0980e Gwefan Cymru-Catalonia. Wales in Herefordshire, England. The cantrevs (Welsh: cantrefi) of Euas (English: Ewias, Ewyas) and Ergÿn (English: Archenfield) were called by the poets 'dwÿ wir lawes Gwent' - the two true sleeves of Gwent. Following the annexation of Wales to England 1536/43 the districts of Euas and Ergÿn were taken into Herefordshire, though the Welsh language was not eradicated until the late 1700s.

http://www.kimkat.org/amryw/1_clawdd_offa/22_cymru_dros_glawdd_offa_enwau_euas_eng_cym_2000c.htm

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Gwefan Cymru-Catalonia La Web de Gal·les i Catalunya Cymru tu hwnt i Glawdd Offa Gal·les més enllà de la Fossa d’Offa (la frontera històrica entre Gal·les i Anglaterra) Euas ac Ergÿn - Cymru yn Swÿdd Henffordd Els districtes d’Euas i Ergÿn - Gal·les al comtat de Henffordd

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The cantrevs (Welsh: cantrefi, plural of cantref = 'one hundred farmsteads' - an administrative unit) of Euas (English: Ewias, Ewyas) and Ergÿn (English: Archenfield) were called by the poets 'dwÿ wir lawes Gwent' - the two true sleeves of Gwent. They were thoroughly Welsh areas, although they bordered areas settled by the English some centuries previously. With the incorporation of the Welsh lands into the English state in 1536/42, the old English county of Herefordshire was extended westward.

The boundary between the Welsh and English lands had been the river Gwÿ (Wye in English), but part of the course of the river Mynwÿ (Monnow in English) became the boundary between the new shire of Monmouth (= Trefynwÿ) and the shire of Hereford.

(See http://www.borderdisc.com/mag/offasdyke.htm Offa's Dyke / Clawdd Offa.
Here it is suggested that the dyke was a demarcation line rather than a defensive wall and ditch. This theory is backed by the break in the dyke in Ergÿn (Archenfield in English), which, although a Welsh territory, was possibly regarded as neutral territory both by the Welsh and the English. It was populated by the Welsh, but it was under Mercian control. For the King of Mercia it was a buffer against Welsh lands further west, and it was felt that no physical boundary line was necessary here.)


The districts of Euas and Ergÿn were taken into Herefordshire, though the Welsh language was not eradicated until the 1800s (see quotes below)

The Welsh names of Ergÿn and Euas have in some cases been preserved; in other cases they have been replaced by English forms, some of which go back a thousand years. The Welsh forms were in some instances still in use in Sir Fynwÿ / Monmouthshire by the Welsh-speakers here until the early 1900s, when the Welsh language was eradicated here too.

The current Welsh names in Euas and Ergÿn were no longer used in the rest of Wales, and it is only through the study of the forms in older literature that we can know what they were. In other instances, there is no record of the Welsh name, although the name itself seems to be a direct translation of an original Welsh form (Dewsall - Dewi's well - was very likely Ffynnon Dewi (or Ffynnon Ddewi) in Welsh).

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ENGLISH-WELSH (Place names in Euas and Ergÿn - the original Welsh names and the current English forms)

