0832e Gwefan Cymru-Catalonia (Wales-Catalonia Website). Welsh Course. The regular verb - literary and colloquial forms. (Literary) edrychais = I looked. (Colloquial) edryches i = I looked. The spoken form varies slightly according to the different regions of Wales. Basically the difference is one of Northern forms and Southern forms

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Gwefan Cymru-Catalonia La Web de Gal·les i Catalunya Wales-Catalonia Website The Personal Pronouns (literary forms):

(delw 4666)

1273e “An Elementary Welsh Grammar” by John Morris-Jones (1864-1929), professor of Welsh at Coleg y Brifysgol (University College), Bangor. Published in 1921 (when he was aged 56 / 57). “This grammar deals with Modern Literary Welsh only. It follows the lines of my Welsh Grammar Historical and Compararive, 1913, so far as that treats of the modern language; but the matter has been largely re-written, and is in some respects more detailed.”

the personal pronouns (literary forms):

fi I

ni we

ti you (singular)

chwi you (plural)

hi she

ef he

hwy they

Note that

(1) ti is used for speaking to friends, children or animals

(2) chwi is the polite form for strangers, parents and those of an older generation, people considered to be of a higher social level, etc

The spoken language has developed slightly different forms
for some of these pronouns:
chwi has been replaced by chi
hwy has become nhw (pronounced as if 'nw')
ef is replaced by fe in the south, and fo in the north

LITERARY	COLLOQUIAL (if different)
fi	fi
ni	ni
ti	ti
chwi	chi
hi	hi
ef	fe / fo
hwy	nhw (nw)

···

The pronouns in Welsh are of two types -
the independent pronoun (as in the list above), and the affixed pronoun
the affixed pronoun is added to
conjugated verbs - gwyddoch chi = you know
conjugated pronouns - atoch chi = to you
nouns preceded by a possessive determiner - eich arian chi = your money

Some of them differ slightly from the independent pronouns
Here we shall compare the literary and the spoken forms
of the affixed pronoun

···

LITERARY	COLLOQUIAL
fi after verbs and prepositions; i after nouns	i
ni	ni
ti	ti
chwi	chi
hi	hi
ef	e
hwy	nhw (nw)

···

In the formal written language, the affixed pronoun is not used unless there is stress

I shall see / gwelaf
I shall see / gwelaf fi

to me / ataf
to me / ataf fi

our money / ein harian
our money / ein harian ni

··· 

In the spoken language a different system operates - the affixed pronoun is in general added (there are cases where it isn't - but we'll look at these later on) even though there is no emphasis

I shall see / gwela i
I shall see / gwelaf fi

to me / ata i
to me / ataf fi

our money / ein harian ni
our money / ein harian ni

In texts, the stressed pronoun is either not indicated as being stressed, or is
represented by writing in italic letters, in bold letters, in capital letters, and somethimes by underlining.
our money / ein harian ni
our money / ein harian ni
our money / ein harian ni
our money / ein harian ni

Adolygiadau diweddaraf: 20 01 2000

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