0824e Gwefan Cymru-Catalonia (Wales-Catalonia Website). Welsh Course. The verb or copula 'bod' = to be. The colloquial forms are very much reduced in comparison with the literary forms. The standard colloquial forms are a somewhat artificial mixture, representing mainly Northern colloquial forms which are close to the literary forms.

 

http://www.theuniversityofjoandeserrallonga.com/kimro/amryw/1_cwrs/cwrs_0005_ENG_bod_presennol_0824e.htm

 

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Y ferf bod
The verb bod “to be” in Welsh


(delw 4666)

1273eAn Elementary Welsh Grammar” by John Morris-Jones (1864-1929), professor of Welsh at Coleg y Brifysgol (University College), Bangor. Published in 1921 (when he was aged 56 / 57). “This grammar deals with Modern Literary Welsh only. It follows the lines of my Welsh Grammar Historical and Compararive, 1913, so far as that treats of the modern language; but the matter has been largely re-written, and is in some respects more detailed.” 

 

the verb BOD = to be (literary form)

The ending of the verb determines whether is I / we; you; he, she, they

yr ydwyf = I am
yr ydym = we are
yr ydwyt = you are (singular)
yr ydych = you are (plural)
y mae = she is, he is, it is
y maent = they are

yr is a preverbal particles empty of meaning in modern Welsh. Welsh. Before a consonant is is reduced to y (hence y mae)

···

The personal pronoun can be added though for emphasis or for clarity

yr ydwyf fi = I am
yr ydym ni = we are
yr ydwyt ti = you are (singular)
yr ydych chi = you are (plural)
y mae ef = she is / it is
y mae hi = he is / it is
y maent hwy = they are     

 

In spoken Welsh there are a number of differences. The conjugation of 'bod' = to be has two
basic patterns in spoken Welsh, one northern and one southern.
For the time being we shall use the southern form only time being
rwy i
ryn ni
rwyt ti
rych chi
mae hi
mae fe
maen nhw

 

Note the differences:
(1) In the spoken language, the pronoun is generally added to the verb.
(2) The preverbal particle is dropped before mae / maen
(3) The final r of the preverbal particle is is carried over to following vowel; the 'y' is dropped
(4) In southern Welsh, the yd- before the first and second person forms is never used in the affirmative forms, so instead of yr ydwyf > rydwyf fi we have yr wyf > rwyf fi (further reduced to rwy i)
····a) the final -f has been dropped - the loss of a final -f [v] is a common feature in Welsh phonology
····b) the pronoun fi is reduced to i, anf fe to e. The loss of an initial f- [v] is also a commom feature, and is found in a number of other words in Welsh


In the spoken language, these spoken forms listed above are reduced, sometimes quite drastically. Thus,

rwy i

> rw i

> w i

ryn ni

 

> i ni

 

 

 

rwyt ti

> wyt ti

> i ti

rych chi

 

> i chi

 

 

 

mae hi

 

> ma i

mae e

 

> ma e

maen nhw

 

> ma nw

THESE FURTHER REDUCTIONS EXPLAINED:
So, if we look at the table above, we can see that the paradigm simplies to three verb forms - w, i and ma
In the first and second persons, what has happened basically is that the initial r- has fallen away.
wyt ti changes in shape to conform to the ni and chi forms
the diphthong ae is reduced to the vowel a
the aspirate h is lost in hi and nhw
the pronoun fe is reduced to e
In fact, all these spoken forms can occur in the speech of a single person, depending on the person spoken to, the speed of the utterance, and so on

Adolygiadau diweddaraf: 20 01 2000


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