ENGLISH NAME	WELSH NAME	MAP REFERENCE
Abbey Dore	Abatÿ Daur	SO3830
Archenfield	Ergÿn
Ballingham	Llanfuddwalan	SO5638
Bridstow	Llansanffráid	SO5824
Bryngwyn	Brÿn-gwÿn
Clodock	Clydog	SO3227
Dewsall	Ffynnondewi*	SO4933
Dewchurch (Little Dewchurch)	Llanddewi	SO5331
Dewchurch (Much Dewchurch)	Llanddewi Rhos Ceirion	SO4831
Dingestow	Llanddingad	SO4510
Foy	Llandyfói	SO 5928
Ewyas	Euas
Garway	Llanwrfwÿ	SO4522
Golden Valley	Ystrad Daur	SO3536
Ganarew	Castellgeronwÿ	SO5216
Hentland	Henllan	?
Kenderchurch	Llangynidr
Kentchurch	Llan-gain	SO 4125
Kilpeck	Llanddewi Cil Peddeg	SO4430
Llancillo	Llansylfwÿ	SO3625
Llancloudy	Llanllwÿdau	SO4920
Llandinabo	Llanwnabwÿ	SO 5128
Llanfrother	Llanfrodÿr	??
Llangarren	Nantgaran	SO5221
Llangunnock	Llangynog	??
Llanrothal	Llanrhyddol	??
Llanveyno	Llanfeuno	SO3031
Llanwarn	Llan-wern (Llan-wern Teilo a Dyfrig)	SO5028
Llyndu	Llÿn-du	??
Longtown	Y Dref-hir	SO3228
Marstow	Llanfarthin	SO5619
Michaelchurch	Llanfihangel Cil Llwch	SO5225
Michaelchurch Escley	Llanfihangel	SO3134
Moccas	Mochros	SO3542
Dewchurch (Much Dewchurch)	Llanddewi Rhos Ceirion	SO4831
Mynydd Brith	Mynÿdd-brith	??
Pencoyd	Pen-coed	SO5126
Penrose	Penrhos	??
Peterstow	Llan-bedr	SO4125
River Frome	Afon Ffraw	SO5638
River Lugg	Afon Llugwÿ	SO 5637
Sellack	Llansulwg	SO5627
St Devereux	Llanddyfrig	SO4431
St Weonards	Llansainwenarth	SO5924
Treferanon	Trefranwen	??
Trelasdee	Tre-lewis-du	??
Tretire	Rhÿd-hir	SO5223
Vowchurch	??Eglwÿs-fraith	SO3636
Welsh Bicknor	Llangystennin Garth Brenni	SO5917
Whitchurch	Llandywynnog	SO5617

WELSH-ENGLISH (Place names in Euas and Ergÿn - the current English forms and the original Welsh names)

