. cz ' dog' § 133 (i). But when followed by a final nasal o be-
v y^-"" came o in Pr. Kelt.; thus Ir. gen. pl._/er (of men ' implies *umit ^»» from *uir6m\ *-om : Gk. -air). (y^" vi. Ar. u (Lat. u, Gk. ii). Lat. tu, Gk. TV-VIJ, 0. Icel. pw,
A vest. tu : Ir. i'a, W. tz ' thou' < Pr. Kelt. *tu.—0. H. G. w»a, 0. Icel. y%% ' secret, rune': Ir. run, W. rhm ' secret' < Pr. Kelt. -Lat. culiiiS : Ir. cul, W. czl' back' < Pr. Kelt. *kul-.

JL t
§ 60. The Aryan short diphthongs remained in Pr. Kelt.;
see examples in §§ 75, 76. In the long- diphthongs the long vowels developed as elsewhere; thus ai, au remained ; ei>u;
eu > m; in syllables not final oi, ou became ai, au respectively ;
in final syllables oi>ui, later doubtless u, but seemingly still '^written -ovi in Gaulish, Bihys CIG. 5 ; ou>uu; §§ 75, 76. ;
§ 61. i. (i) Aryan 1, r (Lat. ul, or; Gk. a\, \a, ap, pa; ;
Germ. ul, ur; Skr. r, r) probably remained m Pr^ Kelt., but yjj^' developed in all the groups as li, ri. Thus Ar. *mlk-t- (V meig-' milk')> Lat. mulctus : Ir, mlicht, blicht, W. blith ' milch'< ' \(/ *mlikt-< Pr. Kelt. *mlkt- (W. ar-mel' the second milk', mel-foch •u' ' suckpng pigs' < F-grade *melg-).—Ar. *^-f- (Vkel- 'hide') >Lat. oc-cult-us : Ir. clethi 'celandum', W. clyd 'sheltered' <Pr. Kelt. *klt——Kv. *j,wt- {V' per-)>~La,\,.fortus, O.R.G furt:
Gaul. -ritum, 6. W. rit, Mn. W. rhyd' ford' < Pr. Kelt. *(p)rt——
Ar. *^mi-is ' worm ' > Skr. Iwnii-Jt., Lith. kirmis : Ir. wuim,f. <^|
"W. m"ui' ' worm ' <" Pr. Kelt- ^nf-rmis—Ai\ *^'r?'_ I A/r1/>vf'.\ •~» f~i}r 0' ^1
0 U.
l^J. ^^
'•A.VL \
W. p-yf \ worm' < Pr. Kelt. *q!'rmis.—Ar. *-dri- {*/ cleric-} >Gk. 'eSpaKov '1 saw', Skr. dfs- 'look' : Ir. drecfi 'aspect', W. drycJi 'appearance', e-drychaf''1 look'<Pr. Kelt. *drk-. i


 

                                                                                                                                                                                            

 

 

1607_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_77

(
delwedd 1607) (tudalen 77)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

77
I \hc
Ir. cru conies from q^ri before i, e or u, as shown by wuimther ' priest' which appears in ogam as qVrimitir < Early W. primter, Thurneysen Gr. 135; therefore this proves nothing as to Kelt. r. But Kelt. *rk gave Brit. *rkk > W. rych as in drych above, rhyoh < *prk-§ 101 iii (i), Zapitza K-Z. xxxv 2g6, while Kelt. rik gives W. ryg as in cryg § 101 ii (2).
(a) Before vowels and i and u, Ar. preserved an older form of these sounds, which we may write gl, gp, where g represents an indistinct or murmured vowel. These give Kelt. ar, al, see
§63"i. Lt^ ii. Ar. 1, r (Lat. la, m; Skr. ir, ur for both) appear in Pr. /^g, 'f^'
Kelt. as la, ra. Thus Ar. *_pl-no- 'full' (Vpele-) >"Skr"^3"I '^^/^ ' TT?:" Un~\f. llawn ' full'< Pr.'Kelt. *{_p)ldnos.^-Ax. *mU- \)^^y\/ (•/meld- 'grind') >W. Uawd 'flour' < Pr. Kelt. *mldt-.—Ar. *gn- "-' "- ^f/ (•/gei'o"- 'rub, grind')> Lat. grdnum, Skr. jwnd-h 'worn out' :
Ir. gran, W. gmwn ' grain' < Pr. Kelt. *gran-. See § 63 vii (a).


§ 62. i. (i) Ar. m, n. (Lat. em, en; Gk. .a; Germ. urn, un;
Skr. a) remained in Pr. Kelt., and appear as am, an in. Brit.
e'xssw-wswy ^ysaas^^'^f^u; . <'
and Gaul., and^w/?, ^en in Ir. (becoming e before c, t, and im, in before 6, d, g). Thus Ar. K^itdm ' hundred' > Lat. centum, Gk. f.-Ka.rw, Goth. Aund, Lith. szimtas, Skr. satd-m:
Ir. cet, W. cant.—Ar. *dnt- 'tooth' > Lat. dent-, Goth. tunpus, Skr. dat- : Ir. det, W. clanf.—Ar. *»- negative prefix > Lat. in-, Gk. a-, Germ. w»- : Ir. in-gnath ' unwonted', e-trocar ° unmerciful', W. an- § 156 i (5).
(a) Before vowels and » and u, the forms were ^m, gU, see § 61 i (a); these gave am, an in Kelt., and appear so in Ir. and W.; thus W. adanedd ' wings' < ^/^mids ; 0. W. -ham, W.
-(V)af spv. suffix <*-is^wos. But when gW followed the accent it seems to have become awn in Kelt. (through nn ?); thus Ir.
-^inmann ' names' < *dn.'m^na < ^anam^ng § 121 iv, § 63 v (a) ;— Ir. Erenn ' of Ireland' < ^eriawn < *weri^n-os beside W. IwerSon
^' Ireland' < *we'ripn- ,—Brit. Britann- < ^c^Tit^n- § 3 iii; with the same suffix W. pell-ewn-ig ' stranger';—W. griddfan, ' groan' pi. griddfannau § 203 ii (4);—W. Gofannon, Gaul. Gobannicnos, Ir. goba ' smith', gen. gobann; etc.—Final -ann either remains aa -an, or is reduced to -a § 110 v (a), or tended to^ become -ant (through -awd?) § 121 iv, § 203 ii (4).


 

                                                                                                                                                                                            

 

 

1608_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_78
(
delwedd 1608) (tudalen 78)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

78 PHONOLOGY §63
«
This development is precisely parallel to that of the R-grade of ei after the accent in Brit., which gave an > W. -oe8, the second t becoming 8. Similarly OM after the accent gives W. -eu, prob. from '-ouu- §76 iii (2). v- "
- ii. Ar. m, n were doubtless ma, na in Pr. Kelt. Thus Ar. *sn- (R2of Vsene-, see § 63 vii (2)),>Ir. snd-fhat, W. no-clwydd ' needle '.—Ir. gfiath, W. ywawd ' known, accustomed ' might be from *gn- like Lat. gnd-rus, but is more probably from *gno- like Lat. notus, Vgene-. The Gaul. -gnatws ' born' is assumed to have a, in which case it may be from *gn- ; but it may have a from 9, like W. ynad 'judge', Early Ml. W. pi. hygneui B.B. 10, 84 <*flyn-ylat<':'e•seno-g'nat- ' elder '< *gw-t-, V'gene- 'give birth'.
ARYAN VOWEL GRADATION
§ 68. i. In Parent Aryan, while the consonants of any morphological .element were comparatively stable, its vocalism varied according to circumstances; thisvariation is called " vowel gradation " or " ablaut ". The system is similar to, but less highly developed than, that of the Semitic languages, in which the only fixed elements of a word are its;
consonantal skeleton. In Aryan what may be regarded as the;
standard vowel was e; this is the full grade, and may be denoted by F. It interchanged with o; this grade may be denoted by F°. In either case the vowel might be lengthened, becoming e or 5; the lengthened grades may be denoted by L and L°. The vowel might become more or less indistinct; in this case we write it below the line thus ; this is the reduced grade, R. Lastly it might vanish altogether, this is the vanishing grade, V. The same syllable in different combinations may occur in any or all of these grades.
ii. Taking the root *sed- ' sit' as an example, the system is as ^follows (for a in V-grade see § 97):
',,cn,w, v ttR F F° L. L°
W^:.-.^*" ^ ^^^8^... sd s.d. sed sod sed sod • . , " ' ' ? .y^*^ :
Examples: V *-%d-: W. nyfh, Lat. nidus, E. nest, etc. < Ar.
*ni-s:d-os § 97 ii, W. sy^h < *si-xd-, ibid.—R *sea'~ '• ^- ^a^ < *s^d-lo- § 111 vii (i).—F *sed-: W. gmvedd 'high seat' < Keff
*uer-en-sed- ', eistedd ' to sit' met. for *eitsedd < *ati-en-sed- ; Gaul. esseda ' war-chariot' < *en-sed-; W. annedd ' dwelling' for ann-hedd < *ndo-sed-,cyntedd' porch' < *ki'fttv,-sed-; heddwch 'peace' <.*sed-;
Lat. sedeo, etc.—F° *sod-: W. Jmdd-ygl, Ir. suide 'soot' § 100 v; 'W. aros 'to stay' < *p^ri-sod-t- § 187 iii.—L *sed-: Lat. sedes, whence "W. swydd ' office '.—L° *s8d-: W. soddi ' to sink', sawdd' subsidence ' < *sod-, O.E. set, IS. soot.
.•'JF'
"u ^ ^<A

•\M . i^- »•» .
.^-^

^
Lu.

P^L

/yLl.

