0836e
Gwefan Cymru-
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Gwefan Cymru-Catalonia 2 Use of
ie |
|
1273e “An Elementary Welsh Grammar” by John Morris-Jones
(1864-1929), professor of Welsh at Coleg y Brifysgol (University College),
Bangor. Published in 1921 (when he was aged 56 / 57). “This
grammar deals with Modern Literary Welsh only. It follows the lines of my Welsh
Grammar Historical and Compararive, 1913, so far as that treats of the modern
language; but the matter has been largely re-written, and is in some respects
more detailed.”
THE
SPIRANT MUTATION
USE OF IE, NAGE = yes, no
One
aspect of Welsh which needs to be examined from the very start is the
phenomenon of mutation. This is the change of the first consonant of a word
The
mutations need to be mastered from the very beginning as they are essential if
an acceptable form of Welsh is to be achieved. (Some courses play down their
importance, leaving them till later - until it's too late to eradicate bad
linguistic habits. It's a bad idea to neglect a thorough grounding in the
mutations)
····
Mutations
are changes to initial consonants under certain conditions. For example, the
feminine noun PONT = bridge, becomes BONT after the definite article.
Y
BONT = the bridge.
A
well known example is the greeting on road signs - Croeso i Gymru (Welcome to
Wales). (Cymru = Wales)
In
fact, there are three systems of mutation
1 the first involves nine consonants,
2 the second six consonants,
3 and the third has three.
They
will be examined and revised bit by bit as the course progresses.
Some
may not seem immediately useful, or even necessary for a knowledge of spoken
Welsh. But this course aims to present both the literary and the colloquial
levels of the language, and although it is true that in spoken Welsh there is a
tendency to ignore certain of the mutations, there are numerous fossils from
earlier times which need to be explained.
Added
to this, place names preserve forms which have been lost from spontaneous
speech, and the literary language continues to employ most of the mutations.
···
Here
we look at the nasal mutation.
After studying this, we can move forward to produce sentences which present
essential structures and also convey some useful information.
···
NASAL MUTATION
After the preposition YN = in, six initial consonants change.
C <k> becomes NGH <ngh>
P <p> MH <mh>
T <t> NH <nh>
G <g> NG <ng>
B <b> M <m>
D <d> N <n>
···
Wales is divided into 22 counties since the 1996 adminstrative boundary changes
-
there are six northern counties, four central and south-western counties, and
twelve south-eastern counties
We'll look at the names of some of these counties which begin with the
consonants - c [k], p, t, g, b, d
Ceredigion
Powÿs
Torfaen
Gwynedd
Blaenau Gwent
Dinbÿch
···
If we place the preposition 'yn' before these, the preposition is reduced to 'y'
and the initial consonant changes:
y Ngheredigion
y Mhowÿs
y Nhorfaen
y Ngwynedd
y Mlaenau Gwent
y Ninbÿch
···
Although 'yn' was written 'y' in the past, an alternative form of writing it
was by adding the spelling of the mutation (without 'h' if it has one)
yng Ngheredigion
ym Mhowÿs
yn Nhorfaen
yng Ngwynedd
ym Mlaenau Gwent
yn Ninbÿch
···
Remember - the pronunciation of the preposition is simply 'y'
Although there is no mutation of 'M', names in an original 'm' are preceded by
'ym', as in the 'm' words which are mutated forms
ym Mynwÿ (Mynwÿ)
ym Mlaenau Gwent (Blaenau Gwent)
ym Mhowÿs (Powÿs)
···
Exercise.
Where are these towns?
