0832e Gwefan Cymru-Catalonia (Wales-Catalonia Website). Welsh Course. The regular verb - literary and colloquial forms. (Literary) edrychais = I looked. (Colloquial) edryches i = I looked. The spoken form varies slightly according to the different regions of Wales. Basically the difference is one of Northern forms and Southern forms

 

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Gwefan Cymru-Catalonia La Web de Gal·les i Catalunya Wales-Catalonia Website       Y ferf reolaidd yn Gymraeg The regular verb in Welsh

(delw 4666)

1273e “An Elementary Welsh Grammar” by John Morris-Jones (1864-1929), professor of Welsh at Coleg y Brifysgol (University College), Bangor. Published in 1921 (when he was aged 56 / 57). “This grammar deals with Modern Literary Welsh only. It follows the lines of my Welsh Grammar Historical and Compararive, 1913, so far as that treats of the modern language; but the matter has been largely re-written, and is in some respects more detailed.” 

 

The regular verb in Welsh.

In literary Welsh there are four inflected tenses

PRESENT-and-FUTURE - edrychaf = I look; I shall look

SIMPLE PAST- edrychais = I looked

IMPERFECT-and-CONDITIONAL - edrychwn = I looked / I used to look; I would look (if...)

PLUPERFECT - edrychaswn = I had looked

In spoken Welsh these have become modified and they are used in a slightly different way

···

PRESENT-and-FUTURE - in general, this has only a future sense.

edrycha i = I shall look

The present tense is expressed periphrastically

mae hi yn edrÿch = she looks / she is looking

···

SIMPLE PAST

edryches = I looked

···

IMPERFECT-and-CONDITIONAL

edrychwn = I looked / I used to look; I would look (if...)

Usually conditional

The imperfect tense is expressed periphrastically

yr oedd hi yn edrÿch = she looked / she was looking

···

PLUPERFECT - edrychaswn = I had looked

The pluperfect tense is expressed periphrastically

yr oedd hi wedi edrÿch = she looked / she was looking

Depending on the dialect, if used at all, the 'edrychaswn' inflected forms have become confused with the imperfect tense

···

PRESENT-and-FUTURE	SIMPLE PAST		IMPERFECT	PLUPERFECT
edrychaf I LOOK	edrychais I LOOKED		edrychais I WAS LOOKING, I WOULD LOOK	edrychais I HAD LOOKED
edrychwn WE LOOK	edrychasom WE LOOKED		edrychen WE WERE LOOKING, WE WOULD LOOK	edrychasem WE HAD LOOKED
edrychi YOU LOOK	edrychaist YOU LOOKED		edrychit YOU WAS LOOKING, YOU WOULD LOOK	edrychasit YOU HAD LOOKED
edrychwch YOU LOOK	edrychasoch YOU LOOKED		edrychech YOU WAS LOOKING, YOU WOULD LOOK	edrychasech YOU HAD LOOKED
edrycha HE / SHE / IT LOOKS	edrychodd HE-SHE LOOKED		edrychai HE-SHE WAS LOOKING, HE-SHE WOULD LOOK	edrychasai HE-SHE HAD LOOKED
edrychant THEY LOOK	edrychasant THEY LOOKED		edrychent THEY WERE LOOKING, THEY WOULD LOOK	edrychasent THEY HAD LOOKED

···

PRESENT-and-FUTURE	SIMPLE PAST		IMPERFECT	PLUPERFECT
COLLOQUIAL ALL WALES	COLLOQUIAL SOUTH WALES (3)	COLLOQUIAL NORTH WALES	COLLOQUIAL ALL WALES (3)	COLLOQUIAL ALL WALES (3)
edrycha i I SHALL LOOK	edryches i I LOOKED	edrychis i I LOOKED	edrychwn i I WOULD LOOK	edrych'swn i I WOULD LOOK
edrychwn ni (1) WE WILL LOOK	edrychon ni / edrychson ni WE LOOKED	edrychson ni WE LOOKED	edrychen ni WE WOULD LOOK	edrych'sen ni WE WOULD LOOK
edrychi di YOU WILL LOOK	edrychest ti YOU LOOKED	edrychist ti YOU LOOKED	edrychet ti YOU WOULD LOOK	edrych'set ti YOU WOULD LOOK
edrychwch chi YOU WILL LOOK	edrychoch chi / edrychsoch chi YOU LOOKED	edrychsoch chi   YOU LOOKED	edrychech chi YOU WOULD LOOK	edrych'sech chi YOU WOULD LOOK
edrychiff e, hi (2) HE-SHE WILL LOOK	edrychodd e, hi (4) HE-SHE LOOKED	edrychodd o, hi HE-SHE LOOKED	edryche fe, hi HE-SHE WOULD LOOK	edrych'se fe, hi HE-SHE WOULD LOOK
edrychan nhw THEY WILL LOOK	edrychon nhw / edrychson nhw THEY LOOKED	edrychson nhw THEY LOOKED	edrychen nhw THEY WOULD LOOK	edrych'sen nhw THEY WOULD LOOK

 

Imperative:
edrÿch! (colloquially edrÿch! edrycha! 'drycha!)
edrychwch! (colloquially edrychwch! 'drychwch!)