\v-->«-<

^^
A

A»^

^\


 

                                                                                                                                                                                            

 

 


1609_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_79
(
delwedd 1609) (tudalen 79)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

79

§ 63 VOWEL GRADATION . V
Ved- 'eat':—V *d-: W. dant, Lat. dent', etc. < *d-yt- (participial stem) ' *eater'.—F *ed-: W. ys ' eats' < *etst^ < *ed-ti, Lat. edo, est.—L *ed-: Lat. in-edia, Skr. adydh 'eatable'.
Vret- ' run ':—F *rei-: W. rJiedaf ' I run ', gwa-redaf ' I succour', Gaul. Vo-reto-.—F° *rot-: Ir. roth, W. rhod ' wheel', Lat. rota.—L°
*rot-: W. rhawd 'troop', Ml. W. gwarawt 'he succoured' < *uo-rat-< *upo-(re)rote. .--«i——»
In Kelt. ^ becomes a before explosives, as well as before I, r, m, n, see ^111 beloW;—Thus""" W. 'ad'ar "^birds^^^o^ r-; adan'ed(:rv'!vfSSgy < *p^mzas ; beside edn ' bird' < *petn-, Vpet- ' fly '. In Italic also_ we seem to have a for it, as in Lat. quattuor < *qV/^tyores; in Gk. i in TTi'irupes; Hirt, Abl. 15, Meillet, Int^.273.
iii. When the vowel is followed by one of the sonants I, r, m, n, the scheme is as follows, e'r being taken as the example;
V E F F° L L° • \\ ^ ^ OA. _ [).
r r .r er or er or .^r
0 ti ^r
Examples: suffix *-ter-:—V *-tr-: W. modryh 'aunt' < m&-tr-9q'll-^, Lat. gen. ma-tr-is.—R *-tr-: Skr. ma-tr-ka 'grandmother'.—F *-ter-:
W. bro-der 'brothers', Gk. ace. Tra-rep-a.—F° *-tw-: W. bro-dw-ion 'brothers, clansmen', Gk. ace. ^pa-rop-a.—L *-ter-': Gk. iron-ty.—L°
*tor-: Gk. ippa-Twp.
Vbher- ' bear':—R *bhr- : W. cymryd ' to take ' < *kom-bhr-t-
*F *Vhw-; W. cymeraf ' 1 take' < *kom-ther-; Lat. fero, Gk. (j>epm, etc.
V^cel- ' hide':—R *U-: ~W. clyd ' sheltered' < *'kl-t-, Lat. occultus § 61 i (l).—F *^el-: W. wlaf'1 conceal'.—-L *Sxl-: Lat. cel-o.
Before these sonants g appears as a yi Kelt., giving al, ar, am, an.. In other branches thus : Ar. J., y give Gk. a\, ap, Lat. al, ar, Germ. ul, ur, Skr. ir ur (for both), Lith. il ul, ir w ; Ar. ^m, ^n give Gk. ap., av, Lat. am, an or em, en (yenio § 100 i (4), tenuis below), Germ. i um, un, Skr. am, an, Lith. im urn, in un. J h.' * The V-grade occurs only before vowels. ^"'The form r, in/, etc. of the R-grade occuri^oSiyBeIore'^onBonantsJ the form' "y, yV^fZTTwfwG , v6Wels^andJbeSire~?'a3o[""M^WTiere Tn the derived IBBguageS the latter appeaTg'"b"e'fore other'consonants, a voweTToIlowTng'irhasheen elided since the Ar. period. I use ' to mar^this elision. '•
Examples : V-grade of el in ^V 'glas• '"green ' see vii (3) ; of er in rhann vii (2) ; of en in glin vii (4).
R-grade before consonants, I, r, m, n, see examples in §§ 61, 62.
R-grade before vowels : W. malaf 'I grind' < *m'^-, Vmela"-' grind ';—araith ' speech', Ir. airecht < *yeq-t-, V ereq- ' speak':
0. Bulg. reka ' I speak' (with V-grade of ist syll.) •,—drchaf ' I ask ', Ir. arco < Kelt. *ar'k - < *PerJC~> Vperek- : Lat. precor (with V-grade of ist syll.);—carr 'car', Ir. carr, Gaul. (-Lat.) carr{-us) < Pr. Kelt.
*kar'eos : Lat. cwfti'us < *qrs-os;—darn 'fragment' < *df'n- <'..
*d^rs-ii- : Skr. dwndh 'split, divided' < *drn- < *d/9-n-, V dwa-

ۥ




 

                                                                                                                                                                                            

 

 

1610_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_80

(
delwedd 1610) (tudalen 80)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

80
PHONOLOGY
^ v^'
^ v ^-'
\ §63
' split';—so sarn ' causeway' : Skr. stzrndh ' strewn', Vstero-;— cam 'hoof, Galat. Kapvov 'trumpet' : Vkera^u)-;—teneu 'thin',
/Corn. tanow, Ir. tana : Gk. raw-, Lat. tennis, Skr. tanu-h, all < Ar. *t^nu-;—j^afdl 'like, equal', Ir. samail 'likeness' < *s^mj,- : Lat. similis ;—ganed ' was born' < *g^n-, Vgene-.
R-grade before u : W. carw ' deer' < *k/~u-os : Lat. cervus < *fceru-os ',—marw ' dead ' : Lat. morfuus § 204 ii (5);—before i:
W. myned § 100 iv.
The forms I, r, m, n, are generally classed as V-grade; but the vowel of the syllable cannot be said to have vanished w.hen it has converted the consonant r into the vowel r. In fact r is the form that /• takes before a consonant, and must therefore be the same grade.
iv. The treatment of the diphthongs ei, eu (properly CT, eu) is parallel, i and u corresponding to I, r, m, n, and Thus:"
V R F
, and vocalic i, u to vocalic I, r, m, n.
0' 0 ' 0 ' 0
F° L L°
{' («»>) M
^{eV >) uu
et eu
W
1^-
ou
»/
t>
, J^
" s
^
VOWEL GRADATION


 

                                                                                                                                                                                            

 

 

1611_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_81

(
delwedd 1611) (tudalen 81)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

81
*, The R-grade forms i, u occur before consonants only; the forms ,t, ^u, which became ii, uu, occur before vowels.
Examples: V-grade : W. berwi ' to boil', Lat. ferveo < *bheru-, Vbhereu- ;—W. duw ' god ' < *dwyw, Lat. deus both < *deiv,-os, ' '' Vdeieu-, vii (4). ^ •
n n ' \ ' I •
Vuejd,- 'see, know':—R: gwedd 'aspect' < *uid-a; g'vsys ' summons ', gwys ' it is known ', both < *uitst- < *yid-t- ; Lat. vid-eo',—F: gwydd 'presence' < *ueid-, ariSydd 'sign' < *pri-ueid-;
&k.£%o/xai;—F°: Gk.oTSa < *uoid-a. ^ ^ys>.
Vkleu- 'hear':—R: clod 'praise' < *'iclu-t6-m § 66 Y; Gk. Ke-K\v-Oi;—F: dust 'ear' < *'kleu-t-st- § 96 ii (3).
V'deyk- 'lead':—R: dyg-af 'I bring', dwg 'brings' < *duk-;
dwyn ' to bring ' < *duk-n-;—F : Lat. duw, 0. Lat. douc-o, Goth. tiuh-an < *deuk-;—L°: dug 'brought' < *(du)-dwk-, § 182 ii (2). • t -. The V-grade disappears between consonants ; see Vqonnd- vii (4) ^y^^/geney- ib.; see viii (2) and § 100 ii (2).
' v. (i) As seen above, Ar. had the vowel e interchanging with o|»1'-\ the vowels i and u are secondary, being vocalized forms of i and u.
(2) a occurred in Ar. only in special cases, which Meillet, Intr.2 139 gives thus : i. in child-language, as Skr. fata, Gk. rdro., Lat. tata, W.tada; 2. in certain isolated words, possibly borrowed, as Lat. faba', 3. in a few endings, as 3rd sg. mid. *-tai, Gk. -TOX, Skr. -te; and 4. initially, interchanging with zero, as Gk. ao-rrip: Lat. Stella, W. seren, E. star.
As shown by Meillet (ib. 140) initial a- may coexist with the F- or L-grade of the following syll., as in Gk. a(f)e^h) with F *wg- beside aSfw, Lat. augeo with V *uy-; cf. acmy. This seems to imply that a- might be a movable preformative, but it does not prove that it was
^ (lc^^^^^^^M^t8J ^<u
w u^^< ^' -^ \ ' - - ^
outside the ablaut system; in fact, the common gradation a : 9 necessarily implies the ablaut of a, as e : 9 does that of e; see vi.
Many indications point to a being an Ar. survival of a pre-Aryan sole vowel a, which ordinarily split up in Ar. into e and o. It is preserved in child-language because this is conservattvffFthus while Ar.
*tata gives W. tad ' father '/m W. child-speech it remains as tdda. — In the ordinary language a stands side by side with e/o, or occurs i where we should expect e/o, in the following cases: i. initially;
/ 2. before *a or ^ ; 3. before gutturals. Thus i. at-, ati- : et-, eti- pref. U^^f- and adv. 'beyond, and, but' § 222 i (3); 0. W. awu., Ir. ainm 'name' < *dn(9)'mn, Armen. anun 'name' : Gk. wo^a. < *6mmn, Vono-/and-, A^X- —2. The ending of the neut. pi. nom.-acc. is *-9; now tlie neut. pi. of ^-o/e-stems is -d from *-a9, where *-a- represents the stem vowel instead of -o- (or -e-); similarly the,fern. of o/e-stems i's formed with
-a- for *-a9-; but w/ze-btems have beside -zd- < *-ia9- ^he fern. form
-w- < *-w9-. Cf. al&o a : o ix below. In the dat. sg. of cons. stems both -ai and -ei occur, as Gk. infin. suff. -/xcrai : Osc. diuvei, paterez, Sodmsen KZ. xliv 161 ff.
In the positions indicated, a has R- and L-grades. Thus, r. Initially:
F *am- in Gk. a^i, Lat. arnbi-: R *m- in Ir. imb, imm, W. am, ym-, Skr. abhi-tah (a- < *m-) ' on both sides '; F *w- in W. arth, Gk. cEpKTos : R *r- in Lat. ursus, Skr. rksa.h § 98 i (2); F *ag- in Lat. agv, Gk. a-yo : L *dg- in Lat. arnb-dges.—2. Before g or i: F *d ( < *a9) : R *9, see vi; F *ai- in Gk. ai6w, Ir. aed ' fire ', W. aelwyd : R *i- in Skr. idh-md-s 'firewood'. For the fern. of to/ie-stems there is beside -w- and -w- a form -z-; this may be explained thus:
RF *iut9, *it69 give iw, ize '. RR *w>z, vii (2). Cf. vii (5).
3. Before gutturals: Vafc- : oq- ' sharp, rugged', as Gk. cwpis, o^vs, Lat. ocris, W. ochr: Gk. S.Kpo's, Lat. aous, W. (K)agr ' ugly ';— Vdek/gh- ' to seem good, acceptable; to apprehend, teach' ; e in Lat. decus, decet, Ir. dech, deg, ' best' : o in Lat. doceo, Gk. SOKCU,
•^oy/Aa : a in Gk. SiSda-Kw (< *8i8aKo-i«i)), 8t8a^, "W. da 'good' < *dag-, Gaul. Dago-, Ir. dag- ' good '.


vi. (i) The long vowels e, o, a had B- and V-grades ; e had also the F°-grade o. The R-gra'de 6t eacn'Ts 9. Before a vowel 9 regularly disappears, giving the V-grade, as in iSkr. dd-d-ati ' they give', where -d- is the V-grade of Vdo-. It also occurs before consonants, as in Skr. dw-d-mdh ' we give ' beside Gk. Si-So-p.ev; but the disappearance of 9 between consonants is believed to be due to analogy or elision after the Ar. period. It is however lost in syllables not initial or final in Germ., Balt.-Slav., Armenian, Iranian ; Meillet, Dial. 63.
9 appears to come from a guttural spirant resembling 5 (§ 110 ii (2) ), which played the same part as the sonants, so that the ablaut series of e is parallel to that of et or er, the F-grade e being for *ea; thus V (s non-syllabic, lost); R 9 (syllabic); F e for *e»; F° d for *o»;
corresponding to V ^ (non-syllabic); B i (syllabic); F ez ', F° cw. This explains why 9 is the R-grade of all the long vowels.
.»-.
I ^*d-^ •t fcSfc
^ ^
^ -Q •> A
to i? -? T"
• —
. &,. % ^ a-

"^ e*"—-^


 

                                                                                                                                                                                            

 

 

1612_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_82

(
delwedd 1612) (tudalen 82)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

82
C*-t» > t. .
«
PHONOLOGY
^r
-. -x»—.
i
In cases where the F-grade has not survived, 01 has survived only in Indo-Iranian, where a, S, B al1 appear as 5, so that the quality of the vowel is unknown, it is usual to write it a^.
Examples: Vdd- 'give':—F: dawn "gift" < *do-n-; Lat. do-num;
Gk. Si'-ScD-^i.—V: r'ho-S-ant 'they give'1 < *pro-d-nti; Skr. dd-d-atz \! < *de-d-nti.——Vdhe- 'put':—F: Gk. ri-GrJ-fu;—V: r'ho-S-ant *-
C i.1- -—— _--,i- 1 Cl-- (* -tW/-l •• , / .^ . l-L.^*.**^
te^i
' level <
^3-ObMC ?^y., *upo-sth»-t-; Lat.'^w^.
'-<-;
•F : saw-dl' heel'

^ i^ '
' r ^/--

 

t^. fc^c-

 

r. (^
'.R b^,.|

 

, A, ' ,
^•bU^ '" ( & ^

 

 

 

ye- ^

 

 

 

^P. ^.