Aberystwÿth (Ceredigion)
ANSWER: Yng Ngheredigion
···
01
Tregaron (Ceredigion)
02 Pwllheli (Gwynedd)
03 Blaenafon (Torfaen)
04 Y Fenni (Mynwÿ)
05 Porthmadog (Gwynedd)
06 Pont-y-pwl (Torfaen)
07 Rhaglan (Mynwÿ)
08 Llanelwÿ (Dinbÿch)
09 Trefynwÿ (Mynwÿ)
10 Llangollen (Dinbÿch)
11 Llambed (Ceredigion)
12 Cas-gwent (Mynwÿ))
13 Y Bont-faen (Bro Morgannwg)
14 Llandrindod (Powÿs)
15 Aberteifi (Ceredigion)
16 Brÿnbuga (Mynwÿ)
17 Blaenau Ffestiniog (Gwynedd)
18 Y Trallwng (Powÿs)
19 Basaleg (Casnewÿdd)
20 Aberaeron (Ceredigion)
21 Llanilltud Fawr (Bro Morgannwg)
22 Aberhonddu (Powÿs)
23 Dolgellau (Gwynedd)
24 Y Drenewÿdd (Powÿs)
25 Y Barri (Bro Morgannwg)
26 Glÿnebwÿ (Blaenau Gwent)
27 Brÿn-mawr (Torfaen)
28 Cwm-brân (Blaenau Gwent)
29 Y Bala (Gwynedd)
30 Machynlleth (Powÿs)
···
ANSWERS:
yng Ngheredigion, yng Nghasnewÿdd, yn Nhorfaen, yn Mro Morgannwg, ym Mhowÿs,
yng Ngwynedd, ym Mlaenau Gwent, ym Mynwÿ
···
The
simple sentence takes the form verb-subject-complement
So the statement LLANILLTUD FAWR IS IN BRO MORGANNWG
has a different order in Welsh:
IS / LLANILLTUD / IN / BRO MORGANNWG
···
IS
in Welsh takes the form y mae or mae in the literary language,
Mae is often reduced to ma in spoken Welsh.
y mae / Llanilltud Fawr / ym / Mro Morgannwg
or
mae / Llanilltud /ym / Mro Morgannwg
···
Mae
Corwen yn Ninbÿch
Mae Llangurig ym Mhowÿs
Mae Rhymni yng Nghaerffili
···
The
order of the sentence is altered for reasons of emphasis.
In English, if we had been told that Machynlleth was in Gwynedd when we knew
that this was not in fact the case - it is in fact just over the boundary, in
Powÿs - we might object by saying
Machynlleth is in POWYS!
The Welsh solution to this is to head the sentence with the information which
is considered important and urgent, instead of leading up to it as in English.
···
IN
POWYS is Machynlleth!
Ym Mhowÿs mae Machynlleth!
···
This
is also the word order for the question
Where is Machynlleth?
Ble mae Machynlleth?
···
Note
that
mae + Y Trallwng > mae'r Trallwng
mae + Y Drenewÿdd > mae'r Drenewÿdd
···
Interestingly, there is no simple way to express YES or NO in Welsh.
But we use IE = yes and NAGE = no to agree or disagree with an assertion
when the verb takes second place in the sentence.
···
Yng
Nghaerffili yn Tredegar
Nage! Ym Mlaenau Gwent mae Tredegar.
Yn Nhorfaen mae Cwm-brân.
Ie. Yn Nhorfaen mae Cwm-brân.
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
·····
MUTACIÓ NASAL
La
mutació nasal es troba després d'un nombre reduït de paraules. Una d'aquestes
és la preposició YN.
NORMA:
Després de la preposició YN [ØN] = en, hi ha un canvi a sis consonants
inicials, i també a la forma de la preposició en alguns casos
TABLA 1
|
C |
/k/
|
··············
|
NGH |
/ngh/
|
|
P |
/p/
|
|
MH |
/mh/
|
|
T |
/t/
|
|
NH |
/nh/
|
|
G |
/g/
|
|
NG |
/ng/
|
|
B |
/b/
|
|
M |
/m/
|
|
D |
/d/
|
|
N |
/n/
|
Al
segle passat, alguns escriptors escrivia 'y' per aquesta preposició canviada.
Però no és una solució apta per què es pot confondre (1) amb l'article definit
'y', i (2) amb una forma dialectal 'y' que representa el determinador possessiu
'fy'.
A
l’ortografia moderna, es va recuperar la convenció ortogràfica medieval i
tradicional - davant una consonant mutada, la preposició canvïa la seva forma.
La convenció ortogràfica és que la final de la preposició ha de reflectir la
primera consonant de la mutació que causa
yng-ngh / yng-ng
ym-mh / ym-m yn-nh / yn-n
Mirem
una sèrie de noms de comarques de Gal·les precedides per la preposició 'yn'
escrita segons les dues convencions.