WELSH NAME	ENGLISH NAME	MAP REFERENCE	NOTES
Abatÿ Daur	Abbey Dore	SO3830	3km ne of Pontrilas
Afon Ffraw	River Frome	SO5638	Frome, a river in the county of Hereford, England; it rises 10km to the north of the town Bromyard, passing through this town and flowing into the river Lugg (“Llugwÿ” in Welsh) 5km east of Hereford This is the same name as the river Ffraw in Ynÿs Môn, and the river Frome in Somerset - the source is British *fram- (= ?rapid).
Afon Llugwÿ	River Lugg	SO 5637	rises 12km n or Trefyclo, flows east to Llanllieni, s into river Gwÿ 6km south-east of Henffordd
Brÿn-gwÿn	Bryngwyn		= (the) white hill
Castellgeronwÿ	Ganarew	SO5216
Clydog	Clodock	SO3227	(Llÿfr Llan-daf 1150 ecclesia Sancti Clitauci ) 7km west of Pontrilas
??Eglwÿs-fraith	Vowchurch	SO3636	10km north of Pontrilas, in the Daur valley
Ergÿn	Archenfield
Euas	Ewyas
Ffynnondewi*	Dewsall	SO4933	7 km SW of Rhosan ar Wÿ / Ross on Wye.
Henllan	Hentland	?	(The meaning is 'old church', hen + llan)
Llan-bedr	Peterstow	SO4125	3 km SE of Pontrilas. (Llÿfr Llan-daf 1150: Lann petyr). The meaning is (the) church (of) Peter. The English name is a translation of the Welsh name.
Llanddewi	Dewchurch (Little Dewchurch)	SO5331	9km south of Hereford;
Llanddewi Cil Peddeg	Kilpeck	SO4430	Peddeg > Peg [peeg]
Llanddewi Rhos Ceirion	Dewchurch (Much Dewchurch)	SO4831	9km south of Hereford
Llanddingad	Dingestow	SO4510	6km sw of Hereford
Llanddyfrig	St Devereux	SO4431	11 km sw of Hereford
Llandyfói	Foy	SO 5928	4 km N of Rhosan ar Wÿ / Ross on Wye. (Llÿfr Llan-daf 1150: Lanntimoi)
Llandywynnog	Whitchurch	SO5617	(= the church of Tywynnog) 6km ne of Trefynwÿ
Llanfarthin	Marstow	SO5619	(Llÿfr Llan-daf 1150: Lann Martin) 7km sw of Rhosan ar Wÿ
Llanfeuno	Llanveyno	SO3031	(= the church of Beuno) 10km nw of Pontrilas
Llanfihangel	Michaelchurch Escley	SO3134	11km north-west of Pontrilas
Llanfihangel Cil Llwch	Michaelchurch	SO5225	(= the church of Mihangel by the place called Cil Llwch. Cil is 'secluded place, corner, nook, creek'; llwch is 'lake') 8km sw of Rhosan ar Wÿ
Llanfrodÿr	Llanfrother	??	(= the church of the friars - llan + soft mutation + brodÿr, plural of brawd = bother, friar)
Llanfuddwalan	Ballingham	SO5638	(Llÿfr Llan-daf 1150: Lann Budgualan) (= the church of Buddwalan)
Llan-gain	Kentchurch	SO 4125	3 km SE of Pontrilas. (Llÿfr Llan-daf 1150: Lann Gein) (= the church of Cain)
Llangynidr	Kenderchurch		(Llÿfr Llan-daf 1150: Lann cinitir) (= the church of Cynidr). There is another Llangynidr yn Powys (district of Brycheiniog)
Llangynog	Llangunnock	??	(= the church of Cynog)
Llangystennin Garth Brenni	Welsh Bicknor	SO5917	(= the church of Cystennin [Constantine] at Garth Brenni) 7km south of Rhosan ar Wy; in a bend of the river Gwÿ
Llanllwÿdau	Llancloudy	SO4920	(Llÿfr Llan-daf 1150: Lann loudeu) (= the church of Llwÿdau) 8km al nord de Trefynwÿ
Llanrhyddol	Llanrothal	??	Llÿfr Llan-daf (1150) Lann Ridol (which represents the same pronunciation as Llanrhyddol). (= the church of Rhyddol)
Llansainwenarth	St Weonards	SO5924	In Llÿfr Llan-daf (1150) Lann Sant Guainerth . A similar name is Llanwenarth (SO 2714) in Llan-ffwÿst Fawr, Sir Fynwÿ (= the church of the monk Gwenerth). The change of final e to a is consistent with the Welsh of south-east Wales. 11km north of Trefynwÿ
Llansanffráid	Bridstow	SO5824	(Llÿfr Llan-daf 1150: Lann San Freut) (= the church of saint Bridget)
Llansulwg	Sellack	SO5627	(Llÿfr Llan-daf 1150: Lann suluc) (= the church of Sulwg) 4km noerth-west of Rhosan ar Wÿ
Llansylfwÿ	Llancillo	SO3625	(Llÿfr Llan-daf 1150: Lann Suluiur) 4km south-west of Pontrilas (= The church of Sulfwÿ). The change of a vowel in the stressed penult > y (the obscure vowel) occurs at times in the Welsh of the south-east. Cf Merthyrtudful. The saint’s name in local pronunciaiton was Tydfil, and this has become the official ‘English’ name - Merthyr Tydfil (In general, Welsh place names are written in their standard forms)
Llan-wern (Llan-wern Teilo a Dyfrig)	Llanwarn	SO5028	In Llÿfr Llan-daf (1150) Lann Guern (which represents Llan-ghwern)?? (= the church in the marsh; full name - the Llan-wern dedicated to Teilo and Dyfrig. Llan-wern is a common place name in the south) 10km north-west of Rhosan ar Wÿ The English form has 'warn' which would have been pronounced to rhyme with 'barn'. In English in the 1700s -er- became -ar- in many words - university / varsity, clerk / clark (but USA retains clerk), Berkeley ("Barkeley") / but with -er- in the USA, etc
Llanwnabwÿ	Llandinabo	SO 5128	10 km NW of Rhosan ar Wÿ / Ross on Wye. The earliest recorded form is Lann Iunabui (1150) ("llan Iwnabwÿ"). There seems to have been a variant with the hypochoristic 'ty' - Ty-iwnabwÿ, which gave "llan Dinabwÿ". The reduction of wÿ in a final syllable > w is typical of southern Welsh "llan Dinabw", which in English forms is often replaced by 'o' or 'ow'. Another example is the river Mynwÿ , which would have been Mynw, hence the English form "Monnow".
Llanwrfwÿ	Garway	SO4522	(Llÿfr Llan-daf 1150: Lann Guoroue) (= the church of Gwrfwÿ) 8km south-west of Pontrilas
Llÿn-du	Llyndu	??
Mochros	Moccas	SO3542	(pig moor; moch = pigs, rhos = moor) 16km west of Hereford
Mynÿdd-brith	Mynydd Brith	??	('speckled mountain' - in fact, better translated as moorland (mynydd) with land of verying quality (brith = unevenly distributed, varied)
Nantgaran	Llangarren	SO5221	9k north of Trefynwÿ. “The valley of the stream called Garan” (which means 'crane'). There are no earlier forms with 'nant' but the llan is very unlikely in this instance, and it seems to be another case of the frequent confusion of nant and llan, with “llan” gaining the ascendency.
Pen-coed	Pencoyd	SO5126	(= wood end) 9k west of Rhosan ar Wÿ
Penrhos	Penrose	??	(= moor end)
Rhÿd-hir	Tretire	SO5223	The combination d+h naturally gives 't' in Welsh - the syllable [tiir] changed to [tair] in English druing the long-vowel changes of the 1500s (original long 'i' becomes the modern [ai] sound, as in ice, my, fly, etc all originally pronouced with long 'i'. The first element has been confused with 'tre' = farmstead. 8km west of Rhosan ar Wÿ
Trefranwen	Treferanon	??	(the trêv of Beranon)
Tre-lewis-du	Trelasdee	??	(the trêv of Lewÿs Du)
Y Dref-hir	Longtown	SO3228	8 km W of Pontrilas. The meaning in Welsh is the same = the long 'tuun' (or farmstead)
Ystrad Daur	Golden Valley	SO3536	Golden Valley is a mistranslation, from the form Ystrad Aur which would mean ‘valley of gold’. (where the second ‘d’ of Ystrad Daur was subsumed in the preceding one - Ystrad’aur) In fact, within this area of England there are a handful of places called ‘Golden Valley’, though I do not know whether they are earlier than the mistranslation of Dyffrÿn Daur. If so, they may have influenced this English translation. Golden Valley – Gloucestershire, part of the valley of the River Frome south-east of Stroud SO8802 Golden Valley – Gloucestershire, 5km west of Cheltenham SO9022 Golden Valley – Hereford and Worcester, 6km south of Bromyard SO6549 Golden Valley – Avon, part of the Boyd valley above Bitto, 3km east of Keynsham ST6870