 

db^
t/"^ "

 

A If '~ ,*•

 

^ ^^
t^'»'

 

At*

 

 

 

r.^

 

n AA. ^ •

they put'. See § 179 ii.
Vsthd- 'stand':—R: gwa-sta-d steirtus ; "W. sa-f ' stand '< *sth')-m- § 203 vii (5) ;
< *sthd-tl-. [// Vse- ' sow ':—R : had ' seed ' < Ar. *s»-t-; Lat. sa-tus.—F:
'" ' progeny ', Ir. s'il < *se-l-; Lat. se-vi, se-men.
(2) 9 generally appears as a in the European languages, as in the above examples. (Cf § 110 ii (2).) But in Gk. if the F-grade is e or o, the R-grade often appears as e or o. Elsewhere e beside a is probably to be explained as due to a variant of the root, with short vowel; thus W. tref, 0. W. treb ' homestead ' < *treb-; Lat. trabs < *trsb- ; Gk. repffwov, repafwov both < *ter9b- ; \/terSb-. '
vii. (i) As a rule the same morphological element could not contain two F-grade syllables, though, of course, a word, made up of more than one element, might. The diversity in different languages of words of the same origin is largely due to the preservation of various groupings of grades ; see for example *q^etuer- in (4) below.
(2) A large number of roots were disyllabic. A_charactei istic form of Ar. rootJiadashortly owel_m the first^svllab]teaS3~I~t55g' in the second.Avery'conTmSrrTSrnrS^Te&lIfftionwas RR, i.e. R-grade cf botB syllables. When the consonant between the vowels was one of the sonantsJi^J^RR^sEgs ytf, ^w, which gave iw, uw; theee were J'"a generally contracted" tot, u respectively; we may call this contraction i ^ R2. On the analogy of these it is assumed that ER j,s, ^ra, ^m9, ^n9
b? gaYe resPectlvely E2 I' r; m, n, § 61 ii> § 62 ii. The uncontracted ^ Q RR forms also survived, as in Gk. vaX.dfJiri < *pj.9-ma, Vpeld-, beside' L^VV. llaw(f), Ir. lam < Kelt. *la-ma < *pl-md;—W. twoS? 'auger', Ir. tarathar < RR *t/»-tr-, beside Gk. reperpov < FR *ferd-fr-, Vtere-'bore';—W. rhaeadr ' cataract '< RR *m.?-<r-, beside Lat. rwus ., <R2 *r1-, Vrew- 'flow'. In many cases the 9 dropped, see vi (i), ' as in Lat. palma < *pyl(9)-md; we may denote this by R(R). Beside these we also have VR forms fo, i"), m.9, m; thus beside W. gwaladr ' ruler ' < RR *uJ,9-tr-, we have W. gwlad ' country', Iv.jlaith ' lordship ' < VR *ul9-t-, Vuele{i)- (: Lat. vdlwe, E. wield};—W. gwldn ^ 'wool' < VR *ul9n-d, beside Lat. lana, Skr. wnd < R2 *uln-d;— W. rhann ' share', Ir. rann id. < VR *fr)-t-sna, beside Lat. part-< R(R) *]pe'r(^)~t~' beside 8kr. pw-t-dm ' reward' < R2 *pr-t-, , Vpero-;—W. ystrad 'dale', Gk. O-T/XITOS < VR *stra-t-, beside°W. sarn ' causeway' < R(R) *st/(9'}n-, beside Skr. stw-nd-h ' strewn', Lat. stra-fus < R2 *sffi-, Vsiero- 'spread out'.—When the long vowel after I, r, m, or n was a or o we cannot distinguish in Kelt. between
WA ^ 1 aft ^ u A •'-»
•.rfa t/tt ft
^ P
-ta
* £Z
L-t
> ts
(. >
63
VOWEL GRADATION


 

                                                                                                                                                                                            

 

 

1613_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_83

(
delwedd 1613) (tudalen 83)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

83
H2 and VF, since in Kelt. ;, Id, lo, all give la; we can only infer the probable original from a comparison of cognates ; thus 0. E. flor ' floor' < VF *pld-r- suggests that Ir. Idr, W. llawr ' floor' contain VF *pla-f-, Vpeld-; and Gk. waXd/M; < RR as above suggests W. llaw < R2. But where the vowel was e as in Vpele- '_fi\\', we know e. g. that W. llawn, Ir. Idn ' full' come from R3 *pl-n-, since VF
*ple-n- as in Lat. plenus would give W. *llm, which does not exist, and does give Ir. lm-, which is seen in Iznaim, ' I fill'.
R(R) is postulated instead of RV because the loss of 9 is late; this agrees with the fact that we have ar in W., implying *^r the form before a vowel, the loss of which is therefore secondary, and not ry from *r the form before a consonant. Similarly i may be taken as R(R) of eie; thus RR iv) > R(R) »(») > i. Where ry occurs in "W. beside forms implying an original long vowel we may assume that the former comes from a variant with short vowel of the root; thus W. gwrysg ' boughs, twigs' < *wd-sq-, RV of Vyerod-; Lat. radix < *urd; R2 of Vuerod-, 0. E. wrot < *urod-, VF of Vwrod-.
(3) A few examples are appended :
Vghele- ' green, yellow': VR *ghb- > Kelt. *gla-st- > Brit.
*glasos ' tawny ' (Gildas), W. glas ' green'; FV *ghel- > Lat. hel-us.
Vgelak/g- ' milk ' : RR *g^9k- > Gk. ya\a, yaWi-os,—VR "gisk-> Lat. lact- (whence W. llaeth); *glskf-s > Ir. glass ' milk ', W. glas-dwr ' milk and water'.
Vqeuep- ' blow ' : VF *quep- > Lith. Icmpti ' blow ' ;—RR *Wp-^ > W. cawad 'shower', Ir. cua, gen. cuad;—VR "qu^p- > Lat. vapor,
Gk. K.a.irvo's.
Vg^eie- ' live ': E2 *g^z- > Lat. m-vu-s, W. buan ' quick ' < Brit.
*bz-uo-no-s § 76 ix (2)—R(R) V't- > W. by-w 'live', by-d 'world', Gk."^tos ;—VF *g«ie- > Gk. t^v.
Vbheud- 'be'. R(R) *hhu- > Lat. fu-turu., Gk. ^u-o-w, Kelt. *bu-td > W. bod ' to be ',—L°V ^bhou- > W. bu § 189 iv (3) ;—VV *Vh(u}-^ .»• > /- in Lat./w, b- in W. byS § 189 iv (i) T)^ '
(4) When the second syllable has a short vowel, the treatment 18 similar : BR n, > R21, -etc . as before ; RV is i. Examples :
Vdeipu-'''~g6d, day ': V^ -^dem-os *> Lat. deus, W. *dwyw > duw
*< god ' •—^ *dw- > Lat. d~w-us';—KV "dm- > W. dyw ' day ' ;— RL *dzieu- > Lat. dzes, W. dydd ' day'.
Vqoneid- ' nit': FR *qomd- > Gk. KOWS gen. Koi/i'8os ' nit'; VR
*qmd- >"O.E. hnitu, E. mt, O.H.G. hnis ' nit'; *s{q)nid-a > W. nedd ' nits ', Ir. sned 'nit'; — FV *qond- > Lith. 1cand\s ' moth ';
*sqond- > W. chwaim-en ' flea '.
Vgeneu- 'knee': FR *genu > Lat. genu;—F°~R *gonu>Qk. yovv;
*with -en-, -er- forming names of parts of body: base *geneu-en-:
VR2 *gnun-, by dissim. > Kelt. •"glun- > Ir. gUn, W. glw ' knee' ;— base *geneu-er-: RVV " g^(u)r- > *ganr- > W. garr ' knee ' (afal
garr 'knee cap'). , Vqorou-: FR *qoru- > Gk. Kopv-<^rj ;—VF *qrou- > W. crug ' heap,
^TA^.I^^^^ ^
ua ><$-a 1
^• ^-


 

                                                                                                                                                                                            

 

 

1614_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_84

(
delwedd 1614) (tudalen 84)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