TABLA 2
|
01
|
K |
y
Nghaerdÿdd |
yng Nghaerdÿdd |
|
02
|
P |
y
Mhowÿs |
ym Mhowÿs |
|
03
|
T |
y
Nhorfaen |
yn Nhorfaen |
|
04
|
B |
y
Mlaenau Gwent |
ym Mlaenau Gwent |
|
05
|
G |
y
Ngwÿnedd |
yng Ngwÿnedd |
|
06
|
D |
y
Ninbÿch |
yn Ninbÿch |
|
07
|
M |
y
Merthÿrtudful |
ym Merthÿrtudful |
Com
podem constatar a l'exemple 07, també hi ha un canvi en la forma de la
preposició davant una 'm' original
Pel
que fa a la pronunciació, es probablament més fàcil amb les formes NGH / MH /
NH de considerar que l'aspiració comença la paraula, i que el consonant és al
final de la preposició; i amb NG que també forma part de la preposició
TABLA 3
|
01
|
K
yng Nghaerdÿdd |
[ø
nghair-DIIDH] |
[øng
hair-DIIDH] |
|
02
|
P
ym Mhowÿs |
[ø
MHO-uis] |
[øm
HO-uis] |
|
03
|
T
yn Nhorfaen |
[ø
NHOR-vain] |
[øn
HOR-vain] |
|
04
|
B
ym Mlaenau Gwent |
[ø
mlei-ne GWENT] |
|
|
05
|
G
yng Ngwÿnedd |
[øn
NGWI-nedh] |
[øng
WI-nedh] |
|
06
|
D
yn Ninbÿch |
[ø
NIN-bikh] |
|
|
07
|
M
ym Merthÿrtudful |
[ø mer-thir-TID-vil]
|
|
Mirem
ara els noms de les vint-i-dos comarques de Gal·lès.
Hi
ha més exemples d'aquestes consonants mutables a principi de paraula:
TABLA 4
|
Abertawe |
[a-ber-TAU-e]
|
yn Abertawe |
[ø
na-ber-TAU-e] |
|
Blaenau Gwent |
[blei-ne
GWENT] |
ym Mlaenau Gwent |
[ø
mlei-ne GWENT] |
|
Bro Morgannwg |
[broo
mor GA nug] |
ym Mro Morgannwg |
[ø mroo mor GA nug] |
|
Caerdÿdd |
[kair-DIIDH]
|
yng Nghaerdÿdd |
[øng
hair-DIIDH] |
|
Caerffili |
[kair-FI-li]
|
yng Nghaerffili |
[øng
hair-FI-li] |
|
Caerfyrddin |
[kair-VØR-dhin]
|
yng Nghaerfyrddin |
[øng
hair-VØR-dhin] |
|
Casnewÿdd |
[ka-SNEU-idh]
|
yng Nghasnewÿdd |
[øng
ha-SNEU-idh] |
|
Castell-nedd ac Aberafan |
[ka-stelh-NEEDH
a-ga-be-RA-von] |
yng Nghastell-nedd
ac Aberafan |
[øng ha-stelh-NEEDH
a-ga-be-RA-von] |
|
Ceredigion |
[ke-re-DIG-yon]
|
yng Ngheredigion |
[øng he-re-DIG-yon] |
|
Conwÿ |
[KO-nui]
|
yng Nghonwÿ |
[øng
HO-nui] |
|
Dinbÿch |
[DIN-bikh]
|
yn Ninbÿch |
[ø
NIN-bikh] |
|
Y Fflint |
[ø
FLINT] |
yn y Fflint |
[ø
nø FLINT] |
|
Gwÿnedd |
[GWI-nedh]
|
yng Ngwÿnedd |
[øng
WI-nedh] |
|
Merthÿrtudful |
[mer-thir-TØD-vil]
|
ym Merthÿrtudful |
[ø mer-thir-TØD-vil]
|
|
Mynwÿ |
[MØ-nui]
|
ym Mynwÿ |
[ø
MØ-nui] |
|
Penfro |
[PEN-vro]
|
ym Mhenfro |
[øm
HEN-vro] |
|
Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr |
[pe-nø-bon-ta-RO-gur]
|
ym Mhen-y-bont ar
Ogwr |
[øm
he-nø-bon-ta-RO-gur] |
|
Powÿs |
[PO-uis]
|
ym Mhowÿs |
[øm
HO-uis] |
|
Rhondda-Cynon-Taf |
[hron-dha-kø-non-TAAV]
|
yn Rhondda-Cynon-Taf |
[øn hron-dha-kø-non-TAAV]
|
|
Torfaen |
[TOR-vain]
|
yn Nhorfaen |
[øn
HOR-vain] |
|
Wrecsam |
[WREK-sam]
|
yn Wrecsam |
[øn
WREK-sam] |
|
Ynÿs Môn |
[ø-nis-MOON]
|
yn Ynÿs Môn |
[øn
ø-nis-MOON] |
(si
voleu saber que volen dir aquests topònims, a final de pàgina hi ha una
explicació)
Aquí
