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Gwefan Cymru-Catalonia |
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1273e “An Elementary Welsh Grammar” by John
Morris-Jones (1864-1929), professor of Welsh at Coleg y Brifysgol (
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Gwefan
Cymru-Catalonia / Web Gal·les-Catalunya 05 06 2000 adolygiad diweddaraf - latest update |
The difference between YN and MEWN
In Welsh two prepositions correspond to English 'in' -
yn, which is followed by a definite noun
mewn, which is followed by an indefinite noun
yn, then, is used to
express
1) in the (yn y..., yn yr...)
2) in my (yn fy, yn 'y), in our (yn ein, yn yn), in your (yn eich, yn ych), in
her (yn ei, yn 'i), in his (yn ei, yn 'i),, in its (yn ei, yn 'i),, in their
(yn eu, yn 'u),
3) in this (yn y/yr... hwn/hon), in these (yn y/yr... hÿn), in that (yn y/yr...
hwnna/honna), in those (yn y/yr... hÿnnÿ)
It is also
used with place names (since proper names are definite)
and where a noun is defined by another noun
in the back of the house (yng nghefn y tÿ)
in the bottom of the pool (yng gwaleod y pwll)
in Siân's school (yn ysgol Siân)
in no man's land (yn
mewn
1) (indefinite determiner) in a, in an
2) (pronouns) in some..., in any...., in no....
3) (determiner - 'type') in a certain
4) (quantifying determiners) in a few, in a little, in plenty of, in much, in
many, in lots of
Examples
yn y 'stafell - in the room
mewn 'stafell - in a room
yn fy 'stafell i - in my room
yn 'stafell Morgan - in Morgan's room
yn Abertawe - in Abertawe (Swansea)
mewn rhÿw dref ar lan y môr - in some town on the coast
Note that some expressions in English don't need the definite article. In Welsh
they do.
to be in
school
bod yn yr ysgol ('be in the school')
similarly, mÿnd i'r ysgol - to go to school, dod o'r ysgol
- to come from school
to be in
university
bod yn y brifysgol ('be in the university')
similarly, mÿnd i'r brifysgol - to go to university, dod
o'r brifysgol - to come from university
to be in
college
bod yn y coleg ('be in the college')
similarly, mÿnd i'r coleg - to go to college, dod o'r coleg
- to come from college
to be in
prison
bod yn y carchar ('be in the prison')
similarly, mÿnd i'r carchar - to go to prison, dod o'r
carchar - to come from prison
to be in
chapel
bod yn y capel ('be in the chapel')
similarly, mÿnd i'r capel - to go to chapel, dod o'r capel
- to come from chapel
to be in
church
bod yn yr eglwÿs ('be in the church')
similarly, mÿnd i'r eglwÿs - to go to church, dod o'r
eglwÿs - to come from church
to be in
bed
bod yn y gwelÿ ('be in the bed')
similarly, mÿnd i'r gwelÿ - to go to bed, dod o'r gwelÿ
- to come from bed
to be in
town
bod yn y dre ('be in the town')
similarly, mÿnd i'r dre - to go to town, dod o'r dre
- to come from town
More examples:
yn y Nefoedd - in Heaven ('in the heavens')
yn y Senedd - in Parliament ('in the parliament')
yn y Cynulliad - in the Assembly ('in the assembly') (Political note:
Y Cynulliad Cenedlaethol - The National Assembly, = the Welsh sham parliament
in the south of the capital city, Caer-dÿdd)
yn y fro Gymraeg - in the Welsh-speaking part of Wales (Socio-cultural
note: an expression which would have made no sense whatsoever 150 years ago,
but as a result of policies to eradicate the language along with the resulting
inablity to assimilate immigrants great swathes of the country are now
monolingual English).
Other expressions have the definite article in English too
yn y wlad - in the country, in the countryside
·····
YN causes
the nasal mutation of
c p t g b d
Examples.