84PHONOLOGY
Vbherey ' boil': FV *bhery-, see iv above;—VE *bhru- > W. brwd 'hot, fervent', Lat. de-fru-tum 'new wine boiled down'.
*q»etwr- ' four': EF° *qVijiuor- > Lat. quattuor ;—FE *q«etu^r-> W.^edwar,Ir. cethir, Gk.Terrapes;—EL° *q»^t'ucr- > Skr. catvarah, Gcith.fidwor ; FR (before cons.) *q«etyr- > Gk. Terpa-, becoming by viii (i) *q*etTu- it gives Gaul. Petru-, "W. pedry- as in pedry-fan.
(5) Loag diphthongs must represent radical disyllables, and their reduced grades can only he explained from the disyllabic forms. Thus ei must be FV of *egez or "'eaaz (at'/ai v (2) ) ; the R of the first syll. is 9 which vanishes before a vowel, leaving ei or ai (properly VF of
*e9ez or *e»az); if the second is reduced we get ii, before a cons. i (properly VR of *eaez or *eaaz). We know that n interchanges in roots with fze or eid; this implies a metathesis of the sonants, for the latter forms represent *M'ea or *ew9: the RR of these is *ii9 which gives i, see vii (2). Thus we have as reduced grades of e» the forms ei or ai, i{z), z; for convenience these may be distinguished thus: E^ ei. By ai, Eg n, i, Eg z. The same principle applies to the long y-diphthongs. [It has been assumed that ai is n (with a as E of e), but Skr. has ay for it, whereas 9 is i in Skr. Besides, we should expect OT like & to give *iz, as perhaps it does, for ii may also be for *OT EV of *esez.\ Examples:
'/sez- 'late, long': F *sa- > Skr. say dm 'evening', before cons.
*se- > Lat. sirus, W. hw ' long', Ir. sw;—E,^ *sei- > W. Awyr ' late ' (< *sei-ros), hwy ' longer', Ir. sw (< *seison < *sei-ison);— ES, *si- > W. hyd 'length' (< *sit-) ;—R^ *sai- > W. hoedl 'lifetime ', Lat. saeculum ' age', both < *saz-tlo-m § 75 i.
Vyern- 'laugh (at), shame' : VEg *wri- > ^uri-xd- whence Lat. Video, Skr. vrld-a ' shame ';—(VF *wre- or else) VEg "wl- > Kelt.
*w~i-t- > "W. gwrld 'blush';—EEg *uyi- > *yaritd in W. dan-wared ' to mimic ';—EEg *uyii- > W. gwarae ' play ' § 75 v (4).—From Vyere- (without ») : EE *v^-9- > *uarat- >~W. gwarad-wyS 'shame' (by dissim. for *gwarad-r'iSyS) ;—R(E) *uy'- > *wr-t- > W. gwwfh 1 shame '; *s-uar-d- > "W. chwarS ' laughs '; *s-mr-tm-z > W. cTiwerthm ' laughter ' § 203 vii (3).
viii. (i) Certain combinations produced by the above laws are unstable ; thus wr is liable to become IM, as in *qVetru- vii (4) ; and u r may become vr as in *dhw- for *cVh,uy- : *dhyor-, § 91 i. While u., ly r^, etc., may remain and give ya, la, ra, etc., in Kelt., they may be, and oftenest are, reduced to u, I, r, etc. Hence we are not obliged to postulate eue, ele, ere, etc., where there is no evidence of the first e in surviving forms. Thus :
Vsuep- 'sleep'; F *swp-no- > Lat. somnus (< *syepnos), Skr. svdpnah ' sleep, dream ';—E *svp-no- > Gk. wrvoy, W. hun ' sleep', Ir. man.
Vplethe- : EE *plth9- > Gk. vXo.Ta.-voy, Gaul. -A.iTa-ro-?, 0. "W. Uta-n, W. llyda-n ' broad'; FV *pleth- > Skr. prdth-ah ' breadth', W. lied ' breadth ' ;—EV *plth- > W. Tlys ' court' § 96 ii (5), Gk.
64, 65
VOWEL GEADATION


 

                                                                                                                                                                                            

 

 

1615_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_85

(
delwedd 1615) (tudalen 85)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

85
irXaT-w;—EV *plgth- > Armen. layn 'broad';—(without I, § 101 ii (2)) EF *p^the- > Lat. pate-re, etc.
(2) Other combinations are unpronounceable or difficult; thus m cannot be sounded before ft cons.; in that case z drops. Generally t, u, drop between consonants, see iv above.
ix. Some roots have more than one ungraded form ; thus radical a may stand beside radical o, as in *ara- or *a^- ' scratch, bite ; plough, dig' : Lat. ara-re has F ^ara- of the first, Gk. aporpov has R *arv- of the second. The P of both, with -d- extension, occurs in Lat. rad-o, rdd-o. Beside a we have sometimes to assume a, as in Skr. rddati ' scratches, digs ' (not 9 here, which gives i in Skr.). In many cases all the forms cannot be explained without assuming an alternation of long and short vowel in the root; this may have come about by false analogy. Another common form of root alternation is *teu- : *teud- or
*y7iCT- : *ghew- (Lat. hid-^e); see vii (5).
NOTE.—Ablaut is not to be confused with the changes due to accentuation or other causes in the derived languages, such as the shortening of unacc. a in Brit. § 74, or the loss of a vowel in such a word as cawr § 76 iii (4), which would be *cur if the loss were primitive § 76 ii (i).
KELTIC VOWELS IN BRITISH AND WELSH
§ 64. From what has Leen aaid in §§ 57-62 we arrive at the following vowel system for Pr. Kelt.:
Short vowels a e i o u
Long vowels a i u
Short diphthongs ai ei oi au. eu on
Long diphthongs ai iii au, iu ^l8'
Short vocalic 1 m n r
THE SHORT VOWELS.
§ 65. i. The short vowels a, e, o remain unchanged in W. ;
see examples in § 58; so Latin a, e, o ; unless affected by other vowels §§ 67-70. The exceptions are the following:
ii. (i) Before a guttural o in many oases became a, apparently when unaccented in Brit.; thus W. Oymro < *kom,-br6gos, but Oymraes ' Welsh-woman' < *kom-brogissd : *brog-, W. bro ' border, region' < *mrog-, VF of Vmarog-, whose FV gave Lat. marg-o ;—W. troed ' foot' < ace. *tr6get-m, pi. traed < ace. pi. "troget-dss (< *-ns : Skr.
-ah), or from gen. pi. *troget-6n (< *-6m which was generally


 

                                                                                                                                                                                            

 

 

1616_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_86

(
delwedd 1616) (tudalen 86)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

86
PHONOLOGY
§65
accented in Ar.) as in gwyr traed ' infantry'; Vt/dhregh- : Gk. Tpe^M, Tpo^os; the V had also a by Ar. a/e/o altern. § 63 v (2), as in Ir. traig ' foot' < *tragets, but we can hardly suppose Ar. o/a in the same word in Brit.—Similarly in Lat. loanwords, as W. achos ' cause' < occasio.—W. achub < *occup- for Lat. occup- § 73 ii (4).
(2) On the other hand a > o in Pr. Kelt. before Ar. g^h in V. oen, Ir. uan 'lamb' < *ognos < *ag9!^nos : 0. E. eanian 'yean' § 101 iii (i).
(3) InBrit. e became i before g followed by avowel; so partly in Gaul;
as W. ty ' house' 0. W. tig < *tigos < *tegos, Brit. Cato-tigirni, also spelt (in Cornwall) Tegerno-mali beside Tigerinomalum Rhys LWPh.2 404, Gaul. Tigernum, Jr. teg 'house', tigerne 'loid', V(«)theg- § 92 i.—W. 1iy ' bold' < *segos : Gaul. Seyo-^apos, Vsegh-: Gk. S\w < *seghd, Skr. sahah 'might'.—W. gwe-ly 'bed' < *uo-leg- : Ir. lige < *legiw-Viegh-.—Where e appears it is due to a-affection; as in 6re 'hill' < *brigd § 103 ii (i) ; thus lie ' place' < ace. *ligan < *leg-m,, 'V7egh- ;—gie 'herd' < *greg-m = Lat. gregfm ',—god/re 'bottom (edge of garment), foot (of hill)' <*uo-treg-m, Viregh-, see (i), pi. godryon, godreon, both in B.M. 151.
But beffrie a consonant eg remained : W. gwair m. ' hay' < *uegr- :
Ir. fir;— W. tail ' manure' < *tegl- §104ii(i) ;—W. arwain ' to lead' < *arz-ueg-n- Vuegh-: Lat. veho; olrein, etc. § 203 iv (i);—W. tew ' thick'"§ 76 viii."
^ iii. (i) The mid vowels e and o were pronounced close in Blit. /S befoi e nasal + explosive and became i and u respectively. Examples :
e before nas.+exp. >W. y ; thus W. hynt 'way ' Ir. set <.*sent-:
><-«-- 0. H. G. sind ' way' < *sent-.—0. ~Vf.pimp, Ml. W. pymp ' five ', Gaul. or Iw^xJI-ff^isf. Ti-e/ATre- < Pr. Kelt. *q"ewqVe < Ar. *penq^e.—W. cy-clvwynnv, IL.A. ' 133 ' to- rise ', later ' to start', Ir. scendim < Ar. *sqend- § 96 iii (2).
—The y becomes e by a-affection, as Gwent < Venta; cf. E. Winchester 'Venta Belgaium'. In Lat. loanwords we have y, as tymp < tempus; tymor < tempera; cymynn(af) < commend-o;
esgynn(af) < ascend-o, etc.; but most nouns have -enn, Mn. W. -en, as el fen < elementum', jfziifafen <firmame'ntum ; ysgnfen < scribenda, all fern., having been treated like native nouns in -enn § 143 i ;
mynwent fern. ' graveyard' alone has -ent < pi. monumenfa. (Calan is fioin Vulg. Lat. Kal<ynd-, which occurs.^
o before nas.+exp. > W. w; thus trwnc < *tronq- § 99 v (3);— tv^ng ' swears ': Ir. tongim ' I swear';—hunt ') onder ': Pret. hont § 220 ii (5).—The change took place in Lat. loanwords, as pwnn 'buiden' < pondus; ysbung < spongus; except in fern. forms, as llong 'ship' < longa (ndms). W. pant 'blidge' < Blit. ace.
*ponfan (< -m) put for Lat. pontem, became fern. The 3rd pi. subjunct. -ont instead of *-wnt is piob. due to the analogy of the other persons, which have -o-. '
(2) The same change took place before a liquid and explosive, though here with less regularity.
§ 65
KELTIC VOWELS IN WELSH


 

                                                                                                                                                                                            

 

 

1617_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_87

(
delwedd 1617) (tudalen 87)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