tenim els noms de les capitals de les comarques
TABLA 5
|
sir
[SIIR] / comarca |
prif dref [priiv DREEV] capital |
|
amb
la preposició YN |
|
|
Abertawe
|
Abertawe |
[a-ber-TAU-e] |
yn
Abertawe |
[øn
a-ber-TAU-e] |
|
Blaenau
Gwent |
Glÿnebwÿ |
[gli-NE-bui]
|
yng
Nglÿnebwÿ |
[øng
li-NE-bui] |
|
Bro
Morgannwg |
Y Barri |
[ø
BA-ri] |
yn
y Barri |
[øn
ø BA-ri] |
|
Caerdÿdd
|
Caerdÿdd |
[kair-DIIDH] |
yng
Nghaerdÿdd |
[øng
hair-DIIDH] |
|
Caerffili
|
Ystradmynach |
[ø-strad-MØ-nakh]
|
yn
Ystradmynach |
[øn ø-strad-MØ-nakh]
|
|
Caerfyrddin
|
Caerfyrddin |
[kair-VØR-dhin] |
yng
Nghaerfyrddin |
[øng
hair-VØR-dhin] |
|
Casnewÿdd
|
Casnewÿdd |
[kas-NEU-idh] |
yng
Nghasnewÿdd |
[øng
Has-NEU-idh] |
|
Castell-nedd
ac Aberafan |
Aberafan |
[a-be-RA-von]
|
yn
Aberafan |
[øn a-be-RA-von] |
|
Ceredigion
|
Aberaeron |
[a-be-REI-ron]
|
yn
Aberaeron |
[øn a-be-REI-ron] |
|
Conwÿ
|
Conwÿ |
[KON-ui] |
yng
Nghonwÿ |
[øng
HON-ui] |
|
Dinbÿch
|
Rhuthun |
[RHI-thin]
|
yn
Rhuthun |
[øn
RHI-thin] |
|
Fflint,
y |
yr Wÿddgrug |
[ø
RUIDH-grig] |
yn
yr Wÿddgrug |
[øn
ø RUIDH-grig] |
|
Gwÿnedd
|
Caernarfon |
[kair-NAR-von]
|
yng
Nghaernarfon |
[øng
hair-NAR-von] |
|
Merthÿrtudful
|
Merthÿrtudful |
[MER-thir
TID-vil] |
ym
Merthÿrtudful |
[ø MER-thir TID-vil] |
|
Mynwÿ
|
Cwm-brân |
[kum-BRAAN]
|
yng
Nghwm-brân |
[øng
hum-BRAAN] |
|
Penfro
|
Hwlffwrdd |
[HUL-fordh]
|
yn
Hwlffwrdd |
[øn
HUL-fordh] |
|
Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr |
Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr |
[pen-ø-BONT
ar O-gur] |
ym Mhen-y-bont ar
Ogwr |
[øm hen-ø-BONT ar
O-gur] |
|
Powÿs
|
Llandrindod |
[lhan-DRIN-dod]
|
yn
Llandrindod |
[øn
lhan-DRIN-dod] |
|
Rhondda-Cynon-Taf
|
Cwmclydach |
[kum-KLØ-dakh]
|
yng
Nghwmclydach |
[øng
hum-KLØ-dakh] |
|
Torfaen
|
Pont-y-pwl |
[pon-tø-PUUL]
|
ym
Mhont-y-pwl |
[øm
hon-tø-PUUL] |
|
Wrecsam
|
Wrecsam |
[WREK-sam] |
yn
Wrecsam |
[øn
WREK-sam] |
|
Ynÿs
Môn |
Llangefni |
[lhan-GEV-ni]
|
yn
Llangefni |
[øn
lhan-GEV-ni] |
TABLA 6 - sentits dels
topònims
|
Aberaeron |
ABER
= estuari + AERON (nom de riu, del nom d'una deessa celta) |
|
Aberafan |
ABER
= estuari + AFAN (nom de riu; sentit desconegut) |
|
Abertawe |
ABER
= estuari + TAWE (nom de riu = plàcid; de l'arrel TAW- = silenciós) |
|
Y Barri |
nom
de riera, possiblement de BAR = cim |
|
Blaenau Gwent |
la
part alta de Gwent. BLAENAU = fonts (de rius); terra alta al cap d'una vall;
terra alta d'una regió. GWENT = nom de regió (del nom romà VENTA SILURUM, el
mercat de la tribú SILURES; venta = catalá VENDA). Venta Silurum avui en dia
és CAERLIION [kair-LHI-on] la fortalesa (romana) de la llegió (romana) |
|
Bro Morgannwg |
la
part baixa de Morgannwg. És la regió costanera de Morgannwg. BRO = districte;
part baixa. MORGANNWG = nom de districte - 'territori d'en Morgan'. |
|
Caerdÿdd |
CAER