Cymru - yng Nghymru (in Wales)
Penárth - ym Mhenárth (in Penárth - a town in Bro Morgannwg, South Wales
- south-west of Caer-dÿdd)
Treffynnon - yn Nhreffynnon - a town in North Wales (the) town (of)
(the) well - referring to a holy well dedicated to Gwenffrewi
Gwaelod-y-garth - yng Ngwaelod-y-garth - a village in the county Rhondda
Cynon Taf, just north-west of the city of Caer-dÿdd
Bangor - ym Mangor - a city in Gwÿnedd, North Wales
Dinorwig - yn Ninorwig - a village in Gwÿnedd, North Wales
The preposition is actually pronounced simply as 'y', but the orthographic
convention is to add to it the following mutation (without the 'h' is the
mutation is aspirated)
y Nghymru > (y + ng) > yng
y Mhenárth > (y + m) > ym
y Nhreffynnon > (y + n) > yn
y Ngwaelod-y-garth > (y + nh) > yng
y Mangor > (y + m) > ym
y Ninorwig > (y + m) > yn
Note that names in M-, although they are not mutated, follow this practice
Meifod (a village in
y Meifod > (y + m) > ym
Remember - the nasal mutation is used only with YN (preposition = in) and the
possessive determiner FY (= my), apart from a couple of sporadic uses with some
numerals.
In some adverbs or prepositions 'yn' has coalesced with a following adjective
or noun -
gly^n = sticking, clinging, adherence
yngly^n â = in relation to, connected with
pell = distant (adj)
ymhell = distant (adv)
pellach
=
more distant, further (adj)
ymhell = further (adv)
cÿd = combination (m)
ynghÿd = together (adv)
blaen = front part (m)
ymlaen = forward (adv)
cynt = quicker, before,
previously (adj)
ynghÿnt = sooner (adv)
bron = almost (adv)
ymron = almost (adv)
cÿlch = circle (m)
ynghÿlch = around (preposition)
pen = head (m)
ymhen = at the end of (preposition) (ymhen pythefnos = within a
fortnight)
plith = middle (m)
ymhlith = among (preposition)
plith = middle (m)
ymysg = among (preposition)
·····
CONJUGATED
FORM OF THE VERB:
a) literary form
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BASIC FORM |
WITH PRONOUN TAG |
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ynof |
ynof fi |
in me |
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ynom |
ynom ni |
in us |
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ynot |
ynot ti |
in you |
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ynoch |
ynoch chwi |
in you |
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ynddo |
ynddo ef |
in him |
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ynddi |
ynddi hi |
in her |
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ynddÿnt |
ynddÿnt hwÿ |
in them |
·····
b) Unified colloquial Welsh (the differences between this form and the literay
form are marked in red)
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BASIC FORM |
WITH PRONOUN TAG |
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yno |
yno i |
in me |
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ynon |
ynon ni |
in us |
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ynot |
ynot ti |
in you |
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ynoch |
ynoch chi |
in you |
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ynddo |
ynddo fe |
in him |
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ynddi |
ynddi hi |
in her |
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ynddÿn |
ynddÿn nhw |
in them |
·····
In general, though, the natural spoken forms are
somewhat different.
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BASIC FORM |
WITH PRONOUN TAG |
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yna |
yna i |
in me |
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ynan |
ynan ni |
in us |
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ynat |
ynat ti |
in you |
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ynach |
ynach chi |
in you |
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ynddo |
ynddo fo |
in him |
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ynddi |
ynddi hi |
in her |
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ynddÿn |
ynddÿn nhw |
in them |
In dialect writing, sometimes spelt simply yna /
ynddo / ynddi:
yna i, yna ni, yna ti, yna chi, ynddo fe, ynddi hi, ynddi nw
·····
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BASIC FORM |
WITH PRONOUN TAG |
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yndo |
yndo i |
in me |
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yndon |
yndon ni |
in us |
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yndot |
yndot ti |
in you |
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yndoch |
yndoch chi |
in you |
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yndo |
yndo fe |
in him |
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yndi |
yndi hi |
in her |
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yndÿn |
yndÿn nw |
in them |
In dialect writing, sometimes spelt simply yndo /
yndi:
yndo i, yndo ni, yndo ti, yndo chi, yndo fe, yndi hi, yndi nw
In the south, the 'dd' of the third person has become 'd', and has spread to
the first- and second-person forms
In the south-east, yndo fe > yndo fa.
Summary:
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LITERARY: |
ynof/ynom; ynot/ynoch; ynddo/ynddi/ynddÿnt; |
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UNIFIED COLLOQUIAL: |
yno/ynon; ynot/ynoch; ynddo/ynddi/ynddÿn; |
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NORTHERN: |
yna/ynan; ynat/ynach; ynddo/ynddi/ynddÿn; |
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SOUTHERN: |
yndo/yndon; yndot/yndoch; yndo/yndi/yndin; |
Adolygiadau diweddaraf: 20
01 2000
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