87
c + liq. + exp. > W. y ; thus Ml. W. Jsymyrth < *kombert-et, with a-affection Jcymerth § 181 vii (i);—gwyllt 'wild' < Brit. *gwltis: Ir. gezlt § 92 iv.—But usually it remains as e ; thus for nyrths.v. 68, the ordinary form is nerth m. ' strength'; so perthyn < Lat. pertin- owing to preference for the sequence e .. y.—merch ' maid', perth ' bush ' are fern.; and mellt pi. 'lightning', gwellt pi. ' grass' may be neut. pi. in
*-a or fern. pi. in *-ds.
o + liq. + exp. > W zv; thus W. zwrch ' roebuck ', Bret. iourc'h', 0. Corn. yorch: Gk. t,op^;—W; twrch 'boar', Bret. tourc'h: 0. Corn. torch, Ir. tore;—W. swilt ' money, shilling ' < Lat. soi'dus.—torch ' torque' is fern.: Ir. tore. But other exceptions occur as corff ' body' < Lat. corpus; porth m. 'gate' f. 'harbour' has exchanged genders and keeps o in both. Foimationslike gor-jfen etc. are also exceptions.
(3) The same change took place before rn. Thus e: "W. chwym ' whirling' <*spern-, § 96 iv(i);—W. Edyrn beside Edern < Eternus,
—W. gwern 'alder', and corn § 95 ii (3) are fern.; so ujfern 'hell' <Vulg. Lat. zfema.—o: W. asgwrn ' bone ' < *ast-Jcorn- § 96 ii (4);
—W. dwrn 'fist' : Ir. dorn.—But W. corn 'horn' < Lat.
e before rr > W. y ; as byrr ' short': Ir. berr;—W. gyrr ' a drove' <*gerJcs-^ 95 iv (2). But o remains, as in corr 'dwarf, torri 'to break'.
(4) In many Lat. loanwords e or o before r + cons. became a (on the analogy of the R-grade in sarn etc. 'i); thus sarff' < serpens;
carrai 'lace' < corrigia; parchell B.B. gg beside porchell A.L. i 276 < porcelJus; tafarn < taberna; Padcvrn < Paternus; Garmon < Ger-mdnus.
(5) e befcie ss > y ; as in ys (ys, i[s § 82 ii (i)) < *esti ' is';—ys ' eats.' < *essi < *ed-ti: Lat. est. Also before Lat. st as in tyst ' witness ' < testis. But either affection or the sequence e.. y (or e .. u) causes it to be e, as vajfenestr ' window', iestun ' text' < testimonium.
iv. (i) In the present penult y appears for e and o before a nasal whether followed by another consonant or not; as in cychwynmu, tymor iii (i); jfynnhawn, now ffynnm < Lat. fontdna; tyner < Lat. tenerum; myftfr < Lat. memoria; myned 'to go' : Bret. monet;
mynwent beside monioent < Lat. monvmenta. But many exceptions occur, as cenedl ' nation', Conwy; and derivatives like gwenu ' to smile ' (: gwm ' smile '), tonnau ' waves' (: town ' wave ') do not show the change (exc. hynaf ' oldest' assim. to the cpv. }iyn, § 148 i (i i)).
(2) o > y in the prefixes *ko-, *kom-, *kon-, *to-, *do-, *ro-; as W. cywir ' correct' < Kelt. *ko-ywos; rhy-fawr ' very great' < ,
*{p)ro-maros; see § 16 iii; except when the vowel of the root is lost, as in W. cosp 'punishment', Ir. cose < *Jcon-sq*- § 96 iii (5); W. rhodd 'gift' < *(p)ro-a- § 63 vi (i).—When separately accented rhy has acquired a new strong foirn rAy, as rAy dda 'too good';
similarly *dy, *Sy, written di in 0. W. ( < *do ' to'), as a preposition became *8y > Ml. W. y > Mn. W. i 'to' § 16^ ii (3). So cyn before the equative, now sounded cifn, and dialectally hn.

§ 69 KELTIC VOWELS IN WELSH 91
beside kedeirn, do. 40, pi. of cadarit ' mighty';—so alarcJi pi. eleirc/i, elyrch § 117' i;—tywarohen pi. fyweirch, tywyrcli § 126 i (a);—pahdr, pi. peleulyr W.M. 179, Mn, W. pelyclr;—Mn. W. li'stych, menych, § 117 i. Al&o in the proclitic geir>gyr ^near' § 214 ii.
The i{ is probably the result of thickening the i before r + cons. Aid before y in an unaccented syllable. (In accented syllables as beirS, the i is still pure, but it has become y before \ § 17 hi.) Thus ei > yi{ > if. From r + cons. it spread to cons. + r. Probably gwesgyr (single r) for gioasgar § 173 iv (i) is due to false analogy.
(4) In polysyllables before a labial also, a is affected to y; as in modryb < *md•tr-aq":•~l $ 122 iv (2); cyffelyb, ethryb also from *-aqw-<*-?g»- ^uqv- -face', 'cf. § 143 hi (8); Caer-dyf Cardiff": Taf—
-am- becomes -eu or -yf, except in analogical formations ; see § 76 vii(i).
iii. (i) e becomes H: engyl 'angels' < Lat. cmgeh;—cyllyU 'knives' < Lat. cultelll;—so, cestyll, gweyll § 117 i;—erbyn, ' against' < Kelt. *ari qvennoz § 215 ii (4);—gwyl' sees' § 173 iv (i).
There appears to be no certain example of e becoming ei; dyweit 'says' may be from *uat- § 194 i (i).
(2) ek or eg before a consonant when affected became ik or ig which gives ( regularly ; as nitfi ' niece' < *nekfi-s § 86 ii (i);— llith' lesson' < Lat. lectio.
iv. (i) o becomes ei (Mn. ai) oni: yyei/, f/sliul '• spoil' < Lat. Sjiolwm;—«eil, MI/ ' foundation < Vulg. Lat. solea for Lat. solwm, cf. E. soil;—myfyr ' thought' < Lat. memoria;—ystyr ' meaning' < Lat. historia ;— dyn' man ' < *donws : Ir. dume;—myr ' seas' <'
*mm~i § 122 ii (4);—esgyb ' bishops'< Lat. episcopi;—Selyf< Salome ;—taw Ml. W. tew for *fi/-eir ' three ' fem.< *tisores § 75 vi (3);—pair, Ml. pew 'caldion': Ir. coire § 89 iii. - (^ ...
It is seen that ei occurs before I and r ; but in disyllables we have y before the latter.
(a) ok or og before a consonant, which gives oe in W., becomes
•wy when affected ; thus oen ' lamb' < *ognos, pi. wyn < *ogm;— wytJi ' eight' < *okto.
v. u becomes T.I : Merchyr § 16 iv (a) < Merwrins;—cyn, ' chisel' < Lat. cuneus;—asgwrn ' bone ' pi, csgyrn;—ych ' ox' <




 

                                                                                                                                                                                            

 

 

1616_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_86

(
delwedd 1618) (tudalen 88)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

88 • PHONOLOGY § 6.g
v. (i) o and a interchange after y § 34 iv. So we have ywa-beside go- for gwo- < *MO- : Gaul. vo- < Ar. *upo; thus gwa-red'wr ' saviour' < *yo-reto-yir- : Gaul. Voyetovir-;—W. gwas ' servant':
Ir.foss < *upo-st- § 96 ii (2). The i5th cent. pedwor § 34 iv (so Salesbury's Die. s. v.) has a new, perhaps local, o for o § 63 vii (4).
We also find the interchange after M (cons. or voc.), as breuan for *breuon § 76 iv (2); buan for *tuon § 76 ix (2); (Anglesey dial. neuoS for neuaS).
(2) After m- there is an older change of a to o, as in W. ?»(5r ' sea ', Gaul. Aremorici, Ir. muir : Lat. wowe;—W. myned<*monet-, Bret. monet < *mamwt- § 100 iv;—W. morwyn < *marein- § 125v(i).
(3) e after M becomes o/a in the following casea : Ar. *uper > Pr. Kelt. *um > Gaul. ver-, Bret. war ' on ', W. ar, gwar-, gwor-, gor-§ 36 iii;—W. Cadwallon < Brit. Catu-vellaunos;—W. gosper < Lat. vesper-. Probably the above show the influence of Brit. uo-; cf. Ir. for- < *yer- on the analogy offo- < *w-. Generally ue remains, as in chwech ' six ' < *syeks.
vi. (i) After z post-tonic a became e; thus wyneb ' face' < *6m-eqf!-, §100 v,< *Sm-aqw-< *Sm-9qV-, \/oqV= Skr. dmkam' face' < *eni-9qVom. But when pre-tonic the a remained, as in wyndb-, in composition, from *enwq»-; gwySzad < *yidwt6 § 180 iv (i). " • ,
(2) Pre-tonic w prob. became w; thus we have aea < *-iia-', but no *aeo < *-iio-', so that the latter perhaps became *-iw-' § 75 vi (2). So the rel. a < *za < Ar. ws, § 162 vi (i).
§ 66. i. Pr. Kelt. i and u remained in Brit. Brit. i was open, and is transcribed e by the Greeks, as in Uper^avi.K^ (vfja-os) '• W. (ynys) Prydain, but i by the Romans as in Britannia "f (Gk. i was close, Lat. i open). Brit. i gave W. y, which is y in the ult. and accented monosyllables, y in non-nltimate syllables and proclitics. Brit. u remains, now written w, in the ultima and monosyllables, and becomes y ('= y} in all other syllables. See § 40 iii. Examples: W. drych 'appearance', edrychaf 'I look'<Pr. Kelt. *drk-, § 61 i ;—W. cwn 'dogs', cynos 'little dog's' < Py. Kelt. *kun-;—"W. cyln[dfl ' miser' < Lat. cupidzis ;— W. te'rfy-' end ' < Lat. terminus.
s. y and y may interchange with e, and y with a, § 16 iv. u before a labial may develop irregularly, § 73 ii.
ii. (i) y in the penult, whether from i or u becomes w in Mn. W. before w in the ult., as in cwmwl 'cloud' for cymwl'< *eumbul-< Lat. cumulus', swmbwl < *stimbul- < Lat. stimulus; cwmwd ' comot' < Ml. W. JSymwt; dwthwn, < dythwn < dydd hwn § 164 iii. "When a syllable is added, both w's become y, as cymylau ' clouds'.
KELTIC VOWELS IN WELSH


 

                                                                                                                                                                                            

 

 

1617_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_87

(
delwedd 1619) (tudalen 89)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

89
(2) After w the obscure y became w, as (g)zorthyeu IL.A. 83 ' miracles' for gwyrtMeu. In the spoken lang. and frequently in MSS. we have gwnnach for gwynnach' whiter', 'wlli[s for ewyllys ' will', etc. The y was artificially restored in most of these forms in the lit. lang.
—G.E. 31 states that the rising diphthong always becomes w in the penult, the falling diphthong never, citing as examples gwynn, gwnnach; gioinwydd,gwinwdden; celwydd, celwddog, but cwyn,cwynaw;
gwydd, gwyddau, etc. J.D.B. writes wy in gwynnach, gwyrddach 63, but {g^wrthieu [xvii].
iii. (i) Unaccented initial ui- before sonants became *uu->*gww-> *gw•l § 36 i. Thus gwr 'man' < *uur-os < *yir-6s;—gwrfh-' contra-', wrth 'against' < *uwt- < *yirt- < *yert6 : Ir. frith <
*yrt- § 211 iv (2);—gwnn 'I know' < *yind6, § 191 iii (i). The w thus produced is not mutated to y in the penult, e. g. gwrol ' manly', gwraidd id., ibrthyf' by me'; and gwnn seems to show that it was not liable to affection; in that case gwyr ' men' is analogical.
(2) Before other consonants initial unaccented ui- or ye- became ^
*oi- giving W. ii-, as in Ml. W. ugeint ' twenty' < Kelt. *yiknti : Ir. fiche;—W. ucher 'evening' < (*yisqer- <) *yesper- § 96 iv (2).
(3) Generally, however, initial ui- became gwy- regularly: as gwys <^*yid-t- § 63 iv;—gwynt < *yint- < *yent- < *wnt- : Lat. ventus;—gwyw 'withered', § 75 vii (3);—gwyrth 'miracle' < Lafc. virtus. But gwy- later became gw-, ii (2) above.
iv. Ar. i in the ultima, or ending the first element of a compound gave Gaul. and Brit. e. Thus Gaul. are-, W. ar- < *are- < *ari- < *p^ri ;
—W. am < *mbe < *mbhi : Lafc. ambi-, Ok. a/Ji^ii;—W. m6r < *mwe, Gaul. more < *mori: Lat. mare. The reason that final unaccented short i does not affect a preceding vowel is probably that it had become e.
v. Pretouic u became o, as in z6n 'lord' < *wd-n6-s, wr 'lord' < *zud-r6-s: W. w8 § 100 i (i);"see § 104 iv "(3); b6n m. 'base, stem' < *bud-n6- § 104 iv (i); clod 'praise, fame' < 'klutom, : Ir. doth (gen. clwth) id. < klutom, Gk. K\VTW, Skr. srutdm' wfiat has been heard, tradition', V kley- ' hear '.
AFFECTION OF SHORT VOWELS.
§ 67. Ashortvowel (but no long vowel) was liable to be affected by a sound in a succeeding syllable. Affection is of two kinds in Welsh: i. ultimate, when it takes place in the syllable which is now the last, having been brought about by a sound in a lost termination: a. non-ultimate, when it takes place in the present penult or antepenult, the affecting sound being generally preserved in the ultima. Ultimate affection is caused by a or i sounds; non-ultimate by the latter only.