(1) also: North Wales edrychan ni (a instead of w)
(2) ith instead of iff in the North: edrychith o, edrychith hi = he will look, she will look
(3) a instead of e in the North-west and in traditional South-eastern Welsh
(4) An older termination -ws (from older Welsh -wÿs) is still commonly ised in the South: edrychws e
= he looked
···

To form these tenses from regular verbs we need to know the stem of a verb.
a) Sometimes it is the same as a verb-noun (with a change of accent)
siárad > siarádais = I spoke, éistedd > eistéddais = I sat
b) Sometimes it is the verb-noun with a change of vowel -

cau [kai] = close, cae- [kei]; caeais = I closed
c) Sometimes the stem has a final -i not found in the verb-noun -

meddwl = think, meddyli-; dal = catch, dali-
d) Sometimes the verb-noun ending is removed -

sefÿll = stand; saf-

···

Narratives in novels, etc.

The -ai and -odd forms are typical of novels written in the third person

Torrodd Menna ar ei draws - Menna interrupted him
Dechreuodd cynffon Carlo siglo - Carlo's tail began to wag
Adroddodd Huw ei stori - Huw related his story
Cydiodd yn llaw Menna - he took hold of Menna's hand
Rhoddodd Rhidian y bocs yn nwÿlo'r inspector - Rhidian put the box into the inspector's hands
Syllodd yr inspector am dipÿn ar Huw - the inspector stared at Huw a while
Edrychodd ar y bocs - he looked at the box
Cymerodd y plismon y blwch - the policeman took the box
Meddyliodd Menna am Mr Bennet - Menna thought about Mr Bennet
Safodd y car ger yr adeilad - the car stopped near the building
Tyrrod y plant at ei gilÿdd - the children crowded together
Gollyngodd rhai o'r lleill ochenaid hir - some of the others let forth a long groan
Chwarddodd Gwenno - Gwenno laughed
Gwenodd Dewi cÿn ateb - Dewi smiled before answering
Rhoddodd Rhidian ei law yn ei boced - Rhidian put his hand into his pocket
Suddodd calonnau'r plant - the children's hearts sank
Agordd y ffenest - (he) opened the window
Llusgodd Menna un o'r blychau - Menna dragged one of the boxes
Pe llwÿddai i rwÿstro'r car rhag mÿnd - if he could prevent the car from going off
Helÿnt y Maen Gwÿn / W J Jones / Gwag Gee / Dinbÿch / dim dyddiad - no date (1960??)
 

PRONUNCIATION:

drycha	[drø-kha]
drychwch	[drø-khukh]
edrÿch	[e-drikh]
edrycha	[e-drø-kha]
edrycha i	[e-drø-khai]
edrychaf	[e-drø-khav]
edrychai	[e-drø-khai]
edrychais	[e-drø-khais]
edrychaist	[e-drø-khaist]
edrychan nhw	[e-drø-kha nu]
edrychan ni	[e-drø-kha ni]
edrychant	[e-drø-khabt]
edrychasai	[e-drø-kha-sai]
edrychasant	[e-drø-kha-sant]
edrychasech	[e-drø-kha-sech]
edrychasem	[e-drø-kha-sem]
edrychasent	[e-drø-kha-sent]
edrychasit	[e-drø-kha-sit]
edrychasoch	[e-drø-kha-soch]
edrychasom	[e-drø-kha-som]
edrychaswn	[e-drø-kha-sun]
edryche fe	[e-drø-khe ve]
edrychech	[e-drø-khekh]
edrychech chi	[e-drø-khe khi]
edrychen nhw	[e-drø-khe nu]
edrychen ni	[e-drø-khe ni]
edrychent	[e-drø-khent]
edryches i	[e-drø-khes i]
edrychest ti	[e-drø-khes ti]
edrychet ti	[e-drø-khe ti]
edrychi	[e-drø-khi]
edrychi di	[e-drø-khi di]
edrychiff e	[e-drø-khif e]
edrychiff e / hi	[e-drø-khif e]
edrychis i	[e-drø-khis i]
edrychist ti	[e-drø-khis ti]
edrychit	[e-drø-khit]
edrychith hi	[e-drø-khith hi]
edrychith o	[e-drø-khith o]
edrychoch chi	[e-drø-kho khi]
edrychodd	[e-drø-khodh]
edrychodd e	[e-drø-khodh e]
edrychodd o	[e-drø-khodh o]
edrychon nhw	[e-drø-kho nu]
edrychon ni	[e-drøkh-kho-ni]
edrych'se fe	[e-drøkh-se ve]
edrych'sech chi	[e-drøkh-se khi]
edrych'sen nhw	[e-drøkh-se nu]
edrych'sen ni	[e-drøkh-se ni]
edrych'set ti	[e-drøkh-se ti]
edrychsoch chi	[e-drøkh-se chi]
edrychson nhw	[e-drøkh-so nu]
edrychson ni	[e-drøkh-so ni]
edrych'swn i	[e-drøkh-sun]
edrychwch	[e-drø-khukh]
edrychwch chi	[e-drø-khu khi]
edrychwn	[e-drø-khun]
edrychwn i	[e-drø-khu ni]
edrychwn ni	[e-drø-khu ni]
edrychws e	[e-drø-khus e]
edrychith o / hi	[e-drø-khith o]

  

Adolygiad diweddaraf - latest update 20 01 2000

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