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THE WELSH CHARACTER OF ARCHENFIELD

Page 89; The Population of the Welsh Border - Melville Richards - 77-100, Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, Session 1970 (Part 1), published 1971
Domesday Book acknowledged the peculiarly Welsh character of Archenfield, and although the district was occupied first by Fitzosborn and then granted to Hubert de Burgh in 1277, its population remained Welsh for many centuries. Evidence for this ma be found in the family papers of Mynde Park in Much Dewchurch, and of Milborne and Kentchurch Court. These papers deal with such Herefordshire parishes as Rolston, Longtown, Much Dewchurch, Orcop, Llanrothal, Gillow, Kilpeck, &c. In Llanrothal, c. 1300, lived Meurig ap Goronwÿ Goch, and Philip and Madog sons of Thomas ab Ithel. In 1364 the witnesses to a deed at Orcop were Rhÿs ap Dafÿdd ap Ieuan, William ap Robert, William ap Wilcoc, Hugh Goch and Ieuan ap Iorwerth. In 1437 the names are Philip ap Gwilÿm Grono, William ap Rhirid, John Griffith, Robert ap Meurig. If we pass on to the sixteenth century we find in 1537 Philip ap Rhÿs, Lewis ap Jancÿn, Rhÿs ap Ieuan ap Phillip, and John ap Robÿn. John ap Jenkin lived in Llancillo in 1587. The local gentry were Welsh: Robert ap Gwilÿm in 1494, James ap Hywel of Llangarran in 1584. Even the parish priests and chaplains were Welsh: Philip ap Madog, rector of Peterstow in 1473, John ap Robÿn, chaplain in 1478. Just as significant are the many Welsh field names in Archenfield parishes, the Visitation Returns for the Diocese of Hereford in 1397 show that many of the parishes were inhabited by a majority of people with Welsh names.

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THE WELSH LANGUAGE IN COMMON USE UNTIL ABOUT 1860

Page 95; The Population of the Welsh Border - Melville Richards. Pages 77-100, Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, Session 1970 (Part 1), published 1971

Archenfield was still Welsh enough in the time of Elizabeth for the bishop of Hereford to be made responsible together with the four Welsh bishops for the translation of the Bible and the Book of Common Prayer into Welsh. Welsh was still commonly spoken here in the first half of the nineteenth century, and we are told that churchwardens' notices were put up in both Welsh and English until about 1860 (Transactions Woolhope Naturalists' Field Club, 1887, page 173). Welsh was spoken by individuals until comparatively recently.

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