 

                                                                                                                                                                                            

 

 

1620_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_90

(
delwedd 1620) (tudalen 90)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

90
^ PHONOLOGY
§§ 68,69
§ 68. Ultimate a-affection.—i and u. became respectively e and o in the ultima when the lost ending had a; thus gwedd 1 aspect '<*yid-d §63iv;—bod 'be '<Kelt. *6w-td § 189 iv (6);— ciwed 'rabble' < Lat. cwifds;—gramadeg < Lat. grammatical colqfn < Lat. columna.
Hence adjectives having' •q. («') or w (<%) in the ultima change these to e and o in the fern., the affection being due 'to the lost fern. ending -a; thus Brit. *yindos, *uindd gave respectively gwynn, gwenn ' white'.
The adj. *briJctos had regularly fern. *brikta, wh-ich by the rule became *bre7ctd; now *ikt > zth and *ekt > eith, later aith § 108 iv (i) ;
hence bnth ' speckled ', f. braith, which is thus seen to be quite regular.
The affection is original only in adjectives of the -os/'a declension ;
but after the loss of the inflexional endings, it spread by analogy to other stems; e. g. crwnn ' round' < Brit. *Jcrundis (: Ir. cruind) has f. cronn on the analogy of trwm < Brit. *trumbos(: Ir. fromm) {. from ;
and gwyrS < Lat. vir'dls has f. gwerS on the analogy of ffyrf, fferf < Lat. firmu8,firma. Doubtless deilien wyrdd in M.IL. i. 155 represents a local survival of the old fern., as in tonn wyrt {-t •E -S) w. 90 'green wave'.
§ 69. Ultimate i-affection. i. This was caused by i, i (from ?, e, o or u), or by accented S or t. Kelt. post-tonic es before a vowel became i and caused this affection § 75 vii (i), so e(p) see ib.; also Lat. 1, and sometimes e, before a vowel.
ii. (i) a becomes Ml. W. ei, Mn. W. ai: eil, ail 'second' <'ie•aljps : Lat. alius;—yspeit, ysbaid ' space'< Lat. spatmm;— rhaib ' spoil' < Lat. rapio;—beirdd ' bards' < *'bardz;—-meib 'sons' < Brit. *majn ;—ageint, ugain 'twenty' < *yikant'(< Ar. wkmtz;— lleidr 'thief'<Lat. lafro;—deigr ' tear' < *-dakru § 120 iii (i).
(2) ak or ag before a consonant, which becomes ae in Ml. and Mn. W. § 104 ii (i), iii (i), § 108 iv (i), is affected to ek or eg which gives Ml. W. ei, Mn. W. ai, see ib. Thus Saxones > Saeson but Saxo > *Sex > Seis, Sais;—^kaktos ' serf' (< *<j/apfos) > caeth, bi;t pi. ^kaktz > ceith, caith 'serfs';—^dragnos > draen 'thorn' § 104 ii (i), pi. *dragnesia > *dragnia > drem, draw.
(3) In disyllables before consonant groups containing r, and before cfi, the affection of a appears as ?/, which alternates with ei in Ml. and early Mn. W. Thus heyrn B.T. 29, E.M. 121, E.P. 1362, B.B.B. 47, pi. of fiaearw ' iron';—reydy B.P. 1301 beside ryeidyr K.P. 1222, pi. of rhaeadr 'cataract';—kedyrn W.M. 51
§•69
KELTIC VOWELS IN WELSH


 

                                                                                                                                                                                            

 

 

1621_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_91

(
delwedd 1621) (tudalen 91)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

91
beside kedewn, do. 40, pi. of cadarii 'mighty';—so alarch pi. eleirch, elyrch § 117 i;—tywarchen pi. tyweirch, tywyrch § 126 i (a);—paladr, pi. peleidyr W.M. 179, Mn. W. pelydr;—Mn. W. Lvstvcft, menych, § 117 i. Also in the proclitic geir>gyr 'near' § 214 ii.
The i{ is probably the result of thickening the ^ before r + cons. and before ^ in an unaccented syllable. (In accented syllables as heirS, the i is still pure, but it has become y before ^ § 17 iii.) Thus ei > yt{ > u. From r + cons. it spread to cons. + r. Probably gwesgyr (single r) for gwasgar §173iv(i)is due to false analogy.


(4) In polysyllables before a labial also, a is affected to t{; as in modryb < *matr-aqu-l § 122 iv (2); cyffelyb, ethryb also from *-aqV-<*-i,g»- ^/oq»- 'face', cf. § 143 iii (8); Caer-dyf Cardiff': Taf.—
-am- becomes -eu or -yf, except in analogical formations ; see § 76 vii (i).
iii. (i) e becomes u.: engyl 'angels' < Lat. wigelz;—cyllyll 'knives' < Lat. cultelli;—so, cestyll, gweyU § 117 i;—erbyn ' against' < Kelt. *ari guenwi § 215 ii (4);—gwyl' sees' § 173 iv(i).
There appears to be no certain example of e becoming ei; dyweit 1 says ' may be from *uat- § 194 i (r). •
(2) ek or eg before a consonant when affected became ik or ig which gives t regularly ; as nit!t' niece' < *nekti-s § 86 ii (i);— llitli ' lesson '< Lat. lectio. . ••
iv. (i) o becomes ei (Mn. ai) or n: i/speil, ysbail' spoil' < Lat. spolium;—seil, sail' foundation ' < Vulg. Lat. solea for Lat. solum, cf. E. soil;—myfyr '. thought' < Lat. memoria;—ystyr ' meaning' .< Lat. historia;—dyn' man' < *donws : Ir. duine;—myr ' seas;' <'
*-mon § 122 ii (4);—esgi/b ' bishops' < Lat. episcopi.;—Selyf<^ Salomo ;—fair Ml. W. teir for *ty-eir ' three' fern. < *tisores § 75 vi (3);—pair. Ml. yeir ' caldron': Ir. coire §89 iii. ,'
It is seeii that ei occurs before I and r ; but in disyllables we have ,y before the latter. :
(2) ok or og before a consonant, which gives oe in W., becomes wy when affected ; thus oen ' lamb' < ^ognos, pi. wyn < ^ogm;— wytJi' eight' < *o'kt6.
v. u becomes u: Merchyr § 16 iv (2) < Merwritis;—cyw, ' chisel' < Lat. emeus;—asgwrn ' bone'. pi. csgyrn;—yeh ' ox' <


 

                                                                                                                                                                                            

 

 

1622_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_92
(
delwedd 1622) (tudalen 94)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

92
PHONOLOGY
§70
Ar. *ngso, whence O.H.G. o/iso, Skr. uksa (Av. uisS- implies -^;
the pi. ychen, (< Ar. *uqsenes, whence Skr. uksdnah, E. oxen) has y from u unaffected, § 66 i.
u does not become cz; deifr as pi. of dwfr is doubtful (M.A. i 556) except as a late and artificial form; see Silvan Evans s. v.
vi. When any of the above changes takes place in the ultima, a in the penult becomes e; see kedyrn, elyrch, pelydr, Selyf, esgyrn above, o also became e, as gosod ' to set' gesyd ' sets', liable to become y before st, as Ml. W. ebestyl, ebystyl < apostolz, sg. abostol < apostolus. In Ml. W. the affection extended, as in the last example, to the ante-penult.
vii. The ei due to affection as above, also ei from ek or eg, had open e, and was thus distinct from original ei which had close e. The former (ei) gives ei, ai; the latter (ei) gives wy § 75 iii (i).
On later modifications of i/, ei, see §§ 77, 79.
§70. Non-ultimate affection. i. a and sometimes o in the syllable which is now the penult became e when the following syllable had z or 1 (now i or y), except where the ? was itself affected to e, § 68. Thus cerydd ' reprimand' < *kari,w{s) beside caredd ' fault', Ir. caire, < *iamd;—Ml. W. gwedy ' after ', 0. W. guotig ;—Ml. W. pebyll ' tent' < ^papilio < Lat. papilio ;
—Ebrill < AprUis;—cegin, < coquma; melm < molma; etc. In Ml. W. the affection extends over two syllables, as ederyn ' bird ', Mn. W. aderyn, pi. adar.
o seemA to undergo the change chiefly after a labial or before a guttural, where it might have become a if unaffected.
The restoration of a in the antepenult in Mn. W. is due to the vowel in that syllable becoming obscure because unaccented, in which case it was natural to re-form etymologically.
ii. (i) Before z the same change took place, and a and o appeared as e in 0. W. ; but the e was further affected by the ^, and became ei in Ml. and Mn. W. ; thus Maridnus > 0. W. Meriaun GEN. iii. > Ml. W. Meiryaw/t B.B.B. 81, Mn. W. Meirion;—so 0. W. Bricheniauc A.C. 895, Mn. "W. Brycheimog ;
—0. W. mepion GEN. xii, Mn, W. meibmi' sons'. See § 35 ii.
In the dialect of Powys ceilwg ' cock ', ceimog ' penny ' are pronounced celwg, cemog. This is perhaps a simplification of ei, § 78 v, rather than old e retained.
§71
KELTIC VOWELS IN WELSH


 

                                                                                                                                                                                            

 

 


1623_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_93
(
delwedd 1623) (tudalen 93)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