= fortalesa romana del riu TAF; forma orginal i (fins fa poc) dialectal
CAERDYF [kair-DIIV > kaar-DIIV > käär-DIIV], d'on el nom anglès Cardiff
[KAA-dif, KEE-dif] |
|
Caerffili |
CAER
= fortalesa romana d'en Ffili (nom d'home) |
|
Caerfyrddin |
CAER
= fortalesa romana + MYRDDIN = antic nom d'una fortalesa celta a dalt d'un
turó (MÔR = mar, marítim + DIN = fortalesa). Popularment = fortalesa d'en
MYRDDIN; per casualitat també el nom del mag d'en rei Arthur. |
|
Caernarfon |
CAER
= fortalesa romana + YN = en + ARFON = nom de districte |
|
Casnewÿdd |
CAS
= abreviatura de CASTELL [KA-stelh] = castell; NEWYDD = nou |
|
Castell-nedd ac
Aberafan |
Noms
de dues ciutats. CASTELL [KA-stelh] = castell del riu NEDD i l'estuari del
riu AFAN |
|
Ceredigion |
el
territori d'en CAREDIG (-ION = sufix que denota gent/descendents/territori). CAREDIG = amat (CARU
= amar. -EDIG = participi passat) |
|
Conwÿ |
nom
de riu, d'un arrel = cadell |
|
Cwm-brân |
CWM
= vall + BRÂN, forma local de BRAEN = nom de riu. BRAEN-
= putrefacte. S'ha confos amb la paraula BRÂN = corb; l'ensignia de la ciutat
mostra un corb |
|
Cwmclydach |
CWM
= vall + CLYDACH = nom de riu |
|
Dinbÿch |
fortalesa
petita (DIN = fortalesa (celta) (al cim d'un turó) + BYCH, variant de BYCHAN
= petit |
|
Fflint, y |
nom
anglès - la roca de sílex |
|
Glÿnebwÿ |
la
vall del riu EBWY |
|
Gwÿnedd |
del
nom de la tribu que hi vivia fa dos mils anys - en llatí, els VENEDOTAE |
|
Hwlffwrdd |
d'un
nom escandinau - fiord de les cabres |
|
Llandrindod |
eglwÿs
(LLAN) de la trinitat (TRINDOD) |
|
Llangefni |
eglwÿs
(LLAN) del riu GEFNI |
|
Merthÿrtudful |
el
cimentiri (MERTHYR) del sant celta / santa celta TUDFUL |
|
Mynwÿ |
nom
de riu |
|
Penfro |
límit
de la terra, península (PEN = cap, BRO = terra, districte) |
|
Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr |
casa
del cap del pont del riu Ogwr (PEN = cap, y = article definit, PONT = pont,
ar = sobre) |
|
Pont-y-pwl |
el
pont de la bassa (PONT + PWL, de l'anglès /puul/ POOL = bassa) |
|
Powÿs |
Llatí
Pagenses = pagès |
|
Rhondda-Cynon-Taf |
Tres
noms de rius. RHONDDA d'una arrel RA- = parlar; CYNON d'un nom de déu (CYN- =
gos, -ON = sufix en noms de déus); TAF probablament un nom pre-celta. El
/Temz/ Thames, Tamesi de Londres conté la mateixa arrel. |
|
Rhuthun |
fortalesa
vermella. RHUDD = vermell + DIN = fortalesa (celta) (al cim d'un turó) |
|
Torfaen |
'riu
que trenca pedres', 'riu de pedres trencades'. TOR- = arrel de TORRI /
trencar + MAEN = pedra |
|
Wrecsam |
nom
anglès, escrit WREXHAM en angles. Nom d'home + HAM = poble, masia. |
|
Yr Wÿddgrug |
la
tomba (GWYDD = presència, CRUG = pila) |
|
Ystradmynach |
la
vall (ample) del riu MYNACH (= el monjo) |
Adolygiad diweddaraf - latest update: 20 01 2000 13 09 2002
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