93
(a) Original e also became ei before i; thus Eternianus > Edeirnaim B.B. 74 Edeirnon W.M. 50, B.M. 35, Mn. W. Edeirmon. (now wrongly spelt Edeyrnion) ;—so pencerdd ' chief of song' Ml. pi. penkeir^iyeit B.P. 1230, Mn. W. pencewddwid;—aw/teg ' gift' pi. an'reigyon B.P. 1231 (generally awegyon B.B.B. 394, B. M. 257, now anrhegipii) ; urn-Sen ' mon-arch ', unheynyaetti, A.L. i. 34, 383, 'sovereignty' (now iwbennaeth, new formation) ; gonvedd1 to lie ', gorweiddwg ' bed-ridden'; gweimaif/t § 32 for gzvenwitJi' flattery '.
(3) In later formations z does not affect the vowel; forms like personnyeit, Albanyeit etc. § 123 iv, and eariad, meddwnt, etc., are extremely common in Ml. and Mn. W. Al&o forms like arian ' silver' in which z is not original, but come& from g.
iii. The Ml. and Mn. diphthong ae, whether from ak- or fly-before a consonant, or from a-e, becomes ei before i or z, as in Ml. W. keithiwet < Brit.-Lat. * kakttuitds; saer 'craftsman' pi. sewi; gwaedd ' cry', gweiddi ' to cry '; draen. ' thorn', dreiniog 'thorny'. Similarly og..i or ug..i > ei..i; as in gwemi 'to serve' < *no-gmm-; Jieini 'active' < *su-gmm-: gwim-§ 203 vii (4). Before ?/ it becomes ei/, as in keyrydd pi. of kaer ' fort'. But, except in a few cases such as the above, this affection is usually ignored in writing, especially in the Mn. period.
iv. The affecting sound has disappeared in cenwch ' ye sing' for an earlier *cenywcA § 26 vi (5); in the Ml. forms Edeirnon etc. § 35 ii; and in such forms as ceidwad for ceidwiad, § 36 v.
v. The affection of« and o by a lost stem-ending -»-, -w-, -ii-, of the first element of a compound is similar to ultimate affection: a > ei in meitin B.A. 18 'morning' (Mn. W. er's meitiii 'some hours ago') < *matu-tm- (treated as a compound) < Lat. 'mal'&timm;—o > y in syl-faen : sail, § 69 iv.
In Ml. "V^. memoeth B.T. 68, meinyoeth do. 45 ' midnight' < media node, we seem to have early metathesis of», thus meinyoeth < *menyoeth < *meda-niokte. The forms meinyS B.T. 31, meinSyS do. 55 'mid-day' are formed on its analogy.
THE LONG VOWELS.
§ 71. i. (i) Pr. Kelt. a (from Ar. a and o) remained in Brit. In Early W. it became an open o like Eng, a in call, which we may write o; in 0.' W. this became o in unaccented syllables, aw


 

                                                                                                                                                                                            

 

 

1624_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_94
(
delwedd 1624) (tudalen 94)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

94
PHONOLOGY
§71
( = aw) in accented syllables. Latin a also shared this 'development.
The Early W. o is attested in Bede's Dinoot (=. Siinot), Ml. W. Swiawt < Lat. Dondtus. In all syllables except the ultima it became o, as trader ' brothers' < Pr. Kelt. * brdteres ; in this position aw from a occurs only in late formations like mawrion pi. of mawr ' great', and after w § 148 i (6). But in the ultima and in monosyllables o > O.W. an = Ml. W. aw, as 0. W. braut ox. 'judgement' < Pr. Kelt. *brdton, trintaut JCV. SK. < Lat. timitd-te'w ; Ml. W. bi'awt, trindawt. In Mn. W. aw remains in monosyllables, as trowel, but in the now unaccented ultima it has become o, as in trindod. The following table summarizes the history of Brit. (and Lat.) a:
Brit (Lat.) Brit. Early W. O.W. Ml.W. Mn.W. Mn.W.
*bra,teres , ^°———o———o broder trmitatem I a————0" ^-o trindQd
*br&ton \ \^au———aw:
penult. ult.
^ aw brQiWd monosyll.
(2) d when unacc. was shortened and gives a § 74 i (i) ; this might happen in monosyllables as a ' of § 209 vii (5), a 'whether' § 218iii. When ace. in Brit. and unacc. later, it gives o, as in pdb § 168 i (3), mor § 151 i, o ' from, of' § 209 vii (5), o,'if'§ 222 v (i).
ii. (i) Ml. W. aw in the unaccented ultima (whether from a as above, or from ou § 76 iii) survives in the spoken language in canllaw ' hand-rail', darUaw ' to brew', distaw ' silent', eirlaw ' sleet', ysgaw (also ysgo) ' elder-tree ', llysfrawd ' brother-in-law '; in compounds with numerals, as deunazu ' 18 ', dwyawr ' 2 hourB ', teirawr ' 3 hours ', etc. (except dwylo for dwylaw hands '); and in compounds of mawr, as dtrfawr ' very gieat', trystfawr ' noisy' (except in place-names, Trefor, Coetmor). In a few book-words which have gained currency it is not a genuine survival: as traethawd ' treatise ', catrawd ' regiment ', bydysawd ' universe', rhaglaw ' deputy'; and the forms Uwrns ' multitude ', cyfiawn ' just', lonawr ' January ', ansawdd ' quality ', are influenced by the written language, which, however, had also llios, cyfion, lonor, ansodd lo.G. 187, formerly; see examples below. Chwefror has o always (generally sounded Chwefrol by dissimilation). The recent written language has been influenced by mechanical ideas of etymology in the substitution of aw for the regular o in jfyddlon ' faithful', dwylo ' hands ', union ' straight', cinio ' dinner', anodd 'difficult', cpv. anos (§ 48 iv, § 148 i (6)); all these appear with o in early Mn. poetry, and are pronounced with o in the spoken language. On the misspelling athraw for atfiro see § 76 v (5).


 


                                                                                                                                                                                     
      

 

 

1625_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_95
(
delwedd 1625) (tudalen 95)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

95 KELTIC VOWELS IN WELSH
-Kt fyn fariad i wadu, Na'i ddangos i lios lu.—D.G. 69.
' Love will not be disavowed, or manifested to many a host.'
Gwahawdd Saeson bob lonor I'r Deau maent ar hyd m6r.—L.G.C. 155.
' They invite Saxons every January to the South across the sea.'
Anodd rhyngu bodd y byd.—T.A. A I4967/29. ' It is difficult to please the world.'
(2) aw in the ultima began to be reduced to o in the Ml. period ;
thus we find Edeirnon W.M. 50, achos IL.A. 4, Meiryon B.B.B. rg. But the bards even in the Mn. period continued to write the aw for the purposes of rhyme. In recent times, owing to ignorance of the older language, they have sometime^ written aw for original o, as " esgawb " for esgob ' bishop', " dyniawn " for dynion ' men'. This is not due to a confusion of the sounds of o and aw (for the a in aw is a pure a, quite distinct from o), but to the blundering notion that as some o's may be written aw, any o may. The Early Mn. poets generally use aw correctly, guided by a living literary tradition. The distinction is seen in Ml. W. yscol 'school', iscol B.B. 81 from Lat. so(h')6la and yscawl W.M. 189 'ladder' < Lat. scwta, both ysgol in Mn. W.
(3) In a few cases aw comes from o: praw(f) beside prqfi < Lat. prob-; mawl beside molaf'I praise', Ir. molim; tymawr E.P. 1244 for the usual tymor < Lat. tempora. In each case the o comes before or after a labial. In Vulg. Lat. there was a tendency to lower a vowel before a labial so that prob- might become *prab- > praiof. But it is more likely that all these are due to false analogy.
In awr ' hour', and nawn ' noon ' we have aw < Lat. o. These have been explained as late borrowings; but historically this is improbable. Possibly the pronunciation of hora varied in Lat., since Gk. Q) ( = o) was popularly sounded o (yXcuo-ora > Ital. chiosd) ', 5 would give a > aw. For nawn see § 7'6 iii (4).
iii. ag > 0. W. ou. Ml. W. eu, Mn. W. eu, au; thus ireuanf 'wind-pipe ', 0. W^. -Srouaanou < *lrdgnt- : Ir. 6rage g-1. cervix, 0. Bret. breJtant;—W. pan ' country ', 0. Bret. pou, Corn. pow < Lat. pdg-us;—so ak or ag before a consonant: W. gwaun, 0. W. guoun L.L. 156, 196 'lowland'', Ir. fan < *ndbt- < *yo-ak-n-§ 104 iii (i) ;—W. ceulo '• to congeal' < *cdgl- < Lat. co-dg'l-o. But before t the a is shortened § 74 iv.
iv. -an- often gives onn in the present penult: cronni : crawm §202 v (a);—-ffynJionnau 'fountains' < font an-;—Meiryonny'b Q.C. ia'2, E.B.B. 363, beside Meiryonyb do. 303, 306, < Marian-.


 


                                                                                                                                                                                     
      

 

 

1626_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_96
(
delwedd 1626) (tudalen 96)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

96
PHONOLOGY
§§ 72, 73
§ 72. i. Pr. Kelt. i (<Ar. e, ez, ?) remained in Brit., and Brit. and Lat. z remain in W., § 59 iii, iv. Further examples:
"W. 1w ' long', Ir. szr < Pr. Kelt. *szros < *se-ro-s: Lat. series;
—W.^w?%<Lat. vmum. It is, of course, shortened in W. before two consonants ; as gwtn-llan ' vineyard'.
ii. Lat. z is treated as e or Kelt. ei in W. paradwys < paradlsus < Gk. n-apaSeKTos; and synnwyr < sentzre. In rnBtic Lat. z was often sounded e, but whether only in words with original ei is not clear, Lindsay, p. 29. In Lat. zgn the i was often written long, or was written e; hence it probably differed little from Lat. e, and so gives W. wy, as swyn ' charm ' < signum.
§ 78. i. Pr. Kelt. u, which remains in Ir., and apparently remained in Gaul., as^shown by the spelling or in the second element of AVyovarTO-Sovvov, advanced in Brit. towards u, for it appears as i in W., while Lat. •& borrowed into Brit. gives u in W.; thus Pr. Kelt. *dwtom > Ir. dun, W. dm ' foit', dinas ' city' : 0. E. tun, E. town;—Pr. Kelt. * glun- > Ir. glun, W. glw 'knee' § 63 vii (4) ;—Pr. Kelt. *ku > Ir. cu ' dog', W. cz, § 89 iii.— But Lat. purus gives pur, mutus gives mud, etc.
ii. Some irregularities occur in the development of Lat. u and Brit. and Lat. u before a labial:
(1) Lat. u in cupa gives i in W. cib, Bret. kib. This seems to be the only example in W., and may be due to fluctuation between u and i before a labial; cf. conversely W. uffwn ' hell', Bret. ifern < Vulg. Lat. zfema, Lat. inferno,.
(2) Brit. and Lat. u before b followed by a vowel gave W. u; as du ' black' for *duv < *dub- : Ir. dub ' black'; 'W. cuSyal for *isu,fiia1, < Lat. cubic'lum. But befole n, r, I, ub gives wf regularly, Els'in dwfn, dwfr, § 90.
(3) u before m is regular, as shown byW.^w/'giowth', tyfu, 'to grow ' < *tum- § 201 i (8). But Lat. ii in nwmerus gives i in nifer. This may be due to a dial. pronunciation of Lat. u as u; cf. Osc. Niumsiew 'Numerii',,and the Oscanized Lat. Niumeriis 'Numerius'. Lat. itself had u before m in an unacc. syll., as maxim/us, mawwm.us = mawumus. The sound u would be identified with Brit. u, and prob. lengthened, giving the same result. W. ufyll' humble' < Lat. humilis may perhaps be similarly explained, but with u for i as in v,ffern.
(4) u before p is regular, as seen in eybyS ' miser' < Lat. oUpidus, syberw ' proud ' < Lat. swpwbus. In W. achub < Lat. occupo the u may be due to the lengthening of the w when it came to be accented, as it did in Brit. § 65 ii (i).
For Lat. e &ee § 75 iii (i) ; for Lat. 6 see § 76 ii (i).
§§ 74, 75 KELTIC VOWELS IN WELSH


 


                                                                                                                                                                                     
      

 

 

1627_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_97
(
delwedd 1627) (tudalen 97)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

97
§ 74. i. (i) In ^Brit. a was shortened when unaccented. Thus W. pecJiaclur ' sinner' < *peccatf)r- < Lat. ace. yeccdtor-em beside pecJiod ' sin' <peccatum;—W. meittn 'morning' <*meid-din <*matw-tiu-<'La,t. mdtwftnum ;—W. agwySawr for *a/gwy6awr < Lat. dhweSdTmm;—W. MadrnH < Lat. malrma beside modryb ' aunt'< Kelt. *mdfraq"^;—W. ceiliagwydd 'gander', Ml. W. keylyacuyt\\.L. i 380 < *kahako-geidos beside ceiliog 'cock'<
*kalwkos;—W. paratoi 'to prepare', § 201 iii (5), beside parod ' ready' < Lat. jparatus, etc., etc.
Naw mwy i frag no, cheiliagwydd, Naw gwell i synnwyr na gwydd.—S. T , 0 16/93.
' Nine times more boastful than a gander, nine times more sensible than a goose.' (The recent spellings parotoi, ceiliogwydd are false;
the words are pronounced as spelt above.)
For the apparent exception in lonawr a sufficient explanation is ithe secondary accent which was reqniied to distinguish Januwrius from Febrvarius, and which for emphasis might even become primary.
(2) Words like swyddogol ' official' are formed in W., and mostly late, by adding -ol to -og, and are not derived in full from Brit., for Brit. -dk-al- would give -ag-ol. The word Iluosog is an old formation, but it is not formed irom the original of lhaws; the latter has a from 5, the formation being *-os-tdts, while the former has 6, the formation being *-os-tos, extended to *-os-takos. § 75 iii (3).
ii. It is seen in the aho\ e examples that other long vowels remained long when unaccented ; and that ? and u need not have been accented to cause affection of a preceding vowel.
iii. In Ir. the shortening of long vowels is carried further and is independent of the Brit. shortening of d. The latter had not set in in Pr. Kelt. as is shown by the development of du, which when unaccented in But. gave au, while Kelt. au gave ou § 76 v (5).
iv. All long vowels were shortened before groups of sonant + explosive, as in gwynt 'wind' < *wntos < *uentos; so Lat. ventus. W. dyafl < *diwlt- < *diwlt- § 75 vi (4) Also before two explosives;
*-o-akt- *-dkt- > *'akt- > -aefh § 203 i (4).
iV THE DIPHTHONGS.
f> . . _ _ Y § 75. i. (i) Ar. ai remained in Kelt. It appears in Ir. as at, \y.
He, in Gaul. as ai or e. Before a consonant it appears in 0. W. ^ as oi, and in Ml. and Mn. W. as oe (oq) § 29. Thus W. coeg ^ ^
U02
H
'empty' (as a nut without a kernel), coeg-ddall' purblind', Ir. \y
1J.nr TT
i CK . ^ 4.:
& s "*
C_(\'v» Vv-< U^ ^'
"> AA
•A 1.
,•-, tal-t-i
e-<"
^-v^J ^ • , <"--*
OSA^»S\»I

-V


 


                                                                                                                                                                                     
      

 

 

1628_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_98
(
delwedd 1628) (tudalen 98)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

98
PHONOLOGY
§ 75


caeck ' one-eyed' : Lat. caecus ' blind', Goth. Jiazhs ' one-eyed', Skr. kekara-h ' squinting' < Ar. *qaiq-;—W. hoedl ' lifetime, life', Gaul. Setlo-ceni-(ae Deae) : Lat. saeculum < *sai-tlo-m § 111 vii (i);—W. coed 'wood, forest', Gaul. Ceto-briga <
*kaito- : Goth. Jiwpi, 0. H, G. Jieida, E. heath, Lat. bw-cetwm, (e for ae owing to confusion with the suffix -etum).
(a) Before a vowel ai fell together with ii, see iv below. But as in the penult, followed by e (or i), gave a'new ai which gives W. oe>o § 78 i (i); thus Brit. *karaset\>*karoe, caro 'may love'. Followed by i it falls together with ii and gives -ei, as *yornastm > arnei; when the z was unacc. it gives -i as
*y<5riia8im > erni & 309 vii (i).
Bat in the ante-penult a vowel before s drops § 113 i (2); hence
*kara-se-re > kar-her ' may be loved '.
(3) Kelt. ai > W. wy, as in mwy ' greater' < *ma -ios or *mdison:
IT. mao for *mau< *M.aws. When unaccented it was shortened and so gives oe, as prob. in Ml. W. moe IL.A. 14% ' more'.
A new ai was produced before a vowel in Brit. when as was followed by ? or e; thus ^/cams-it > ^karaiU > karwy § 183
ii(i).
A new ai might be produced before a cons. by metath. of z § 100 v; thus Lat. occdsio>~W. achos, but Brit. pi. *accaswnes> ^accaisbnes > Ml. W. achwysson. -
(4) W. oe > ae after w or m, etc.; oe >wae after g § 78 ii (a). ii. (i) Ar. oi remained in Pr. Kelt., and appears in Ir. as oi, oe. In W. TC became u before a consonant. Thus Ar. *omos
* one ' > Gk. oivos, olvrj ' ace', 0. Lat. oinos, Lat. unus ; Ir. wit, "W. wa 'one'.—W. ud in aiiudon 'perjury', Ir. 7>efh 'oath':
Goth. aif-s ' oath'.—W. gruff ' heather' for *gwrug (Pemb. dial. gwrig), l.f:fro6ch<*yroiko-s : Gk. ep^Ki] < *'uereika.
Before or after u in Brit., oi became ai which gives W. oe (oy), as in gloyw ' shiny, glossy' < *gloi-yo-s : Gk. •y\o(.os< '"yA.oi.fos, § 92 i ;— Ay(A)o<8'public'' <*ky-woeS<*ko-yoid-: W. gwyS 'presence' <*yeid-, Vueid- 'see'; here -w- dropped; where it remained, woe again gave woe § 78 ii(2); thus gwaethaf for *gwoethaf< *yaidisamos < *uoidi-samos<. *yo-ed-isamos < "upo'-ped-iss'fno-s § 148 i (5).
(a) Before a back vowel oi gave W. wy; as *-omn > *-wy-n >-wn § 180 iii (i); cf. § 76 v (4). Bat before i we the i
i&<*.. i
§ 75 ' KELTIC VOWELS IN WELSH

 


                                                                                                                                                                                     
      

 

 

1629_jmj_welsh_grammar_1913_99
(
delwedd 1629) (tudalen 99)

$$
SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED

99
dropped § 100 vi, and o before the vowel developed like u before a vowel, that is, as oy; thus *dff eso > ^dozii > ^doz > *ddm > *dew § 76 v (i), whence deuqf § 193 x (5) ; and *do eset > *doiet > ^doet > *douef > daw, or without diphthongization *do-ef > do, see ib.; so *moi esta > *mo estz > *mo ys > moes § 200 ii. Followed by z after the accent it gives -i, as in -o» f. sing, 'to her'<
*'-dGU<*'-do-sz § 210 x (i).
(3) Ar. oi gave Kelt. ai and developed accordingly. ^ iii. (i) Ar. ei remained in Pr. Kelt. In Gaul. it is written "*e or ei, aa-Uew^gnata, Aeiovova. In Ir. it appears as e or ia.
In W. before a consonant it became wy. Thus W. gwyb
'• presence ' for *gwipyb < Ar. *ueid- § 63 iv •,—mor-dwy ' sea
voyage '< ^mori-teig- § 103 ii (i), etc.
In Brit. and Gaul. it was probably sounded as ei, Latin e which
*was sounded e, was identified with this sound in Brit., and shared its development in W., thus rete > rhwyd, remus > rhwyf, plebem > ylwyf, cera > cwyr, etc. I-iat. oe which seems to have varied from. o to e appears in W. as i, oe or wy, as dw.iazp ' dinner', poen ' pain', cwyn ' supper'.
(a) Before a vowel ei fell together with ii, see below. (3) Ar. e.i before a vowel > Kelt. 1 > W. i. Thus W. diod, Ml. diawt' drink' < ^d/iei-ati-s, VdJiei- 'suck'.—W. lliaws' multitude', Bret. Hess < Hut. *l^assa8<':f:l^dstats<*(jp)l^os-tdts, a noun in *-taf- from the cpv. *j)le-ws : Lat. insc. pleores, Gk. TtXeiwy. Before Kelt. o it becomes u, as in Iluosog, Ml. llwossauc < Brit.
*lwossd&o-s an extension o{*l^osso-s<*(Jo)lMS-to-sav.aS.j. formed^ from *ple-ws like Lat. honestus from Jionos; see § 76 ix (a), § 74 i (a), § 169 iii (3). Before a consonant ei>e giving Kelt.
?, W. i.
iv. ai and ei fel?. together with ii before vowels. After the accent the i became 8, in other positions it remained as i. Thus,:,
(1) Accented ii (or ai or ^i), which is generally in the penult, but may be ante-penultimate, gives W. -y8; thus W. rhy^ ' free' < *pr{ws : Goth. freis, Eng. free;—trefyo ' towns' <
*trebues ;—trydyo ' third' m. < ^trUuos; with -a in the ult. it gives -e8, as trydeb ' third' f. < ^tritivi. In the ante-penult -y8-, as W. yst/yoad ' thorn': Ir. see, gen. pi. sclad. •'•
(2) Post-tonic '-ij; gave *an, which became oe8, § 62 i (a);
H 8


 


                                                                                                                                                                                     

 

 

 

Y DUDALEN NESAF: 2647e

____________________________________

 

Adolygiadau diweddaraf: Dÿdd Mawrth 2005-11-20
Sumbolau arbennig: ŷ ŵ

Ble’r wyf i?
Yr ych chi’n ymwéld ag un o dudalennau’r Gwefan “CYMRU-CATALONIA”
On sóc? Esteu visitant una pàgina de la Web “CYMRU-CATALONIA” (= Gal”les-Catalunya)
Weø
r àm ai? Yùu àar vízïting ø peij fròm dhø “CYMRU-CATALONIA” (= Weilz-Katølóuniø) Wéb-sait
Where am I?
You are visiting a page from the “CYMRU-CATALONIA” (= Wales-Catalonia) Website

CYMRU-CATALONIA

 

free log o ymwelwÿr i’r Adran Ramadegau ers 1 Ionawr 2005 / visitors to the Grammar Section since 1 January 2005
Edrychwch ar fy Ystadegau / View My Stats